Taktik Fusi Parpol Ala Rezim Orde Baru | Jejak Pemilu tvOne
Summary
TLDRThe script outlines Indonesia's political landscape during Soeharto's era, marked by the 1977 general elections and the consolidation of political parties under the 'New Order' regime. It details the fusion of parties into Golkar and PDI, aiming to simplify the political sphere and strengthen Golkar's dominance. The script also touches on the 'floating mass' concept, which aimed to distance rural populations from political activities, except during elections. The period saw discontent among intellectuals and students, leading to the 1974 Malari incident, reflecting the challenges faced by Soeharto's government amidst corruption and foreign investment criticisms.
Takeaways
- 🗳️ The 1977 general election in Indonesia was conducted in an orderly, direct, free, and secret manner across the country.
- 📅 On March 27, 1968, Soeharto was appointed as president by the MPRS, a position he held until a new president was elected in June 1971.
- ✌️ In the 1971 election, Golkar won a significant victory, becoming the single majority party in the DPR and MPR, allowing them to nominate their candidate for president.
- 🔴 The concept of a strong single party in Indonesia was favored due to past political conflicts and ideological polarizations, leading to a simplification from 11 parties to two, with Golkar being a special case.
- 🏛️ In 1973, the MPR issued a decree emphasizing the need for the grouping of political party participants, which led to the fusion of several parties into two main parties: P3 (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan) and PDI (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia).
- 🤝 The fusion of Islamic parties into P3 and nationalist parties into PDI was a strategic move to streamline political representation and ensure a unified national direction.
- 🚫 The government under Soeharto's 'New Order' era implemented policies to limit the influence of political parties, including restrictions on establishing local branches below the district level.
- 📉 The fusion of parties did not grant them full freedom to operate independently, as Soeharto's government maintained control through various directorates and ministries.
- 📉 The original identities of the fused parties were gradually eroded, leading to a loss of distinct party characteristics, especially in the case of PDI.
- 📚 The 'floating mass' concept was introduced to keep the rural population distant from political activities, except during elections, aiming to strengthen Golkar's position.
- 🚨 The period from 1970 to 1974 was marked by dissatisfaction among intellectuals and students with the government's policies, leading to protests and the eventual 'Malari' incident on January 15, 1974, which highlighted social and political tensions.
Q & A
What significant event took place on May 2, 1977, in Indonesia?
-On May 2, 1977, general elections were held across Indonesia, which were conducted in an orderly, direct, free, and secret manner.
Who was appointed as the president by MPRS on March 27, 1968, and until when was he supposed to serve?
-On March 27, 1968, Soeharto was appointed as the president by MPRS, and he was supposed to serve until a new president was elected through the general elections scheduled for June 1971.
What was the outcome of the 1971 general elections in Indonesia?
-In the 1971 general elections, Golkar won a significant victory, becoming the single majority party in the People's Consultative Assembly (DPR) and the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).
How did the political party landscape in Indonesia change under Soeharto's rule, and what was the rationale behind it?
-Under Soeharto's rule, the political party landscape was simplified from multiple parties to two main parties, with Golkar being a special case standing alone. The rationale was to reduce political conflicts and polarities, aiming for political stability as a prerequisite for development.
What was the concept of 'floating mass' in the context of Indonesian politics during the New Order era?
-The 'floating mass' concept referred to a group of people or masses without a specific political party ideology. It was particularly used to describe rural populations who were kept distant from political activities except during elections, aiming to strengthen Golkar's position in the elections.
What was the significance of the 'Deklarasi pembentukan Partai Persatuan Pembangunan' and when was it signed?
-The 'Deklarasi pembentukan Partai Persatuan Pembangunan' was significant as it marked the formation of the Development Unity Party (P3). It was signed on January 5, 1973, by leaders of Islamic parties, signifying a unification of Islamic political forces.
What was the role of the 'Direktorat Sosial dan Politik' in guiding the fused political parties in Indonesia?
-The 'Direktorat Sosial dan Politik' within the Indonesian military and the Ministry of Home Affairs played a role in guiding and controlling the fused political parties, ensuring they did not deviate from the government's intended path.
How did the fusion of political parties affect the original identity and independence of parties like Parkindo and Murba?
-The fusion of political parties led to the erosion of the original identity and independence of parties like Parkindo, Murba, and others. They were absorbed into larger parties like PDI, which eventually lost its distinct characteristics and became more aligned with the government's agenda.
What was the Malari incident, and what were its implications for the Soeharto regime?
-The Malari incident, also known as the 'Malapetaka 15 Januari', was a major protest and subsequent riots that occurred on January 15, 1974. It involved students and high school students protesting against Japanese investment in Indonesia. The incident highlighted growing dissatisfaction with the Soeharto regime and led to social and political wounds.
What were the restrictions placed on political parties by the government during the New Order era regarding their organizational structure?
-During the New Order era, the government proposed that political parties should not establish 'underbow' or satellite organizations. Additionally, there was a proposal to forbid political parties from having branches or extensions below the sub-district (Kecamatan) level, which effectively limited their grassroots organizational capabilities.
How did the government's policies and the Malari incident influence the perception of foreign investment, particularly from Japan, in Indonesia during the 1970s?
-The Malari incident, which involved protests against Japanese investment, and the government's policies reflected a complex relationship with foreign investment. While the government sought foreign aid and investment, especially from Japan, to boost the economy, it also faced domestic opposition and criticism, leading to a nuanced perception of foreign investment.
Outlines
🗳️ Indonesian Political Landscape in the 1970s
The script discusses the political climate in Indonesia during the 1970s, focusing on the general elections held on May 2, 1977. It highlights the establishment of Soeharto's presidency on March 27, 1968, and his re-election through parliamentary means in 1971. The script also covers the dominance of the Golkar party in the 1971 elections, leading to its candidate Soeharto's uncontested presidency. The narrative delves into the political consolidation efforts that reduced the number of political parties from 11 to two, with Golkar being a significant player without officially being a party. The script also touches on the 1973 MPR decision to streamline political parties, aiming to simplify the political landscape and reduce ideological polarization, which was seen as a prerequisite for political stability and development.
🌐 Political Party Consolidation and the Rise of Golkar
This paragraph continues the discussion on the political reformation in Indonesia, particularly the efforts to consolidate political parties. It mentions the formation of the Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) and Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI) as a result of the fusion of various parties. The script also describes how the government, under Soeharto's leadership, steered these parties through social and political engineering, including the establishment of the P3 and PDI parties. The narrative highlights the strategic positioning of Golkar as a non-partisan entity to strengthen its political influence, while other parties were gradually marginalized. The paragraph also touches on the concept of 'floating mass' to describe the apolitical stance of the rural population, which was manipulated to strengthen Golkar's position during elections.
📢 Challenges and Dissent During Soeharto's Rule
The script describes the challenges faced by Soeharto's government, particularly the growing dissatisfaction among intellectuals and students during the early 1970s. It discusses the restrictions placed on opposition parties like PDI and P3, highlighting the preferential treatment given to Golkar. The narrative also covers the period of political unrest leading up to the Malari incident on January 15, 1974, where a protest against Japanese investment and the visit of Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka escalated into riots. The script suggests that the government's response to the protest was heavy-handed, leading to social wounds and highlighting the tensions between the government and the populace during this period.
🏛️ Foreign Policy and Political Choices
This paragraph is brief and does not contain substantial content, making it difficult to provide a detailed summary. It appears to touch upon foreign policy and political decisions but lacks the depth to offer a comprehensive understanding of the topic.
🎵 Music Interlude
This section of the script does not contain any spoken content but serves as a musical interlude, possibly used to set the tone or provide a transition between different parts of the video script.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Soeharto
💡Golkar
💡MPRS
💡Pemilu
💡Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP)
💡Depolitisasi
💡P3
💡PDI
Highlights
The general election on May 2, 1977, was conducted throughout Indonesia in an orderly, direct, free, and secret manner.
On March 27, 1968, Soeharto stepped into the plenary hall of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) and was appointed president until a new president could be elected in June 1971.
The 1971 election saw Golkar win by a landslide, becoming the single majority party in the People's Representative Council (DPR) and MPRS.
Soeharto smoothly transitioned to the highest executive position in the country, with Golkar's victory.
The idea of having too many political parties in Indonesia was seen as a source of conflict due to past political struggles and ideological polarization.
A series of policies were implemented to stabilize politics, which became a prerequisite for development, simplifying the political party system from 11 parties to two, and then adding one more.
Golkar was established as a non-partisan organization, marking the beginning of the depoliticization of Indonesian society.
The MPR issued a decree in 1973 about the general guidelines of the state, emphasizing the need for the grouping of political party participants.
Pak Harto, referring to the complexity of managing multiple parties, suggested that one party was sufficient to manage life's purposes, including politics.
Islamic parties were consolidated into a single party called P3 (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan), while nationalist parties were merged into PDI (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia).
Golkar maintained a special position as a standalone party, separate from other groups.
The concept of 'floating masses' was introduced, referring to groups of people without a specific political party ideology, particularly in rural areas.
The government initially proposed banning political parties from building 'underbows' or political wings, and also from having branches below the sub-district level.
The fusion of political parties into P3 and PDI was not entirely smooth, with some parties maintaining their identities within the new structures.
The fusion of parties did not allow them to act freely and was controlled by Soeharto through the Social and Political Directorate of the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The original identities of the fused parties were gradually eroded, leaving only the ideas of Islam and nationalism.
After Soeharto's fall, the legacy of the three-party system still influenced local politics, creating a sense of inequality among other parties.
Golkar's leadership during the New Order era under Soeharto was crucial, as it was strongly positioned as the party that could issue policies and control the political landscape.
The concept of 'floating masses' was used to distance rural populations from political activities, except during elections.
The government's control over political party activities was strict, with Golkar having an easier time campaigning compared to other parties.
The period from 1970 to 1974 was marked by dissatisfaction among intellectuals and students with the government's policies, leading to protests and criticism in the media.
The Malari incident on January 15, 1974, was a significant event where protests against Japanese investment in Indonesia escalated into riots.
Transcripts
pemilihan umum 2 Mei 1977 di seluruh
daerah pemilihan Indonesia telah
berjalan dengan tertib langsung umum
bebas dan rahas
[Musik]
27 Maret
1968 Soeharto melangkahkan kakinya masuk
ruang pleno gedung Majelis
Permusyawaratan
Rakyat pada hari itu MPRS menetapkan
Soeharto sebagai presiden sampai ada
presiden baru hasil pemilu yang akan
digelar bulan Juni 1971
pada pemilu
1971 Golkar memperoleh kemenangan besar
dan menjadi mayoritas tunggal di DPR dan
MPR sebagai partai pemenang Golkar
berhak mengajukan calonnya sebagai
presiden dalam parlemen Soeharto pun
melenggang mulus ke singgah
tertinggiaga eksekutif
negaraelah pemil
tak perlu Terlalu banyak partai di
Indonesia pasalnya sebab kuat dari
konflik-konflik politik pada masa lalu
karena adanya sistem multipartai dan
polarisasi
ideologi lantas dibuatlah serangkaian
kebijakan dengan dalh stabilitas politik
yang menjadi prasyarat utama
pembangunan penyederhanaan
partai dari banyak partai dari 11 partai
menjadi dua partai
kemudian ditambah satu
Golkar tanpa menggunakan kata partai
waktu
[Musik]
itu pada
1973 MPR mengeluarkan ketetapan tentang
garis besar haluan negara yang
menegaskan mengenai perlunya
pengelompokan organisasi peserta pemilu
artinya parpol-parpol yang dianggap
sejenis akan difusikan
Pak Harto bilang soal partai-partai ini
kan ribet terus dari zaman Bung Karno
memang ribet terus gitu kan Nah lalu apa
penataan yang harus dilakukan supaya dia
punya kontribusi pada negara
gitu intinya kira-kira itu lalu
solusinya Pak Arto sangat Jawa nah dia
bilang hidup itu untuk apa tujuan hidup
itu kan Sangkan par Ning Dumadi ujung
kehidupan itu
Keabadian
yaitu masa setelah kita mati
surga lalu partai untuk apa
banyak-banyak satu partai cukup ngurusi
tujuan kehidupan ini termasuk kehidupan
politik nah yang ngurus kehidupan ee
setelah mati e ujung dari kehidupan itu
dikumpulkanlah partai-partai Islam
menjadi satu partai namanya P3 Partai
Persatuan Pembangunan gitu nah lalu di
ee yang ngurusi kehidupan itu e
digabungkanlah partai-partai yang dalam
kategori
eh kajian akademik itu namanya
partai-partai nasionalis itu
bergabunglah di situ kemudian menjadi
PDI PNI segala macam eh menjadi
PDI Golkar sendiri menduduki posisi
istimewa sebagai partai yang berdiri
sendiri tanpa digabungkan dengan
kelompok lain taktik fusi partai ala
orde baru ini merupakan awal
depolitisasi masyarakat
Indonesia satu partai ngurusi akhirat
namanya P3 satu partai ngurusi dunia
yang namanya PDI nah Nah karena Cukup
dua harus ada yang memastikan supaya
partai-partai ini enggak melenceng dan
jalannya lurus supaya enggak tersesat
belok-belok itu namanya
Golkar sebenarnya gagasan fusi parpol
sudah sempat tertuang dalam t MPRS tahun
1966 kemudian Ida fusi parpol juga
pernah disampaikan oleh Presiden
Soeharto dalam pidatonya di Kongres PNI
pada 11 April
1970 di
Semarang gagasan tersebut sempat
diwacanakan jelang Pemilu
1971 karena memicu pro dan kontra
termasuk penolakan dari partai Kristen
Indonesia dan Partai Katolik maka
rencana penyederhanaan partai-partai
politik belum bisa diterapkan di Pemilu
pertama rezim orde baru pada tanggal 5
Januari
1973 tokoh-tokoh partai Islam yaitu Idam
khid k. Maskur dari nandatul ulama HMS
minta direja dari parmusi Anwar Cro
aminato dari psii dan Rus khil dari
Perti bersepakat untuk menandatangani
Deklarasi pembentukan Partai Persatuan
Pembangunan itu yang kemudian terjadi
lagi P ada ini rahm
tersembunyiaksakan P tetapi akhirnya
umat Islam
bersatu Ris amnya bahisri presiden
parttainya Idam Kholid Ketuanya mintaja
itu dari
parmusi jadi semua bersatu memperkuat
partai
ini 5 hari kemudian lima partai berhalua
nasionalis yaitu ipki murba partai
Katolik parkindo dan PNI bersepakat
untuk bergabung membentuk Partai
Demokrasi Indonesia Muhammad Isnaini
dari PNI terpilih sebagai ketua umum ini
kan makin mengkristal ini di yang fusi
ini bagaimanapun masih terbawa-bawa
pni-nya masih terbawa-bawa murbanya
masih terbawa-bawa parkindonya di sini
juga begitu masih terbawa-bawa
alwaslinya syariahnya tarbiahnya masih
terbawa-bawa nah makin mengkristalah
mereka itu di tahun 77
[Musik]
partai-partai hasil fusi ternyata tidak
lantas bisa bebas bergerak begitu saja
dengan kekuasaannya Soeharto menyetir P3
dan PDI lewat Direktorat sospol di tniad
dan Kementerian Dalam Negeri identitas
asli partai-partai yang berfusi pun
perlahan tergerus sehingga hanya Menisa
idei bes yakniai Isam danai
fusi yang cepat itu
terjadi itu di
PDI PDI itu tidak lagi tidak lagi apa
tidak lagi
mempermasalahkan latar belakang
partai-partai terutama dari parkindo
Katolik murba dan sebagainya mereka itu
betul-betul ya PDI jadi yang semula 77
itu sudah tinggal tiga ya kan berkembang
sampai akhirnya pemerintahan Soeharto
setelah Soeharto jatuh ini beranak pinak
lagi bukan tiga
lagi nah jejak yang tiga ini masih
dirasakan di sampai di daerah-daerah
membikin kecemburuan partai yang lain
ini dapat dapat kantor semua ini jadi di
Ponegoro itu kantor P3 sama apa PDI
warisan zaman Soeharto itu kemudian
Golkar yang di apa sana Jalan Anggrek di
Tomang sana itu yang
[Musik]
[Musik]
Golkar kepemimpinan Soeharto di masa
orde baru menjadi sangat penting mkuat
posisi golk sebagaiaik
peseremil selain mengeluarkan kebijakan
fusi partai politik penguasa orde baru
pun telah menerapkan konsep massa
mengambang atau floating
m Ma mengambang bisa dimaknai sebagai
sekelompok orang atau Ma yang tidak
memiliki ideologi partai politik
tertentu rakyat di daerah pedesaan
dijauhkan dari kegiatan-kegiatan politik
memutuskan hubungan mereka dengan partai
politik kecuali di saat pemilu
Konsep ini hadir untuk memperkuat posisi
Golkar di ajang
pemilu pada mulanya pemerintah hanya
mengusulkan agar partai politik dilarang
membangun underbow atau organisasi sayap
politik lantas muncul usul tambahan agar
partai politik juga dilarang untuk
memiliki cabang atau ranting lebih
rendah dari level
Kecamatan Konsep ini sejatinya
memandulkan partisipasi politik
masyarakat pedesaan
itu di bant ada Islam namanya Anwar
Anwar itu dulu itu salah satu anggota
istimewa saya ketemu dengan Ketua
umumar
pakad dia
mengatakan katakan Saya ini keluar bes
Bulan Bintang yangedang beruh diahon
ingin jadi misalnya PDI mau kampanye
sampai ke Kabupaten
dihalangi mau datang ke Katakanlah ke
Kabupaten Tangerang enggak gampang harus
ada izinnya tapi kalau Golkar mudah ya
kayak gitu gitu terus Kemudian pada
penusukan ya Suka hati mereka ya kan
kemudian orang P3 orang PDI enggak boleh
dekat-dekat
situ mereka l w konyol-konyol waktu itu
artinya itu norak lah konyol-konyolah
aku sendiri yang meliput Sebagai
wartawan lapangan kita lihat kasat mata
itu permainan itu mau melawan ada
tentara periode
1970 hingga
1974 menjadi tahun-tahun ketidakpuasan
kalangan cendekiawan dan mahasiswa
terhadap berbagai kebijakan pemerintah
Soeharto
potensi lahirnya pertentangan besar dari
kalangan masyarakat pun tak bisa
dihindari aksi-aksi mahasiswa dan
kerasnya kritikan pers terhadap
praktik-praktik penyelewengan seperti
korupsi dan modal asing merupakan
tantangan bagi Soeharto di awal
kekuasaannya kekecewaan terus berlanjut
sampai meletus kerusuhan di ibuota yang
dikenal dengan peristiwa malapetaka 15
Januari atau Malari
aksi yang terjadi pada tanggal 15
Januari
1974 ini dilakukan bertepatan dengan
kedatangan perdana menteri Jepang kakue
Tanaka ke
Indonesia Presiden Soeharto dan beberapa
menteri bertemu dengan Tanaka serta
rombongannya di istana
negara pada saat bersamaan Ribuan Orang
yang sebagian besar terdiri dari
mahasiswa dan pelajar SMA
turun ke jalan melancarkan protes mereka
berteriak lantang menentang derasnya
investasi Jepang yang masuk ke
Indonesia waktu itu kan sedang
kuat-kuatnya bantuan igji untuk
Indonesia
intergovernmental Group on Indonesia n
eh ada Perdana Menteri Kak Tanaka datang
ke Jakarta didemo oleh mahasiswa itu
sampai ada kerusuhan
nah mahasiswa diskenariokan gampang
dituding sebagai perusuh nah ini
analisanya ya karena
ee siapa yang menang siapa yang benar
Siapa yang salah kita juga dalam
kerusuhan seperti itu pasti
luka-luka luka-luka sosial luka-luka
politik akibat
[Musik]
memilih
foreign
[Musik]
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