Inside Israeli Apartheid
Summary
TLDRこのビデオ脚本は、イスラエルによるパレスチナ人に対する制度化された差別と抑圧を描いています。軍事チェックポイント、ユダヤ人専用道路、色分けIDカード、パレスチナ人とイスラエル人に対する異なる法律など、パレスチナ人の生活には多くの制限があります。これらの状況は、国際法で人類に対する犯罪と定義されるアパルトヘイトと比較されており、人種による制度化された支配と圧制の証拠となっています。脚本では、地域的分割、ID制度、土地政策、国籍と移民法、家族統一の禁止など、イスラエルによるアパルトヘイトの実態が詳細に説明されています。これにより、パレスチナ人が直面する権利の不平等と、彼らがSTRUGGLEを続ける現実が明らかにされています。
Takeaways
- 🏛️ パレスチナ人は、イスラエルによる管理下で、軍事チェックポイント、ユダヤ人専用の道路、カラーコードされたIDカード、そしてパレスチナ人とイスラエル人に対する別々の法律という現実に直面している。
- 🌐 アパートヘイト南アフリカと似たような制度的差別が、パレスチナ人にも適用されると、人権団体が指摘している。
- 📜 国際法によって定義されるアパートヘイトは、人種差別に基づく制度的な圧制と支配を維持しようとする意図で行われる非人道的な行為を意味する。
- 🗺️ イスラエルは、1948年以降、歴史的なパレスチナを異なるユニットに分割し、イスラエル国家の一定の控制下に置いている。
- 🆔 パレスチナ人のIDカードの種類は、彼らが持つ権利のレベルと、イスラエル国家とその保安機関による生活の制御度を決定する。
- 🏘️ パレスチナ人は、地理的およびID制度を通じて、イスラエルによって分割され、支配されている。
- 🏞️ イスラエルの土地政策は、土地をユダヤ人のために利用する資源として扱い、一方でパレスチナ人を小さなエンクロージャーに閉じ込める制限政策を行っている。
- 🏡 パレスチナ人の市民権と移民法は、またしてもイスラエルによる差別的扱いであり、彼らの帰還権を拒否している。
- 👨👩👧👦 パレスチナ人の家庭生活も、イスラエルによる制御の対象であり、家族の統一、結婚、子どもたちの権利、家族が一緒に暮らす権利が脅かされている。
- 🏢 パレスチナ人の町であるジスル・アル=ザルカは、イスラエルのアパルトヘイトの鮮やかな例であり、貧困と差別的な地域計画の影響を受けている。
- 🚫 パレスチナ人は、イスラエルによる管理下で、家屋撤去、逮捕、投獄、および非常規な殺人など、日々圧制されている。
- 📢 パレスチナ人は、国際法の下のアパートヘイトというシステム的差別に直面しており、人権団体がその終了を求める声が広がっている。
Q & A
イスラエルによるパレスチナ人の管理体制の特徴は何ですか?
-イスラエルによるパレスチナ人の管理体制は、軍事チェックポイント、ユダヤ人専用の道路と町、カラーコードされたIDカード、イスラエル人とパレスチナ人に対する異なる法律のセットなど、パレスチナ人に対する差別的な法律とルールに基づいています。
アパルトヘイトとはどのような国際法上の犯罪ですか?
-アパルトヘイトは、人種による制度化された圧制と支配の文脈で行われた非人道的な行為であり、その意図がその支配体制を維持するのに使われていると定義されています。
イスラエルとパレスチナの状況が過去の南アフリカのアパルトヘイトにどのように比較されるのですか?
-南アフリカのアパルトヘイト時代と同様に、パレスチナ人は移動が制限され、貧困に陥った地域に住まなければならず、抗議運動に対して暴力的に弾圧を受け、大量に投獄されていました。
イスラエルによるアパルトヘイトはどのように地理的に表出されますか?
-イスラエルは1948年以来、歴史的なパレスチナを異なる単位に分割し、イスラエル国家の一定の度合いの制御の下に置いています。
パレスチナ人のIDカードはどのように彼らの権利に影響を与えますか?
-パレスチナ人のIDカードの種類は彼らが持つ権利のレベルと、イスラエル国家とその保安機関による生活の制御の度合いを決定します。
イスラエルによる土地政策はどのようにパレスチナ人を分け隔てていますか?
-イスラエルは土地をユダヤ人が利益を得るための資源として扱い、パレスチナ人を小さなエンクロージャーに閉じ込めるために土地の収用と没収の厳格な政策を用いています。
イスラエルの市民権と移民法はどのようにパレスチナ人を差別していますか?
-イスラエルの市民権と移民法は、ユダヤ人を有利に扱い、1948年のナクバ後、世界中からのユダヤ人移民に市民権を与えながら、パレスチナ人を故郷に帰還する権利を拒否しています。
イスラエルによる家族統一の禁止はどのような影響を及ぼしていますか?
-家族統一の禁止は、西岸やガザ出身のパレスチナ人がイスラエル市民と結婚した場合、その配偶者がイスラエルで一緒に暮らすか市民権を得る権利を剥奪するものです。
パレスチナ人に対するイスラエルの管理体制はどのように彼らの生活に影響を与えますか?
-イスラエルの管理体制はパレスチナ人の生活のあらゆる側面に及ぶ影響を及ぼしており、住む場所、結婚できる人、サービスへのアクセスなど、彼らの権利を全面的に制限しています。
人権団体はどのようにイスラエルのアパルトヘイトを批判していますか?
-人権団体は、パレスチナ人が占领地域とイスラエル国内で以色列人のアパルトヘイト的行為に苦しむと指摘し、その終了を求める声が高まっています。
パレスチナ人がイスラエルのアパルトヘイト体制に対抗するためにどのような措置が考えられていますか?
-アパルトヘイトという言葉を使用することで、パレスチナ人は彼らが受けている圧制の性質をよりよく表現し、それに基づく集団的行動を取ることができます。
Outlines
📜 パレスチナ人の現実とアパルトヘイト
イスラエルによるパレスチナ人の管理下にある数百万の人々が直面している現実を描いた段落です。軍事チェックポイント、ユダヤ人専用の道路、カラーコードされたIDカード、イスラエル人とパレスチナ人に対する異なる法律体制など、彼らの生活には差別的な規則が適用されています。これは、アパルトヘイト時代の南アフリカと比較されており、当時は白人の植民地少数派が土着の黒人集団を制度化された人種差別によって支配していました。国際法においてアパルトヘイトは人類に対する犯罪であり、人種による統治と圧制のもとで行われる非人道的な行為を定義しています。人権団体は、イスラエルによるアパルトヘイトの実践を指摘しており、この問題は地域的にも多様な形で表出されています。
🗺 パレスチナ人の地域的分割とID制度
イスラエルによるパレスチナ人の地域的分割とID制度の詳細について説明しています。パレスチナ人は5つの大きな地域に分断されており、それぞれ異なる法律と権利を持っています。イスラエル人は地域を自由に移動し、住むことができるのに対し、パレスチナ人は異なるIDカードによって異なる法律の下に置かれています。また、IDカードの種類によって彼らの権利が決定されますが、どの場合もユダヤ人の権利よりも劣ります。この段落では、IDシステムを通じてパレスチナ人の生活がどの程度制限されているかが明らかにされています。
🏘️ パレスチナ人の地域的不平等と土地政策
この段落では、パレスチナ人に対する土地政策と地域的不平等が焦点に当てられています。イスラエルは土地をユダヤ人が利用する資源と見なし、パレスチナ人を狭小な地域に閉じ込めるために土地を没収しています。建設権はほとんどがユダヤ人に対して確保されており、1948年以降、イスラエル人は新しい町を建設できる一方、パレスチナ人のコミュニティには新たな土地が与えられていません。これらの差別的な土地政策は、イスラエルのアパルトヘイトを理解する上で不可欠です。
🏛️ パレスチナ人への不平等な市民権と移住者法
この段落では、イスラエルによる市民権と移住者法によるパレスチナ人への不平等が議論されています。1948年のナクバ(大脱走)の後、イスラエルはパレスチナ人から土地を没収し、世界中から来たユダヤ人新移民に与えました。一方、5百万を超えるパレスチナ人とその子孫たちは故郷に帰還する権利を否認されており、観光客として国を訪れることもできません。この法律は、パレスチナ人を劣った市民として扱い、彼らの生活を全面的に制御しています。
👨👩👧👦 パレスチナ人の家族生活と人権の侵害
最後の段落では、イスラエルによるパレスチナ人の家族生活への影響と人権の侵害が語られています。イスラエルは家族統一の禁止を長年にわたって維持し、2022年に法律化しました。これにより、西岸やガザ出身のパレスチナ人がイスラエル市民と結婚した場合、その配偶者はイスラエルでの生活や市民権を有する権利がありません。また、異なる地域出身のパレスチナナ人の結婚と家族生活に対する法律の壁も触れられており、これにより多くの家族が離別されています。
🚨 パレスチナ人に対する全般的なアパルトヘイト
この段落では、パレスチナ人に対するアパルトヘイトの様々な形態が集約されています。イスラエルによるパレスチナ人の生活への干渉は、IDシステム、土地、市民権、移民政策などさまざまな形で行われています。パレスチナ人は家屋破壊、逮捕、投獄、非常規な殺人などによって日々抑圧されています。パレスチナ人がイスラエルのアパルトヘイト政策に挑むと、イスラエル政府によって犯罪化され攻撃を受けます。人権団体がイスラエルのアパルトヘイト終了を求める声が高まっている中で、パレスチナ人は彼らの集団的压迫をより明確に表現し、それに対して集団的行動を取る力を持つようになりました。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡アパルトヘイト
💡カラーコードされたIDカード
💡軍事チェックポイント
💡イスラエルの統治
💡人権団体
💡土地政策
💡シッサー・アル=ザルカ村
💡家族再統一の禁止
💡難民
💡国家別離
Highlights
Military checkpoints, Jewish-only roads, and a separate set of laws for Palestinians and Israelis characterize life under Israeli control for millions of Palestinians.
The situation is compared to Apartheid-era South Africa, where institutionalized racial segregation was used to maintain colonial white minority rule.
Apartheid is defined under international law as a crime against humanity involving systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over another.
Rights groups, including B’Tselem, Human Rights Watch, and Amnesty International, have called out Israeli practices as apartheid against Palestinians.
Israel has divided historic Palestine into different units with varying degrees of control, affecting an estimated 7 million Palestinians and 7 million Jews.
Jewish persons have the freedom to move and live throughout the territory, unlike Palestinians who face restrictions based on their geographic location.
Israel's control over the population registry and ID system allows it to restrict every aspect of Palestinian life.
The type of ID a Palestinian carries dictates their rights and the extent of control by the Israeli state.
Palestinian citizens of Israel face institutionalized discrimination despite having more freedoms than those in the occupied territory.
Palestinians in East Jerusalem with 'permanent residency' status live under the constant threat of having it revoked.
In the West Bank and Gaza, Palestinians live under Israeli military rule with severe movement restrictions and no legal rights.
Palestinian refugees in exile are barred from returning to their homelands, highlighting the fragmentation of the Palestinian people.
Israel's land policies favor Jewish people, using restrictive measures to confine Palestinians into small enclaves.
The town of Jisr al-Zarqa exemplifies Israeli apartheid, being one of the poorest towns in Israel with significant restrictions on expansion.
Citizenship and immigration laws in Israel systematically favor Jews and discriminate against Palestinians, contributing to their displacement.
Israel's control over Palestinian lives extends to family matters, including who they can marry and where they can live as a family.
The denial of family unification and naturalization for Palestinians married to Israeli citizens forces families to live apart.
Palestinians are systematically deprived of their rights, both collective and individual, under Israel's policies.
The recognition of Israeli apartheid by human rights groups allows for a clearer understanding of the oppression faced by Palestinians and the need for collective action.
Transcripts
Military checkpoints, Jewish-only roads and towns,
color-coded ID cards, and a separate set of laws
for Palestinians and Israelis.
This is the reality of life for millions of Palestinians
living under Israeli control.
From the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem,
to Israel and the Gaza Strip;
Palestinians are living under a system of laws and rules
that discriminate against them based on one principle factor:
The fact that they are Palestinian.
It’s a reality that many have likened to Apartheid South Africa,
where the colonial white minority
ruled over the indigenous Black population
through institutionalized racial segregation.
During Apartheid-era South Africa,
Black South Africans were forced to carry
ID cards wherever they went.
Their movement was severely restricted,
and they were relegated to living in impoverished bantustans.
When they tried to rise up against these racist policies,
they were violently suppressed and imprisoned en masse.
Sounds familiar, doesn’t it?
So, what is Apartheid?
Under international law, it’s a crime against humanity
that isn’t actually unique to South Africa
It’s defined as:
the inhuman acts committed in the context
of an institutionalized regime
of systematic oppression and domination
by one racial group over another
committed with the intention
of maintaining that regime.
So, if Apartheid isn’t unique to South Africa,
does it apply to Israel and Palestine?
Well, rights groups say that it does.
For decades Palestinians have called out
explicit practices of Israeli apartheid against them
in the occupied territory, and within Israel itself.
Over the past year, more rights groups have joined the calls to end Israeli apartheid,
including leading Israeli human rights group B’Tselem,
Human Rights Watch, and most recently,
Amnesty International.
So, let’s take a look at Israeli apartheid
While Israeli apartheid manifests itself in many different ways,
it can be easily understood through geographic location.
Since 1948, Israel has divided and carved up
historic Palestine into different units,
all under a certain degree of control by the Israeli state.
Even in places like the West Bank and Gaza,
Where the Palestinian Authority and Hamas maintain
certain levels of bureaucratic control,
everything else is controlled by Israel.
From the borders and population registry, to essential resources
like water and electricity.
There are an estimated 7 million Palestinians
and 7 million Jews living in the area
between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean sea.
Jewish persons can largely treat the entire territory as one,
and are free to move between its borders,
and live with full rights wherever they choose.
Palestinians, however, face a very different reality.
Palestinians have largely been split up into five major geographic locations.
Israel, the occupied Palestinian territory,
which includes East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza.
And the diaspora, where millions of Palestinian refugees live in exile,
banned from returning to their homes.
In each of these places, Israel maintains a set of laws
that favor the rights of one set of people –
Jews – over another, Palestinians.
One of the primary ways that Israel separates Palestinians
and maintains domination over them,
is through its control of the population registry and ID system.
By controlling the registry, Israeli authorities have the power
to restrict every aspect of Palestinian life.
From determining where Palestinians are allowed to live,
who they are able to marry, and what services
they do and do not have access to.
For Palestinians, the type of ID you carry dictates the level of rights that you have,
and to which degree your life is controlled by the Israeli state and its security apparatus.
For example, Palestinians living in the West Bank have a different ID than Palestinians living in Israel,
and are thus subject to a different set of laws.
But in both cases, the rights of the Palestinians in these areas
are inferior to those of Jewish persons living in those same places.
This is Palestinian human rights expert, Rania Muhareb:
Through this ID system Palestinians have been systematically fragmented.
And fragmentation plays an essential role in the establishment of Apartheid.
Palestinians are deprived of the right to meet,
to live together, to group, or to exercise any collective rights.
Their rights essentially depend on the status imposed on them by Israel.
You can think about it like a tiered system,
where the lower you go, the less rights you have.
On the top tier you have Jewish Israelis,
who have full rights under the law, and are free to live throughout Israel
and the occupied Palestinian territory,
with the exception of Gaza.
Next, you have Palestinian citizens of Israel
who carry Israeli passports and have the right to vote in Israeli elections.
While they enjoy more freedoms than Palestinians in the occupied territory
Palestinian citizens of Israel are treated as second class citizens
compared to Israeli Jews.
They face insitutionalized discrimination
in accessing professions, they recieve inferior services,
receive less public budget allocations,
and they face discriminatory planning and zoning,
which essentially applies on both sides of the Green Line.
Next you have Palestinians living in occupied East Jerusalem,
who carry blue ID cards, and are given “permanent residency” status,
which can be revoked by the Israeli state at any time.
Further down the line, are Palestinians in the West Bank,
who carry green ID cards.
They live under Israeli military rule, and have no rights under the law.
Palestinians here live in a series of non-contiguous enclaves,
separated by Israeli checkpoints, walls,
and settlements that restrict their every move.
In Gaza, Palestinians also carry green ID cards,
but face even further restrictions on their movement
Since 2007, Israel has upheld a land, air, and sea blockade
that has crippled Gaza, making it ‘uninhabitable’ as of 2020, according to the UN.
Lastly, come Palestinian refugees in exile,
who have no form of ID,
and are barred by Israel from returning to their historic homelands.
By looking at the situation in such a fragmented manner,
this also serves Israel’s apartheid regime
of dividing Palestinians and preventing them from exercising collective rights.
Now that we’ve broken down how Israel divides Palestinians
both geographically and through it’s ID system,
we can take a look at the different ways
that Israel applies its apartheid system to the Palestinians in those areas.
As B’Tselem pointed out in it’s report on Israeli apartheid,
one of the primary ways Israel maintains its regime is through its land policies.
Israel largely treats land as a resource that serves to benefit the Jewish people.
At the same time, the state uses restrictive policies
to corral Palestinians into small enclaves,
through the expropriation and confiscation of their land.
Even when you look at who has the right to build on the land,
that right is almost always reserved for Jews, not Palestinians.
But these racist land policies are not relegated to the occupied Palestinian territory
In fact, they are widely practiced inside Israel as well.
In the decades since 1948, Israel has approved the construction
of hundreds of new towns for its Jewish communities,
yet not a single new community has been approved for its Palestinian citizens
who make up 20% of the population.
Palestinian citizens of Israel have only been given access
to less than 3% of the country’s total area
for their communities and local councils.
Experts say these discriminatory land policies that favor Jews over Palestinians,
are essential to understanding Israeli apartheid.
The effort to uproot Palestinians forms part of a broader settler colonial logic
of replacing indegenous Palestinians with Jewish settlers.
The transfer of Palestinians from their lands and properties,
which is a process that, as we know, is ongoing,
has served both to establish apartheid
and to continuously maintain it over Palestinians.
To see these harmful policies in action,
one has to look no further than the town of Jisr al-Zarqa
a small fishing village in northern Israel,
and the last remaining Palestinian village
on the Mediterranean coast, outside of Gaza.
Surrounded by wealthy Israeli towns,
the impoverished Jisr al-Zarqa is a stark example of Israeli apartheid.
It is home to an estimated 15,000 Palestinians,
and is one of the poorest towns in Israel,
with about 80% of residents living below the poverty line.
Jisr al-Zarqa is surrounded on all four sides,
which prevent the village from expanding.
To the north is a Jewish Kibbutz and an Israeli nature reserve.
To the South is the upscale Israeli town of Caesarea,
which was built on the rubble of a Palestinian village in 1952.
It’s home to former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu,
and boasts upscale amenities like a golf course, harbor,
archeological site, and an industrial and business park.
To the east of Jisr al-Zarqa is Highway 2,
which was constructed by Israel in the 1960s,
and cut the residents of the town off
from hundreds of acres of their historical farmlands.
And to the West, is the Mediterranean Sea.
Just like in the occupied territory,
Palestinian citizens of Israel,
like those living in Jisr al-Zarqa,
are subject to detrimental zoning policies
that force many people to build without permits,
and thus, subjecting them to home demolitions.
While the government refuses to approve new construction in Jisr al-Zarqa
Israeli planning authorities have provided sufficient land and zoning permissions
to the neighboring Jewish towns in order to facilitate their growth.
So far we’ve looked at how Israel divides and fragments Palestinians
Geographically, through color-coded ID systems,
and harmful land and zoning policies
But Israel’s apartheid policies don’t stop there.
Another way that Israel separates Palestinians and maintains its domination
is through citizenship and immigration laws,
which once again, favor Jews, and discriminate against Palestinians.
After the Nakba in 1948,
Israel expropriated hundreds of thousands of acres of Palestinian land
and gave it to its new Jewish citizens who came from around the world.
At the same time, it instituted a number of laws
that prevented the Palestinians who it had made refugees and and their descendants,
who now number over 5 million,
from ever returning to their homelands.
While international law requires the right of return for Palestinian refugees,
the state has continued to deny that right until today,
and largely bans Palestinians from visiting the country,
even as tourists.
This is Amena al-Ashkar
a Palestinian refugee living in Lebanon
We are being denied to go in to this land because of who we are.
That's the whole thing around apartheid. Right?
Being denied something that is a right for you,
based on who you are, or your ethnicity or your religion, or whatever.
We are denied to go into Palestine, just because we are Palestinians.
If that’s not apartheid, what is apartheid?
While Palestinian refugees are unable to return to their homes,
Jewish persons from around the world
can actually immigrate freely to Israel and become citizens,
even if they have never stepped foot in the country before.
Israeli legislation allows Jewish settlers,
whether they hold Israeli citizenship or not,
to live throughout the territory.
This obviously contributes to the further displacement and dispossession of Palestinians.
So you can see how the law systematically favors Jewish Israelis
over Palestinians, wherever they reside.
Israel’s control of Palestinian lives extends far beyond borders,
checkpoints, and documents.
For tens of thousands of Palestinian families,
the state controls intimate parts of their family lives:
who they can marry, what kind of rights their children will have,
and if they can even live together as a family.
For decades Israel upheld a ban on family unification,
and in 2022, they passed it into law.
The law denies naturalization to Palestinians from the occupied West Bank or Gaza
who are married to Israeli citizens,
forcing thousands of Palestinian families
to either emigrate or live apart.
Essentially it means that if a Palestinian citizen of Israel
married someone from the West Bank or Gaza,
their spouse will not have the right to live with them in Israel
or become a citizen.
Through this process Palestinians are deprived of the right to live together,
deprived of the right to family life,
choice of spouse and equality in marriage.
These policies are of course consistent with some of the the inhuman acts
that are listed under the apartheid convention.
Such laws also present barriers to Palestinians from different units
within the occupied Palestinian territory
from falling in love, getting married, and starting a family.
For example, if a Palestinian from East Jerusalem
fell in love with a Palestinian from the West Bank,
the West Bank resident cannot legally go to live in East Jerusalem with their spouse,
because Israeli law prevents it.
And if the spouse from East Jerusalem were to move to the West Bank,
Israel would revoke their permanent residency in the city, making them stateless.
Even their future children would face legal obstacles when it comes to residency status.
Such is the case for 25-year-old Yasmin.
Her father is from Jerusalem, and her mother is from the West Bank.
She is one of tens of thousands of Palestinians who are “stateless,”
and have no legal residency anywhere in the country,
all because Israel denies her family’s right to be together.
In this video, we’ve taken a look at how
Israel imposes apartheid on Palestinians,
in every aspect of their lives, and wherever they live.
Whether you are a citizen of Israel,
or a resident of Gaza, so long as you are Palestinian,
your rights are inferior to the rights of Jews.
Beyond it’s ID system, land, citizenship,
and immigration policies, Israel continues to oppress
Palestinians every day, in the form of home demolitions,
arrests, imprisonment, and extrajudicial killings.
Even when Palestinians try to challenge
Israel’s apartheid policies, they are criminalized
and attacked by the Israeli government.
When we talk about a system of apartheid under international law,
we are talking about a series of human rights violations
that are committed with a specific intention,
and that intention is to maintain racial domination over a group.
In this case Palestinians are systematically deprived of their rights,
both collective and in many cases individual rights.
So, now that more human rights groups
are joining the call to end Israeli Apartheid
At the end of the day, apartheid allows Palestinians to better articulate the nature of the oppression
that is imposed on them as a people,
and through that, collective action can be taken to counter this institutionalized oppression.
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