Masa Pemerintahan Orde Baru

Summary

This video explores Indonesia's New Order era, focusing on the political, economic, and social transformations under President Soeharto's leadership. It discusses the collapse of Soekarno's regime, the formation of the New Order, and key policies like the Tri-Tura, the simplification of political parties, and the centralization of power. The video also highlights the country's international relations, its economic stabilization, and rapid growth, contrasting these achievements with the regime's controversial, authoritarian governance. It provides an overview of the era’s complex legacy, marked by significant development alongside political repression.

Takeaways

• 😀 The New Order period (Orde Baru) marked a time of both significant international success and controversy within Indonesia, leading to debates among historians and society.
• 😀 The New Order emerged from a political and economic instability during the late 1950s and early 1960s, with the power shift initiated by the issuance of the Supersemar (March 11 Order).
• 😀 The key event that led to the rise of the New Order was President Sukarno’s weakened position after the failed 30th September Movement (G30S), which led to the purging of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).
• 😀 The Supersemar (March 11 Order) allowed General Soeharto to take control of the government, setting the stage for the establishment of the New Order regime.
• 😀 The New Order emphasized the restoration of Indonesia’s stability through the principles of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, aiming to protect the nation’s unity and progress.
• 😀 The New Order introduced the 'Tri-Tura' (Tri People's Demands) to reorganize political life, including the dissolution of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and other associated organizations.
• 😀 Political restructuring under the New Order led to the simplification of political parties, consolidating them into three major political groups by 1973 to reduce political competition.
• 😀 The New Order government implemented six general elections between 1971 and 1997, with an emphasis on fairness (LUBER) but also under tight government control, including the controversial role of the military (ABRI) in politics.
• 😀 Indonesia’s foreign policy under the New Order focused on normalizing international relations, including rejoining the United Nations in 1967 and improving ties with countries like Singapore and Malaysia.
• 😀 The New Order’s economic policies led to significant development, including the stabilization of the economy and large-scale infrastructure projects, though it was also criticized for uneven development and authoritarian governance.

Q & A

What was the political situation in Indonesia like before the New Order?

Before the New Order, Indonesia was experiencing political and economic instability. The political landscape was marked by intense competition among political groups. President Sukarno's decision to replace the parliamentary system with guided democracy further worsened the situation, exacerbating tensions between the military and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI).

How did the New Order regime come into power?

The New Order regime came into power after President Sukarno issued a letter of instruction (Supersemar) on March 11, 1966, transferring power to General Suharto. This move was made to stabilize the country amid political chaos following the 30th September Movement (G30S) and the subsequent crackdown on the PKI.

What were the key policies introduced by Suharto's New Order government?

Key policies included the dissolution of the PKI and its affiliated organizations, simplification of political parties into three main factions, and the introduction of Pancasila as the guiding ideology of the state. Suharto also introduced the Tri-Tura (Three Demands of the People) and the concept of 'Dwifungsi ABRI,' where the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) played both a military and political role.

What was the significance of the Tri-Tura during the New Order period?

The Tri-Tura (Three Demands of the People) was a key policy that aimed to restore stability to Indonesia. It included demands for the disbanding of the PKI, the cleaning up of the Indonesian government, and the establishment of a stable government under the guidance of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.

How did the New Order government handle Indonesia's foreign relations?

The New Order focused on restoring and normalizing Indonesia's international relations. This included rejoining the United Nations in 1967, re-establishing diplomatic ties with countries like Singapore and Malaysia, and distancing from China, especially after China's involvement in the G30S incident and its support for the PKI.

What were the economic strategies implemented during the New Order period?

Economic strategies during the New Order included stabilization and rehabilitation of the economy, which had been left in chaos by the previous government. This was followed by the implementation of the 'Trilogi Pembangunan' (Trilogy of Development), focusing on short-term development programs like Pelita (Five-Year Development Plans) and long-term national growth.

How did Indonesia's economy change under the New Order?

Under the New Order, Indonesia saw significant economic growth, with the country shifting from being an importer of rice to becoming self-sufficient in rice production. The government focused on industrialization, infrastructure development, and poverty reduction, which led to improvements in public welfare, including lower infant mortality rates and increased literacy.

What role did the Indonesian military (ABRI) play in the New Order government?

The Indonesian military, or ABRI, held a dual role under the New Order regime, serving both as the nation's defense force and as a political entity. This 'Dwifungsi ABRI' allowed the military to play a central role in governance, often influencing political decisions and holding significant power within the government.

What were some of the criticisms of the New Order regime?

The New Order regime faced criticisms for being overly authoritarian, with decisions centralized in Suharto's hands. The government also used Golkar as a political tool to stabilize the economy, sidelining opposition parties. Additionally, there was significant criticism over uneven development, with disparities between central and regional areas, and limited democratic freedoms.

How did Indonesia's international relations evolve under Suharto's leadership?

Under Suharto, Indonesia significantly improved its international standing, rejoining the United Nations, normalizing relations with countries like Malaysia and Singapore, and playing a more influential role in global affairs. However, Indonesia also distanced itself from China due to tensions arising from the 30th September Movement and its support for the PKI.