How to get what you want every time: Harvard negotiators explain

LITTLE BIT BETTER
13 Jul 202411:30

Summary

TLDR威廉·尤里和罗杰·费舍尔是哈佛谈判项目的创始人,他们合著了一本书《谈判力》。书中强调,谈判不是关于各退一步或坚持己见,而是寻找让双方满意的解决方案。通过讲述图书馆的窗户、蛋糕分割和孩子们争橙子的例子,书中展示了如何聚焦利益而非立场、使用公平标准、发明互利选项、将人和问题分开。作者还提供了应对不公平战术和强大对手的策略,强调了建立良好关系的重要性,最终目标是找到满足双方利益的解决方案。

Takeaways

  • 😀 谈判不是关于平分或坚持己见,而是寻找双方都满意的解决方案。
  • 🤔 谈判的关键在于理解对方的利益而非立场,通过提问和理解来发现对方真正关心的是什么。
  • 📏 使用公正的标准来解决冲突,比如市场价格、法律规定或双方同意的准则,而不是无休止的争论。
  • 💡 创造互利的选项,通过集思广益和创造性思维来寻找满足双方需求的解决方案。
  • 👥 将人与问题分开,保持对人的尊重,同时对问题保持坚定,避免因个人情绪影响谈判结果。
  • 🤝 建立与对方的人际关系可以增加谈判的成功率,通过非正式的交流了解对方的喜好。
  • 🛡️ 准备BATNA(最佳替代谈判协议),这可以增加你的谈判力量并帮助你确定可接受的最低协议标准。
  • 🔍 当对方使用不公平的手段或施加压力时,识别并直接指出这些策略,以减少它们的效力。
  • 💬 如果对方攻击你个人,使用谈判柔术技巧来化解攻击,例如询问他们真正关心的是什么或邀请他们提出建议。
  • 🏆 谈判的目标是找到满足双方利益的解决方案,而不是赢得争论,合作是关键。
  • 📚 通过阅读《Getting to Yes》这本书,我们可以学习到如何成为一个高效的谈判者,使用四步框架来指导谈判过程。

Q & A

  • 《Getting to Yes》这本书主要讨论了哪些谈判的关键理念?

    -《Getting to Yes》这本书强调谈判不是关于平分或坚持自己的方式,而是寻找让双方都满意的解决方案,不伤害彼此关系。

  • 为什么在谈判中,我们应该关注利益而不是立场?

    -关注利益可以帮助我们发现对方真正关心的是什么,从而找到满足双方需求的解决方案,而不仅仅局限于表面的立场。

  • 在图书馆窗户的例子中,图书馆管理员是如何解决问题的?

    -图书馆管理员通过在另一个房间打开窗户来引入新鲜空气,这样既满足了一个人想要新鲜空气的需求,又避免了风干扰另一个人的文件。

  • 蛋糕分割的例子告诉我们什么?

    -蛋糕分割的例子告诉我们,通过让一个人切蛋糕,另一个人先选择,可以基于公平标准来解决分配问题,避免双方对不平等的抱怨。

  • 为什么在谈判中,我们应该避免只关注如何平分资源?

    -只关注平分资源可能会忽略双方真正的需求,导致资源没有被最有效地利用,例如孩子们对橙子的不同需求。

  • 什么是M谈判者框架的四个步骤?

    -M谈判者框架的四个步骤包括:1) 关注利益而非立场;2) 使用公平标准;3) 发明互利的选项;4) 将人与问题分开。

  • 为什么在谈判中使用客观标准很重要?

    -使用客观标准可以帮助双方基于共同认可的规则来解决问题,而不是仅仅依赖个人意见,这有助于达成公平的协议。

  • 如何发明互利的谈判选项?

    -通过与对方一起进行头脑风暴,自由地提出所有可能的解决方案,然后在讨论中筛选和改进最有希望的想法。

  • 为什么在谈判中要将人与问题分开?

    -将人与问题分开有助于保持对个人的尊重,同时集中精力解决问题,避免因个人情感而损害谈判关系。

  • 如果对方使用不公平的手段或更有权力,我们应该怎么办?

    -面对不公平的手段,可以直接指出并保持专注于问题;如果对方更有权力,可以发展自己的BATNA(最佳替代谈判协议),以增强自己的谈判力量。

  • 如果对方在谈判中攻击你个人,你应该如何回应?

    -当对方攻击个人时,使用谈判柔术来规避攻击,例如询问他们真正关心的是什么,或者邀请他们提出批评,以了解他们的利益。

  • 1964年飞盘故事告诉我们什么关于谈判的真理?

    -1964年的飞盘故事告诉我们,谈判的真正目的是共同工作,找到满足双方利益的解决方案,而不是关注谁赢谁输。

Outlines

00:00

📚 谈判的艺术:寻找共赢解决方案

本段介绍了威廉·尤里和罗杰·费舍尔共同创立的哈佛谈判项目,以及他们合著的《达成共识》一书。书中强调谈判不是简单的分割或坚持己见,而是寻找双方都满意的解决方案。通过图书馆开窗、切蛋糕和橙子分配的例子,展示了如何通过理解对方的需求和利益来找到创新的解决方案。此外,提出了四步框架,帮助成为有效的谈判者:关注利益而非立场、使用公平标准、创造互利选项、将人与问题分开。

05:01

🤝 创造互利的谈判选项

这一段深入探讨了如何在谈判中创造互利的解决方案。建议通过集思广益,自由地提出各种可能的解决方案,然后在不评判的第一阶段之后,筛选并改进最有希望的想法。强调了差异性在谈判中的价值,因为正是双方的不同需求和观点能够激发创造性的解决方案。最后,提出了将人与问题分开的重要性,以保持谈判的人性化和专业性,同时避免因个人情绪影响谈判结果。

10:03

🏋️‍♂️ 应对谈判中的挑战

本段讨论了在谈判中可能遇到的挑战,如对方使用不公平手段、权力不对等或个人攻击,并提供了应对策略。建议识别并直接指出对方的不公平策略,发展自己的最佳替代方案(BATNA)以增强谈判力量,并在对方攻击时使用'谈判柔道'技巧,如询问对方的意见或邀请批评,以了解对方的真实需求。最后,通过一个关于玩飞盘的故事强调了谈判的真正目的是找到满足双方利益的解决方案,而不是单方面的胜利。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡谈判

谈判是一种沟通和协商的过程,旨在解决双方或多方之间的分歧,达成共识或协议。在视频中,谈判被强调为寻求双方都满意的解决方案,而非单方面的胜利或妥协。例如,视频中提到的图书馆窗户的例子,通过创造性地解决问题,使双方都感到满意。

💡利益

利益指的是个人或团体在谈判中真正关心和追求的东西,而不仅仅是表面上的立场。视频中强调,通过询问“为什么”来发掘对方的利益,从而更有效地沟通和解决问题。例如,当两个人争论如何分割蛋糕时,如果了解他们各自真正想要的是蛋糕的哪一部分,就可以避免不必要的争执。

💡立场

立场是谈判中各方所坚持的具体要求或条件。视频中指出,过分关注立场可能会导致谈判僵局,而通过关注利益,可以更灵活地寻找解决方案。例如,两个男人争论窗户的开关,如果只关注立场,就可能陷入僵局,而关注他们的利益——新鲜空气和避免风吹乱文件,可以找到双方都满意的解决方案。

💡公平标准

公平标准是指在谈判中用来评估和决定问题解决方式的客观准则或标准。视频中提到,使用市场价值、法律规定、专家意见等公平标准可以帮助双方达成一致,避免无休止的争论。例如,当两个男人无法就如何分割蛋糕达成一致时,让一个人切蛋糕,另一个人先选择,就是基于公平原则的解决方案。

💡共赢选项

共赢选项是指在谈判中创造的解决方案,使所有参与方都能从中获益,而不仅仅是一方。视频中通过孩子们争论橙子的例子说明了这一点,如果能够了解孩子们真正想要的是橙子的哪一部分,就可以创造一个双方都完全满意的解决方案。

💡BATNA

BATNA(最佳替代谈判协议)是指在谈判中,如果无法达成协议,你可以选择的最佳替代方案。视频中解释说,拥有强大的BATNA可以增加谈判力,因为它让你有更多选择,不必在不利条件下妥协。例如,如果你在面试中有其他工作机会,你在薪资谈判中就会更有优势。

💡人际关系

人际关系在谈判中起着至关重要的作用。视频中提到,在谈判之前建立良好的人际关系可以使谈判过程更加顺利。了解对方的喜好和厌恶,通过非正式的交流建立联系,可以在未来提高谈判的成功率。

💡问题分离

问题分离是指在谈判中将人与问题分开处理的策略。视频中强调,应该对人温和,对问题严格。这意味着在处理问题时,要避免对个人的攻击,而是专注于找到解决问题的方法。例如,如果对方使用高压策略,应该指出这种行为并寻求更建设性的对话方式。

💡谈判技巧

谈判技巧包括一系列策略和方法,用于在谈判中更有效地沟通和达成协议。视频中提到了如何通过提问、邀请批评和使用“谈判柔术”来应对对方的攻击,这些都是提高谈判效率的技巧。

💡创造性解决方案

创造性解决方案是指在谈判中通过创新思维找到满足所有参与方需求的解决方案。视频中通过孩子们争论橙子的例子,展示了如何通过了解双方的不同需求,创造出一个双方都完全满意的解决方案。

💡谈判柔术

谈判柔术是一种应对对方攻击的策略,通过转移话题、询问原因或邀请对方提出建议来化解冲突。视频中提到,当对方攻击你而不是问题时,使用谈判柔术可以避免陷入无益的争执,转而寻求建设性的解决方案。

Highlights

威廉·尤里和罗杰·费舍尔是哈佛谈判项目的创始人,他们合著了一本书《谈判无敌》,我最近读了这本书,并想和大家分享其中的关键经验。

根据书中的观点,谈判不是关于五五分账,也不是坚持我的方式或你的方式,更不是关于胜负。如果你在问谁赢了,那你已经输了。

谈判是关于找到一种解决方案,让双方都满意且不损害关系。

举个例子,两人在图书馆争论一个想开窗通风,另一个想关窗避免风吹乱纸张。馆员听取双方意见后,在另一间房间打开窗户,既通风又不影响纸张。

另一个例子,两人想分蛋糕,但无法公平分配。不管怎么切,他们都会抱怨对方的份额大。解决办法是让一个人切,另一个人先选,这样切蛋糕的人会尽量切得公平。

最后一个例子,两个孩子争一个橙子。家长将橙子切成两半,但一个孩子只想吃果肉,另一个孩子需要橙皮做蛋糕。家长若事先了解需求,两个孩子都能得到100%想要的东西。

谈判的四步框架:第一步,关注利益而非立场。问对方为什么要这样,而不是只听他们的立场。

第二步,使用公平标准。以客观标准来解决冲突,而不是争论。

第三步,为双方共同利益发明选项。像橙子的例子,如果双方了解各自需求,可以找到创造性的解决方案。

第四步,将人和问题分开。先看人,再看问题。

在谈判中,对人要温和,对问题要强硬。赞美对方,理解他们的观点,避免人身攻击。

建立良好关系有助于谈判成功。提前认识对方会让谈判更容易。

如果对方使用不公平的策略,识破并直接提出来。

如果对方更强大,发展你的最佳替代方案(BATNA),增加你的谈判筹码。

如果对方攻击你个人,用谈判柔道技巧避开攻击,关注问题而非人。

Transcripts

play00:00

William Yuri and Roger fiser are the

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founders of the Harvard negotiation

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project they've written a book together

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titled getting to yes I recently read

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the book and want to share with you the

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key lessons according to the book

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negotiation isn't about splitting things

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50/50 or insisting on your way or my way

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it is definitely not about winning or

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losing if you're asking who is winning

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you've already lost so what is a

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negotiation about then let me give you a

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few examples and you'll see two men

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argue in a library one wants the window

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open for fresh air the other wants it

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closed to avoid the wind blowing his

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papers so what do you do do you leave it

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half open a bit open or closed the

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librarian listens to both and then goes

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and opens the window in another room

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bringing in fresh air without disturbing

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the papers this leaves both sides happy

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another example two people want to share

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a cake but can't agree on how to divide

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it fairly regardless of how you cut it

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they will both complain that the other

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side got a bigger piece so what do you

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do well you ask one person to Cut the

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Cake and the other chooses first since

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the person cutting knows that the other

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side picks first he will split it evenly

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to avoid getting a smaller piece one

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last example two kids argue over an

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orange the parent takes the knife cuts

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the orange 50/50 and gives each kid half

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one kid eats the fruit and throws away

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the peel while while the other uses the

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peel to bake a cake and throws the fruit

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into the trash if the parent had asked

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why they wanted the orange both kids

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could have gotten 100% of what they

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wanted but they only got

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50% as you can see from these examples

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negotiation is about finding a solution

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that leaves both sides happy without

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hurting the relationship so how do you

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do it how do you find those wise and

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practical Solutions like the ones we

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just saw here's a four-step framework

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that will make you a M negotiator step

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number one focus on interests not

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positions remember the story about the

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two men arguing over a window in the

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library it illustrates a common problem

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in negotiations where people focus too

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much on their positions instead of

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arguing about positions shift your focus

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to interests the benefits of focusing on

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interests are obvious but doing it can

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be hard positions are clear and specific

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interests might be hidden or vague so

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how do you find the interests of the

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other side simply ask why why do they

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want what they want try to see things

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from their point of view once you

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discover their underlying interests talk

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about them openly people listen better

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if they feel understood they think those

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who understand them are smart and kind

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if you want them to listen to your

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interests start by showing you care and

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understand theirs of course you need to

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communicate your interests as well the

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other side might might not know them to

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turn your interests into real options

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ask yourself if they agree with me

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tomorrow what do I want them to do step

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number two use Fair standards no matter

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how well you understand what the other

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side wants conflicts will always pop up

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you want lower rent but your landlord

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wants it higher instead of arguing back

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and forth use objective criteria to

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decide recall the cake example when two

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men couldn't share a cake having one man

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divide it and the other choose first is

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based on a fair standard objective

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criteria are unbiased rules that don't

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depend on personal opinions examples of

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this can be market prices legal

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requirements expert opinion or Fair

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standards that you both agree on in

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negotiation often people resist agreeing

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because they feel like you're demanding

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it but if you say let's check the rules

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or regulations it shifts Focus from what

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you want to what the rules say suddenly

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it's not you demanding it but the rules

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for example if your house Construction

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contract doesn't specify How deep the

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foundations should be and the contractor

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suggests 2 feet while you think 5T is

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the standard don't just compromise

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instead say look Maybe I'm Wrong maybe 2

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ft is enough does the government have

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standard specifications for these soil

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conditions what is the earthquake risk

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here where do you suggest we look for

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standard to resolve this

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question here is how you can apply this

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principle effectively before you start

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figure out some Fair standards together

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with the other side for example say you

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want a high price and I want a low one

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let's figure out what a fair price would

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be what standards should we use by

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focusing on Fair standards you can turn

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a clash of interests into a shared goal

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step number three invent options for

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Mutual gain recall the example of the

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kids fighting over an orange instead of

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splitting at 50/50 they could have found

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a way for both to get 100% of what they

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wanted this scenario highlights the

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importance of inventing options for

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Mutual gain in

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negotiations so how do you invent

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Creative Solutions then here's how

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simply get together with your side or

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with the other side and brainstorm about

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all the possible solutions let the ideas

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flow freely don't judge or pick any of

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the ideas in the first stage separate

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the brainstorming from the collection

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session for brainstorming choose a few

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participants change the environment

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design an informal atmosphere Define the

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purpose after brainstorming start with

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the most promising ideas then discuss

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ways to improve them people often assume

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differences in negotiation create

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problems yet these differences can lead

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to Solutions remember the orange example

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A wise solution was possible because

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each side wanted different parts of the

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Orange it's absurd to think your

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differences lead to the problem it's

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actually the differences that lead to

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Creative Solutions step number four

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separate the people from the problem

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before starting a negotiation visualize

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a vertical line splitting a person down

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the middle on one side is the person and

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on the other side is the problem always

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put the person first and the problem

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second negotiators are people first your

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goal in negotiation is to soft on the

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person but hard on the problem often we

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are soft on the person so we end up

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being soft on the problem as well and we

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don't get what we want or we're hard on

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the problem but also end up being hard

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on the person damaging the relationship

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be soft on the person compliment

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whenever you can and appreciate the

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effort at every negotiation stage ask

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yourself am I paying enough attention to

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the people problem people have different

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viewpoints they're egos are easily

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threatened they see the world from their

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perspective often confusing their

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perceptions with reality they frequently

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misinterpret your words and fail to

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communicate their true intentions

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remember you must deal not only with

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their problems but also with your own

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your anger and frustration can block

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agreement as well your perceptions may

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be one-sided and you might not be

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listening or communicating effectively

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one of the best ways to prevent people

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problems is by building a relationship

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with the other side before the

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negotiation starts negotiating with

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someone you know is easier than with a

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stranger so arrive early to chat and

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stay a bit afterward get to know their

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likes and dislikes these informal

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interactions make future negotiations a

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lot easier multiple studies show that

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simply getting to know the other side

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increases the success rate by 25 to

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30% okay now you might say all these

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four steps sound fair and nice but what

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if the other side isn't playing by Fair

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rules what if they use dirty tactics

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what if they are more powerful or what

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if they attack me personally here's how

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to deal with each of these situations

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let's start with dirty tactics people

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lie and use various pressure tactics

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recognizing these tricks often

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neutralizes them mention it directly Joe

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it seems like you and Ted are playing

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good cop and bad cop if you need a break

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to get on the same page just ask

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mentioning the tactic makes it less

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effective and may make the other side

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worry about losing you just raising a

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question can be enough to end it however

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be careful avoid personal attacks focus

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on the problem not the person instead of

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saying you put me facing the sun

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deliberately say the sun of my eyes is

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distracting can we adjust the schedule

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and meet later I can't concentrate like

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this

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what if they are more powerful if the

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other side has big guns don't turn the

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negotiation into a gunfight the best

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thing you can do is to develop your

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batna best alternative to a negotiated

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agreement think how you would feel

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walking into a job interview with no

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other offers think how difficult the

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salary negotiation would go now contrast

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that with how you would feel walking

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into an interview with two other job

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offers the difference is power the more

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easily you can walk away from

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negotiation the greater your power

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developing your batna not only enables

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you to determine what a minimally

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acceptable agreement is it will probably

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raise that minimum always develop your

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Batum before negotiating don't say let's

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negotiate first and see what happens

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without batna you're negotiating

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blindly what if they attack you

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personally when they attack you instead

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of the problem things get tough you want

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a fair solution but they tear down your

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ideas it's natural to defend yourself

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but that leads nowhere you push they

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push back and soon you're stuck so what

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do you do use negotiation

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Jujitsu sidestep their attacks here's

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how one look behind their position when

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they say what they want don't just say

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yes or no ask why they want it

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understand what is really important to

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them two if they keep rejecting anything

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you say then ask for their advice if you

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were me what would you do they will put

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themselves in your shoes and give you

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the

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solutions three invite criticism instead

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of Defending Your Ideas ask them what's

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wrong with them this will help you learn

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about their interests I would like to

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conclude this video with a great story

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that explains what negotiation truly is

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in 1964 an American father and his

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12-year-old son were playing frisbee in

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Hy Park London few people in England had

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seen a frisbee before so a small crowd

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gathered after a while a man approached

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and asked sorry to bother you I've been

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watching you for 15 minutes who's

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winning in negotiations asking who's

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winning is like asking that in a

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marriage if you're focused on winning

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you've missed the point the real goal is

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working together and finding a solution

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that satisfies both sides interests I

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hope this was a useful video thanks for

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watching thing

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