The Treaty of Versailles Explained

Summary

「ヒッピーズの歴史」では、第1世界大戦の終結後、ドイツとの平和条約であるベルサイユ条約が厳しくドイツを罰し、その結果として第2世界大戦の直接的な原因となり、アドルフ・ヒトラーがその怒りと民族主義を利用して権力を獲得したと分析しています。条約は、ドイツに戦争の責任を負わせ、領土の喪失、軍事力の制限、賠償金の支払いなどを要求し、これらの厳しい条件がドイツ人の自尊心を傷つけ、ヒットラーの台頭につながったと指摘しています。また、リーグ・オブ・ネイションの設立についても触れており、アメリカが加盟しないことによってその失敗が予測されると結び付けています。

Takeaways

• 📜 ヴェルサイユ条約は、第1世界大戦の終結とともにドイツに厳しく懲罰するものであると歴史家が一致して考えています。
• 🔥 条約はドイツを激しく非難し、失地、賠償、軍縮などを要求しました。これにより、ナチス・ドイツの台頭と第2世界大戦の原因となりました。
• 🕋 1918年の停戦協定後、1919年にヴェルサイユ条約が実施されるまでに6ヶ月以上の長い平和会議が行われました。
• 👥 アメリカのウッドロウ・ウィルソン大統領、イギリスのジョージ・クレメント大統領、フランスのジョルジュ・クレマンソー大統領の3人が主要な交渉者であり、異なる目標を持っていました。
• 🇷🇺 ロシアはブリスト＝リトフスク条約によってドイツに多くの土地を割り当てられていましたが、この後程の交渉には参加しませんでした。
• 🏰 フランスは失った土地と産業を回復し、安全な平和を求めていましたが、ドイツとの国境近くに住んでいたため、最も激しい感情を持っていました。
• 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 英国は経済的な投資を考え、より安全な平和を目指していましたが、再び起こる戦争を防ぎたいと考えていました。
• 💥 条約の主要な項目として、戦争の責任を全くドイツに押し付けた「戦争罪」を定めた第231条があります。
• 🗺️ ドイツはロシアとの条約で得た土地を失にくらみ、また、西ポーランドやフランスに土地を割り当てられました。
• ⛔ 軍事制限により、ドイツの陸軍は10万人に制限され、海軍や空軍は大幅に削減されました。これにより、ドイツの民族主義を傷つけました。
• 💵 賠償の要求で、ドイツは膨大な金額を支払うことになりましたが、実際に支払われたのはその一部に過ぎませんでした。これは経済的なインフレを招きました。
• 🏛️ 国際連盟の創設が条約の一部となり、ウィルソン大統領が提唱しましたが、アメリカ合衆国は最終的に加盟しませんでした。

Q & A

バーサイユ条約とは何ですか？

バーサイユ条約は、第一次世界大戦の終結後、1919年にドイツと連合国によって交わされた扱い厳しい平和条約です。

バーサイユ条約が厳しいとされる理由は何ですか？

バーサイユ条約は、ドイツに戦争責任を負わせ、領土の奪取、軍事力の制限、および膨大な賠償金を要求したため、厳しいとされています。

バーサイユ条約が第二次世界大戦の原因になる理由は何ですか？

バーサイユ条約は、ドイツに厳しい懲罰を科して、国民の自尊心と国家主義を傷つけ、アドルフ・ヒトラーがその情熱を利用して独裁者的地位に就く土壌を作ったとされています。

バーサイユ条約の締結時期は何年ですか？

バーサイユ条約は1919年6月に効力が生じました。

バーサイユ条約の交渉において、どの3つの国が主導権を握りましたか？

アメリカのウッドロウ・ウィルソン、イギリスのジョージ・クレメント・ソープ、フランスのジョージ・クレメント・ソープがバーサイユ条約の交渉の主導権を握りました。

バーサイユ条約における「戦争の責任」を定めた条項は何番条ですか？

バーサイユ条約における「戦争の責任」を定めたのは第231条です。

バーサイユ条約によってドイツはどのくらいの領土を失いましたか？

バーサイユ条約により、ドイツはロシアとの条約によって得た領土を失いました。また、ポーランドやフランスに領土の一部が割譲されました。

バーサイユ条約でドイツに課せられた軍事制限には何が含まれますか？

バーサイユ条約によって、ドイツの陸軍は10万人に制限され、海軍は厳しく制限され、潜水艦や空軍、武器の輸出、徴兵制度が禁止されました。

バーサイユ条約によってドイツが支払わなければならなかった賠償金はどのくらいですか？

バーサイユ条約によってドイツに課せられた賠償金は、現代通貨に換算すると約5000億ドルと言われていますが、実際に支払われたのはその一小部分です。

リーグ・オブ・ネイションとは何ですか？

リーグ・オブ・ネイションは、ウィルソン大統領によって提唱され、バーサイユ条約の一部として設立された国際機関で、国々の紛争を解決し、平和を維持することを目的とされていました。

アメリカ合衆国がリーグ・オブ・ネイションに加盟しなかった理由は何ですか？

アメリカ合衆国は、上院の2/3の多数を必要とする扱いと、国政の自主性を失う恐れからリーグ・オブ・ネイションに加盟しませんでした。

Outlines

00:00

📜 ヴェルサイユ条約の概要と歴史的背景

本段落では、第一次世界大戦の終結とともに結ばれたヴェルサイユ条約の概要とその歴史的背景について解説しています。条約はドイツを厳しく処罰することを目的としており、戦争責任を負わせ、土地を奪い、軍隊を縮小させ、賠償を要求するなど、ドイツに対する厳しい条件を課しています。これらの条件は、後にアドルフ・ヒトラーが独裁者として権力を握るきっかけとなり、第二次世界大戦の原因の一つとされると指摘しています。また、1918年の停戦協定から条約が効力を持つまで6ヶ月以上の時間を要し、平和交渉は長引くことになります。

05:01

🏰 ヴェルサイユ条約の厳しい条件とその影響

この段落では、ヴェルサイユ条約におけるドイツに対する厳しい条件について詳細に説明しています。条約はドイツの戦争責任を全面的に負わせ、彼らの国威を傷つけるための様々な措置を含んでいます。失地、植民地の喪失、軍事制限、賠償金の支払いなど、これらはドイツ国民の自尊心を深く傷つけるものであり、後にヒトラーが国民の不満を利用して独裁者として台頭する契機となったと分析されています。さらに、リーグ・オブ・ネイションの設立についても触れており、これは国際的な紛争解決機関として期待されていましたが、アメリカ合衆国の参加がなされず、その役割は限定的なものとなりました。

10:02

🔄 アメリカのリーグ・オブ・ネイションへの参加の拒否とその後

最後の段落では、アメリカ合衆国がリーグ・オブ・ネイションへの参加を拒否し、それがリーグの力不足につながったことを説明しています。アメリカの参議院は、国益をヨーロッパの戦争に委ねることはできないと判断し、リーグ・オブ・ネイションの憲章の第10条に反対しました。これにより、世界中から期待されていた国際的な平和維持機関は、その役割を果たすことができず、その後の第二次世界大戦への道を開いたとされています。また、この段落では、教育チャンネル「hippies history」へのチャンネル登録の呼びかけも行われています。

Keywords

💡バーサイユ条約

バーサイユ条約は、第一次世界大战の終結後、1919年にドイツと連合国によって締結された扱いが厳しい平和条約です。この条約は、ドイツに対する厳しい責めと罰則を課すことで、第二次世界大戦の直接的な原因の一つとされています。ビデオでは、この条約がどのようにドイツを重い負担の下に置いたか、そしてそれがアドルフ・ヒトラーの権力獲得につながったかについて説明しています。

💡アーミスティス日

アーミスティス日とは、1918年11月11日に第一次世界大战の戦闘が停止した日を指します。ビデオでは、この日がバーサイユ条約の締結前に位置づけられており、戦闘が停止してからも平和条約の交渉が続き、長い間平和が成立しなかったことを強調しています。

💡14ポイント

ウードロ・ウィルソン大統領が提出した14ポイントは、第一次世界大战後の平和と秩序を築くための原則です。ビデオでは、ウィルソンがこれらのポイントを持ち、平和交渉に参加し、バーサイユ条約の形を決定する重要な役割を果たしたと述べています。

💡連合国

連合国とは、第一次世界大战でドイツと戦った国々の集まりを指します。ビデオでは、バーサイユ条約の締結において、連合国がドイツに厳しい条件を課したことが、後に第二次世界大戦の火種となりました。

💡戦争賠償

戦争賠償とは、戦敗国が戦勝国に対して支払う金銭的な補償です。ビデオでは、バーサイユ条約によってドイツに課せられた賠償額が非常に大きく、これはドイツ経済に大きな負担をもたらし、国民の不満を高めました。

💡軍事制限

軍事制限とは、バーサイユ条約によってドイツの軍隊規模と兵器の開発を厳しく制限することです。ビデオでは、これらの制限がドイツの国家主義者に対する打撃となり、後にヒトラーがその不満を利用して支持を得るきっかけとなりました。

💡リーグ・オブ・ネイションズ

リーグ・オブ・ネイションズとは、国際紛争を予防し、平和を維持することを目的とした国際機関です。ビデオでは、バーサイユ条約の一部として設立されたリーグ・オブ・ネイションズが、アメリカ合衆国が参加しなかったことによって効果を欠いたと述べています。

💡アドルフ・ヒトラー

アドルフ・ヒトラーは、ナチス・ドイツの指導者であり、第二次世界大戦の主要な原因の一つです。ビデオでは、バーサイユ条約の厳しい条件がヒトラーの権力獲得につながり、彼がドイツの不満を利用して支持を得たと分析しています。

💡失地

失地とは、バーサイユ条約によってドイツが失った領土のことを指します。ビデオでは、ドイツがロシアとのブ列ストリトフスク条約で得た土地を失っただけでなく、他の地域もポーランドやフランスに割り当てられました。

💡非武装地帯

非武装地帯とは、バーサイユ条約によってドイツのラインラント地域が軍事利用から除外された区域です。ビデオでは、この非武装地帯がフランスの安全保障のために設けられたものであり、ドイツの軍事力を制限する手段として機能したと説明しています。

Highlights

The Treaty of Versailles is widely regarded as having severely punished Germany after World War 1, which may have contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the start of World War 2.

The Treaty was signed at the Paris Peace Conference in June 1919, more than six months after the Armistice Day that marked the end of fighting.

Germany was not allowed to participate in the negotiations, and the 'Big Three' leaders—Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, and David Lloyd George—dictated the terms of the Treaty.

Article 231, known as the 'War Guilt' clause, placed the blame for the war solely on Germany, which was a significant blow to German nationalism.

Germany lost significant territories, including those gained from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, to countries like Poland and France.

The Rhineland was demilitarized, and Germany was forced to accept military restrictions, including a significantly reduced army and navy.

Germany was forced to give up its colonies, which were then distributed among the Allied powers, further contributing to German resentment.

The Treaty imposed heavy war reparations on Germany, amounting to approximately 500 billion dollars in today's currency, leading to economic hardship.

Germany was only able to pay back about 50 billion dollars of the reparations, with much of it through the printing of money that led to hyperinflation.

The economic depression and the blame assigned to certain groups within Germany, particularly Jews, fueled social unrest and resentment.

The Treaty of Versailles included the creation of the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at maintaining peace and preventing future wars.

Ironically, the United States, the main proponent of the League of Nations, failed to join due to Senate opposition, weakening the organization's effectiveness.

The Treaty's harsh terms and the subsequent social and economic turmoil in Germany set the stage for the rise of fascist ideologies and leaders like Hitler.

The lecture suggests that the Treaty of Versailles may have been one of the direct causes for World War 2, highlighting its historical significance and impact.

The Treaty's aftermath illustrates the complexity of post-war negotiations and the difficulty of achieving a balance between punishment and future stability.

The lecture provides a critical analysis of the Treaty of Versailles, examining its terms and their long-term consequences for global politics and peace.

Transcripts

hey guys welcome to hippies history

there's not too many things that

historians tend to agree upon but there

might be one the Treaty of Versailles

sucked so in this lecture we're going to

frame it out we're going to chop it up

and we're going to serve it up on a

battle learning so let's go get our done

right now so let's start with a big idea

first the big idea is that the Treaty of

Versailles which is the treaty with

Germany at the end of World War 1 at the

Paris Peace Conference it's going to

severely punish Germany ok like after

they lost they're going to lose big time

we're going to punch them in the face

like a thousand times first they're

going to take guilt we're going to take

their land away we're going to make them

pay we're gonna make their army like

this big and really we're going to in a

sense punish them so harshly that Adolf

Hitler is going to be able to use that

energy in that sense of German

nationalism and pride to really use that

to you know rise himself to power and

really start World War two so a lot of

historians would point to the fact that

the Treaty of Versailles which ended the

war with Germany at the end of World War

one is really one of the direct causes

for World War two so now that you can

hang your hat on a big idea

let's backdrop a little bit then take a

look at the tree of course you know

Armistice Day all schoolchildren no

Armistice Day and of course Armistice

Day is the beginning of the peace at the

end of world 1 at least the fighting

stops that's November 11th 1918 the

Treaty of Versailles which is

specifically with the Allied powers in

Germany isn't going to go into effect

until June 1919 that's more than six

months after the fighting stopped so

it's a rather lengthy conference to nail

down these points of peace I guess

that's what you would say and it's

actually actually five years to the day

that Archduke Ferdinand was shot which

started World War one so five Cinco Foom

five years after World War one starts

it's kind of officially over at least

with Germany with the Treaty of

Versailles so it's going to be the big

three that are really going to dictate

the terms of this treaty Russia signed a

treaty with Germany in 1918 the Treaty

of brest-litovsk which really gave lots

of land to Germany about one-third of

was given over 3/4 of their factories

and their railroads about 20 million

people ended up in German hands so the

Russians aren't really part of this

process anymore and Germany is certainly

not going to be let into the door and

them not being part of this process is

going to be part of the anger that they

feel you know they might primarily be

responsible for world war 1 there but

whether some other actors as well

Austria had a big part of this Russia

had a humongous part of this and France

certainly was ready to be mobilized for

war in order to garner some of the land

they lost in the 19th century so there's

a lot of blame to go around but Germany

they're not going to be let into

negotiations the big three of course are

going to be Woodrow Wilson with his 14

points coming across the Atlantic Ocean

why do a British accent from the United

States we have George Clement though

from Foss and he's probably the angriest

of the bunch you have to remember that

France shares a border with Germany most

of the Western Front has fought in

France they lost like one-fifth of their

adult male population they're really

anger they don't want to be innovated

anymore and you have David Lloyd George

from the UK the Prime Minister and he's

really looking for more of a safe peace

they have a huge economic investment in

Germany as a trading partner he wants

things to kind of go back to the way

they were but at the same time you know

we don't want this to happen again and

then you have the big bubble boy living

in the bubble of idealism which are

Wilson coming from the United States the

Democratic president with his 14 points

and it's just a real partisan effort on

Woodrow Wilson's part there are no

Republicans in his posse that go over to

the Paris Peace Conference and that's

going to probably be one of his problems

down the road when he needs Republican

support from Henry Cabot Lodge and the

Senate in order to get the Treaty of

Versailles ratified in the United States

but you can see that these three guys

have different objectives going in but

they're in control of this ballgame and

they're going to dictate the terms there

was a time really where the Germans were

thinking about you know mixing this

treaty not signing it and seeing if they

could fight off a land invasion but at

the end of the day they're just too weak

and they're going to be forced to have

to sign it and of course like we said

before that German anger is going to

result in one

of Hitler I would put a side note

because there are some historians that

point out with the rise of fascism and

Mussolini in Italy who was part of you

know our allied powers in World War one

and they still had a problem with

fascism and Mussolini but at the end of

the day the treaty is still really

really harsh so let's take a look at

some of the different terms of the

treaty and see if we can't wrap this up

from article 231 write that down if

you're doing an essay you got to put

article 231 because that's the go clause

that's the part of the Treaty of

Versailles with Germany that says you're

bad you're the one who did it

you're the one who started it it's all

your darn fault and that war guilt is

really going to be a slight at a sense

of German nationalism which is really

strong they're really going to be angry

about this and again we're going to keep

saying it it off Hitler he's going to be

the one that's going to be able to tap

into that energy of the German people to

bring himself to power it

number two on the list is lost of

territory they already are going to lose

all that territory that they had gained

with the treaty with Russia that's going

to be really going to be you know going

to Poland but they're also going to lose

about twenty five thousand square miles

the majority of that being ceded to

Poland and some of that going to France

we're going to talk about the

demilitarization zone that goes on in

the Rhineland but France they wanted

either their borders to go all the way

to the right or they at least wanted a

new buffer state between them and

Germany but they are going to get

demilitarization of the Rhineland

something like 30 or 40 miles east into

Germany and they're also going to

acquire some some mineral rich land in

western Germany that's going to be ceded

to frost the Liga Dacian colonial

mandates will talk about the Liga

nations in a few minutes here but there

are going to be colonial mandates which

you're going to force Germany to

basically give up their sovereignty over

these colonies that they have around the

world they have colonies in Africa they

have colonies and the West Indies they

have colonies all over the place so

they're going to be split up and guess

who's going to get them the majority

it's going to go to France it's gonna go

to Belgium it's gonna go to Japan who is

another ally there so they're basically

going to take some of the prized

possessions of Germany away and again

the Germans like oh we're really angry

hey if Hudler is going to be like yeah

follow me

so military restrictions is a huge deal

we're going to make their army so small

you're going to have to do this just

look at it's going to be so tiny they

actually cap the army at a hundred

thousand men the Navy severely limited

no more submarines no airforce no planes

no arms trading no conscription and

we're also going to basically create a

buffer about 30 40 miles east of the

Rhineland where we're going to actually

occupy that part of Germany for about 15

years to make sure that they're going to

pay the reparations workers are going to

talk about in a second they're going to

keep this demilitarization thing going

but again the German sense of

nationalism that love of their military

ISM remember like you know Bismarck ekat

all this kind of jazz you know Hitler is

going to tap into that energy every time

I say Hitler drink unless you're a kid

then you got to have like a milkshake or

something I'm gonna say war reparations

we probably all seen these kind of films

of little kids with wheel barrels filled

with money going to buy bread because of

the war reparations that were put on the

back of the German people in today's

dollars it's about a half a trillion

dollars about 500 billion dollars the

Germans actually only paid back about

fifty billion dollars of that and a lot

of that was through the printing of

money which created that hyper super

inflation that made bread worth a

wheelbarrow of money but they did take

about twenty billion dollars in real

money like gold and assets right away in

order to pay for that occupation in the

Demilitarized Zone in the Rhineland and

to pay back some of the costs that the

Allied powers had spent fighting this

war with Germany but again you know that

economic depression that occurs and the

blame that goes on we haven't talked

about the blame that it'll put were

specifically going to put on the Jews

that live in Germany but that's

definitely going to happen in relation

to them not winning World War one the

strikes that went on were blamed on the

Jews and the economy was blamed on the

Jews as well and again you know how that

works it learns going to use that he's

going to rise to power he's going to go

to World War two I'm done saying it

so the last thing that we'll talk about

is actually part one of the Treaty of

Versailles it was part of all of the

treaties signed at the end of World War

one which is the creation of the League

of Nations it's quite ironic because

Woodrow Wilson who invented the idea of

the League of Nations you know kind of

United Nations body that would solve

world problems to avoid going into

something like World War one again is

going to be really the linchpin that is

going to get the Germans to sign that

treaty the Germans had signed the

armistice on the concept of the fourteen

points that this would be a peaceful

peace that they'd be able to regain some

type of autonomy and power in their

country and of course we've talked about

all these ways that were socking it to

when were punching them in the face

so the Treaty of Versailles is like the

one piece of halt right the Germans will

belong to this that they'll be able to

regain their their sense of dignity

honor nationalism and the you know

League of Nations will be this fair

entity that will be able to you know

take care of Germany and the rest of the

world as well and of course that's not

going to happen when Woodrow Wilson

brings that Treaty of Versailles back to

the United States Senate

you remember American politics he needs

two-thirds of a majority of the Senate

to ratify that treaty and it was a

partisan effort there were no

Republicans over in the land of you know

Paris when this was going on so there's

a lot of fear that specifically article

10 of the League of Nations Charter

which basically would say that the

League of Nations could bring the United

States into a war without congressional

approval is going to be a non-starter

but mostly Republicans they're going to

say no way are we going to give up our

autonomy of our self-interest to these

European war fighters that's just silly

so Woodrow Wilson who came up with the

League of Nations and the League of

Nations goes into the Treaty of

Versailles and the Germans are all

excited about it

now the United States probably the

premier world power after World War one

is not going to be a part of it and that

is going to be one of the big reasons

it's going to fail and again Adolf

Hitler is going to rise to power and

take us into World War two

so what do you know we grew your brain

who prepared you for the test we

prepared you for life getting up for the

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