What is Brutalist Architecture? | ARCHITECTURE 101

Summary

このビデオスクリプトは、戦後ヨーロッパで勃興したブルータル建築の歴史と特徴について掘り下げています。1950年代から1970年代にかけて人気を博したこのスタイルは、その生粡コンクリートの使用と社会主義理想的追求で特徴づけられています。しかし、その壮大さと機能性に反して、多くの人々に嫌悪感を呼び起こし、後にはその人気は衰退しました。最近では、その独創性と彫刻的な美しさに注目し、再評価が進んでいます。ブルータル建築は、建築物の美しさと倫理性の間で揺れるアーキテクチャのジャンルを象徴しています。

Takeaways

• 🏢 ブリュータリスト建築は、主にコンクリートでできた大きな建物で、世界中で政府施設、住宅複合体、学校キャンパスに見られます。
• 📈 ブリュータリスト建築は、第二次世界大戦後のヨーロッパで発生し、1960年代と1970年代に人気を博しましたが、その後数十年はほとんど無視されました。
• 🏗 ブリュータリスト建築の名前は、フランス語の'béton brut'（生コンクリート）から来たと言われていますが、実際にはスウェーデンの建築家ハンス・アドが'ネオブリュータリズム'という言葉を初めて使いました。
• 🇬🇧 イギリスの建築家たちは、社会主義的ユートピアを築くための手段として建築を使い、ブリュータリスト建築を発展させました。
• 🏫 ハンスタントン学校は、ブリュータリスト建築の特徴を示しており、生の素材を誇示しています。
• 📰 建築批評家アルバート・バンハムは、ブリュータリスト建築を定義しようとしましたが、その定義は厳密には明確ではありませんでした。
• 🌐 ブリュータリスト建築はイギリスを離れて、ヨーロッパやアメリカに広がり、社会住宅や大学キャンパスに影響を与えました。
• 🏛 ボストン市政庁は、モニュメント性と歴史的な建築の再解釈を求める審査員によって選ばれた、最も重要なブリュータリスト建築の一つです。
• 📉 しかし、ブリュータリスト建築は維持コストが高く、管理不足のために人々に不快感を与えることがありました。
• 🔄 1970年代後半には、ポストモダン主义への転向と共にブリュータリスト建築の人気は減少しましたが、近年ではそのスタイルの再評価が進んでいます。
• 🎨 ブリュータリスト建築は、建築物を単なる箱以上のものとして考え、彫刻的な美しさを追求する現代の建築に影響を与えました。

Q & A

ブルータリズム建築はどのような建築スタイルですか？

ブルータリズム建築は、コンクリートを主体とした無骨で力強いデザインの建築スタイルです。第二次世界大戦後のヨーロッパで生まれ、1960年代から1970年代にかけて人気を博しました。政府の建物、住宅複合施設、学校のキャンパスなどで見られます。

ブルータリズムという名前の由来は何ですか？

一般的には、ル・コルビュジエの「ベトン・ブルート」（フランス語で「生コンクリート」）がブルータリズムの由来とされていますが、実際には1940年代のスウェーデンの建築家ハンス・アスプルンドが「ネオブルータリズム」という用語を最初に使いました。

ブルータリズムが最初に登場した場所はどこですか？

ブルータリズムはヨーロッパで登場しましたが、特に1940年代のスウェーデンと1950年代のイギリスで広がりました。イギリスでは、アリソンとピーター・スミッソンが新ブルータリズム運動のリーダーとして知られています。

ブルータリズムが特に強く関連する材料は何ですか？

ブルータリズム建築はコンクリートと強く関連しています。コンクリートは、粗くて無加工の状態で使用され、建築の正直さと機能性を表現するために選ばれました。また、コンクリートは安価であったため、多くのブルータリズム建築に採用されました。

ブルータリズム建築はどのような社会的理想を反映していましたか？

ブルータリズムは、社会主義的なユートピアを実現しようとする建築運動でした。建物の透明性と機能性を強調し、社会全体に平等をもたらすことを目指していました。

ブルータリズムが批判された理由は何ですか？

ブルータリズムは、その無骨で威圧的なデザインや、住民が快適に感じられないという理由で批判されました。また、コンクリートは時間が経つにつれて劣化するため、メンテナンスコストが高くなることも問題とされました。

ブルータリズムがアメリカに導入された際、どのように受け入れられましたか？

アメリカでは、ブルータリズムは主に経済的理由から公共住宅プロジェクトに採用されました。多くの建物は、ル・コルビュジエのラディアント・シティの概念に基づいて設計されましたが、時間が経つにつれて住民からの支持は失われました。

ポストモダニズムが登場した背景には、どのような要因がありましたか？

1970年代にブルータリズムの人気が衰退し、古典的な建築理念への回帰が見られるようになりました。この動きがポストモダニズムの台頭をもたらし、ブルータリズムに代わる新たな建築スタイルが模索されました。

ブルータリズムは近年どのように再評価されていますか？

ブルータリズムは、特にそのユニークで彫刻的な美学の観点から再評価されています。多くのブルータリズム建築がユネスコの世界遺産に指定され、今では愛される建物として保存されることもあります。

ブルータリズム建築の成功と失敗の要因は何ですか？

ブルータリズムは、その野心的な設計とユートピアを目指す姿勢で一時的に成功しましたが、人々が快適に感じられない空間を作り出したため、その社会的理想は長続きしませんでした。成功と失敗が交差する中、今日でもその建築スタイルは論争の的となっています。

Outlines

00:00

🏢 ブリュータリスト建築の誕生と特徴

ブリュータリスト建築は、第二次世界大戦後のヨーロッパで生まれ、1960年代から70年代にかけて人気を博したスタイルである。このスタイルの特徴は、主にコンクリートを用いた生粡の建築様式である。このスタイルは世界中で政府施設、住宅complexes、学校キャンパスなどに見られる。ブリュータリスト建築は、人々に強い感情を引き起こし、愛される一方で嫌われる一方もある。この段落では、ブリュータリスト建築の歴史と由来について解説している。特に、フランス建築家ル・コルビュジェが「beton brute」を用いたことと、スウェーデンの建築家ハンス・アスクーが「neo-brutalism」を初称したことが、このスタイルの基礎を形成したとされる。また、英国の建築家であるアリソン夫妇がこのスタイルを英国に持ち込み、社会主義的理想的空間を創出しようと試みた。

05:02

🗿 コンクリートの選定とブリュータリスト建築の社会性

この段落では、ブリュータリスト建築がコンクリートを選んだ理由と、その社会性について説明している。コンクリートは建築家に興味深い形状を作り、生の外観を与えることができた。また、伝統的な材料よりも安価だったことも理由である。ブリュータリスト建築は、建築を通じて社会変革を目指していた。建築物が提供する生活空間や人々が建物を移動する様子が、真の社会主義的ユートピアを示すはずだった。初期のブリュータリスト建築は、その新鮮さから住民に人気だったが、随分後にはその評判が変わっていく。また、アメリカや南アメリカに進出し、異なる文化の中でも同じように受け止められた。

10:02

🏛 アメリカのブリュータリスト建築とその評価

アメリカにおけるブリュータリスト建築の進出と、その評価について説明している。特に、ルーク・ハウが設計したサルインスティトゥートや、マセル・ブレイヤーが設計したウィットニー美術館がそのスタイルを代表している。これらの建築は、その独特なデザインとコンセプトによって評価が分かれる。一方で、ボストンシティホールのようには、当初は批判的だったが、後にはその価値が再評価される例もある。この段落では、ブリュータリスト建築がどのように公共空間や社会構造に影響を与え、またどのように受け止められたかについて詳細に触れている。

15:04

📚 ブリュータリスト建築の再評価と建築の意義

最後の段落では、ブリュータリスト建築が現在の時代でどのように再評価され、その意義について考察している。ブリュータリスト建築は、ただの美学的なものではなく、倫理的にも重要なスタイルだった。しかし、その理想主義は人々に歓迎される場所を作ることを犠牲にしてしまった。現在では、そのスタイルの独創性や彫刻的な性質が再び評価されており、一度は人々に嫌われた建物も、今では愛される場所となっている。この段落では、建築の理想を追い求めるべきである一方で、人々に快適な場所を作ることの重要性を再確認する。

Keywords

💡ブルータリスト建築

ブルータリスト建築は、主にコンクリートからできており、生のコンクリートの質感を特徴とする建築様式です。このスタイルは、戦後のヨーロッパで生まれ、1960年代から70年代にかけて人気を博しました。ビデオでは、ブルータリスト建築がどのようにして人々の強い反応を引き起こすか、またそれがどのようにして都市のランドマークになったかについて説明しています。

💡コンクリート

コンクリートはブルータリスト建築で最もよく使われる材料の一つであり、その生の感覚と功能性を愛された材料です。ビデオでは、コンクリートが建築物にどのようにして興味深い形状を与え、生の外観を提供するのかについて触れています。

💡ルネ・スポル

ルネ・スポルはブルータリスト建築の重要な人物であり、彼の作品はこの様式の特徴を象徴しています。ビデオでは、彼が設計したUN DEH habit cion（マッドハウス）について触れており、それがブルータリスト建築の原点の一つであるとされています。

💡ハンス・アスプロン

ハンス・アスプロンは、1949年に「ネオ・ブルータリスム」という言葉を初め用了した建築家で、この言葉は後のブルータリスト建築に影響を与えました。ビデオでは、彼がスウェーデンの現代主義を他の現代主義運動と区別するためにこの言葉を使ったと説明しています。

💡アリソンとピーター・スミスン

アリソンとピーター・スミスンは、英国のニューブルータリスト運動の指導者としてビデオに登場します。彼らの設計は、ブルータリスト建築の原則を体現しており、その影響力は英国の他の建築家にも及んでいます。

💡社会主義的ユートピア

ビデオでは、ブルータリスト建築が社会主義的ユートピアを創造するための手段として使われたと説明しています。建築家たちは、平等と共有の価値観を通じて、より良い社会を目指しました。

💡ジャン・アラン・ヴァン・デル・ロビュール

ジャン・アラン・ヴァン・デル・ロビュールは、ブルータリスト建築の理論的支柱の一つであり、彼はブルータリスト建築が社会変革をもたらす力を持つと主張しました。ビデオでは、彼がブルータリスト建築をどのように定義し、その社会的な役割を語ったかについて触れています。

💡エルンスト・グルドフィンガー

エルンスト・グルドフィンガーは、ビデオに登場する建築家で、彼のデザインしたバルロンとトレルタワーはブルータリスト運動のランドマークとなっています。これらの建築物は、社会主義的理想を体現するものであり、当時の人々に支持されました。

💡ポストモダン主義

ブルータリスト建築の人気が1970年代後半に下がり始めた時期、建築の世界ではポストモダン主義への転換が始まりました。ビデオでは、ポストモダン主義がどのようにしてブルータリスト建築の野心的な目標に反対し、建築のより古典的なアイデアに戻ったかについて説明しています。

💡再評価

ビデオでは、近年でブルータリスト建築が再評価を受けていると述べています。人々は、そのユニークな美学や彫刻的な性質を高く評価し、その歴史的意義を再認識しています。

Highlights

Brutalist architecture is characterized by its raw, dominating, and bold use of concrete, often found in government buildings, housing complexes, and schools.

The style emerged in Europe after World War II and became popular in the 1960s and 70s before being largely neglected.

The name 'Brutalism' is often mistakenly thought to derive from the French phrase 'béton brut' (raw concrete), but it actually originated from Swedish architect Hans Asplund's term 'Neo-Brutalism' in 1949.

Brutalism was embraced by British architects like Alison and Peter Smithson, who used it to promote socialist ideals, believing that raw materials symbolized honesty and transparency.

Reyner Banham, an architecture critic, attempted to define Brutalism, linking it to Le Corbusier’s béton brut, and emphasizing its social and aesthetic ambitions.

Despite its academic and architectural praise, Brutalism often faced public disdain due to its imposing and authoritarian appearance.

Concrete was favored by Brutalist architects for its versatility, cost-effectiveness, and ability to create dramatic and sculptural forms.

Brutalist buildings often faced maintenance challenges, leading to their deterioration and reinforcing negative public perceptions.

Brutalism had a significant impact on social housing in both Europe and America, though the reception was mixed, with residents often feeling disconnected from these environments.

Notable examples of Brutalist architecture include Boston City Hall, Yale’s Art and Architecture Building, and the Geisel Library at UC San Diego.

Brutalism’s initial appeal was tied to its novelty and promise of a utopian society, but this promise was often unmet, leading to its decline.

Despite its fall from favor, Brutalism is experiencing a resurgence in interest, with many buildings now being appreciated for their unique aesthetics and architectural innovation.

Brutalism’s legacy includes influencing modern architectural designs, particularly in the use of concrete and the creation of abstract, sculptural forms.

The style highlights the tension between architectural ambition and the need to create welcoming, human-centered environments.

Brutalism's complex history demonstrates the challenges of balancing social ideals with practical, livable spaces.

Transcripts

[Music]

you know them when you see them big bold

hulking buildings made mostly of

concrete they're raw and dominating some

might even call them

brutal this style of architecture is

found all over the world in government

buildings housing complexes and on

school

campuses it's a style that over the past

60 years has been both vilified and

beloved there have been equal calls to

rid our cities of them as they are to

preserve them I'm talking about

brutalist architecture a style that

emerged in Europe following World War II

reaching its height of popularity in the

1960s and70s before being largely

neglected in the subsequent decades but

what is it about brutalism that causes

such intense reactions does it deserve

all the hate it gets and where does the

term brutalism even come from hey

everyone my name's Steve I'm an

architecture writer and join me as we

take a deep dive into brutalist

architecture here on architecture 101

but before we get started be sure to

like And subscribe so you never miss out

on all things architecture if you've

ever looked up the history of brutalism

you'll find many sources saying that the

name brutalism was a rough translation

from the lar kabier concept beton brute

which is French for raw concrete The

Story Goes that kaboer was tasked with

designing the UN DEH habit cion in

France or the mad house as the locals

called it which was a massive housing

block that would feature space for 1,600

residents and offer amenities like a

grocery store and rooftop garden

originally the tower was supposed to be

designed with a smooth concrete exterior

a thing that kaboer had experimented

with in the past however there was a

misunderstanding among the 80

contractors working on site and the

building's concrete was anything but

smooth there were marks left on the

concrete from the wooden formwork

supposedly kaboer in his frustration

called it a massacre of concrete and

declared quote leave it brute the

building opened in 1952 and

revolutionized residential architecture

both in design and in

materials and he even began to embrace

the rough concrete look in his

subsequent buildings all over the world

he loved the honesty and the

functionality of raw concrete and he

eventually coined the term bom brute and

there you go well brutalism is born

right not exactly it's a great story and

while kab's beton brute did influence

later brutalism it's not a translation

of the French phrase for that we've got

to travel to 1940s Stockholm Sweden the

architect Hans Ood was the first to coin

the term Neo brutalism in 1949 the term

was coined to distinguish Swedish

modernism from the larger modernist

movements elsewhere in the world it's

soon became a term spoken in Stockholm's

architecture circles and according to

historian Anthony vidler the term caught

the attention of visiting British

Architects they took the phrase back

with them to England where it was

applied by avangard Architects looking

to use architecture as a vehicle for

creating a socialist Utopia for Britain

they were still trying to pick up the

pieces from years of devastating War

entire cities needed rebuilding and

hundreds of thousands of people were

displaced to combat this Britain

expanded their social housing program

offering commissions to large numbers of

ambitious politically-minded architects

who were ready to take their academic

ideas and apply them in the real

world the most prominent new voices were

Allison and Peter Smithson their designs

for the unbuilt golden Lane estate and

the hunstanton school in 1952 cemented

themselves as the leaders of Britain's

New brutalist

Movement if you look at the Hunts stand

school today it might not look brutalist

in fact it might look more like the

works of Ludwig M vandero but if we look

closer we can see what makes it

brutalist remember that the prevailing

modernist thought at the time was that

architecture should embody the

Perfection and precision of the Machine

Age materials were to be refined and

pure everything needed to be perfect the

huntstand school does not adhere to this

thinking instead rough raw material

were the better choice because they were

honest both modernists and brutalists

saw ornamentation as a crime and for

brutalists refined materials were no

different than traditional

ornamentation so the school features raw

brick exposed steel beams concrete

floors and the building's utilities on

full

display the Smithson and other

brutalists thought that this Embrace of

raw materials would lead to a better

Society one that was for Trans

transparency and Truth while many of

smithson's buildings were built of brick

and steel much of the early brutalists

saw concrete as the best material to

express honesty concrete was chosen not

only because it offered Architects the

ability to create interesting forms and

give that raw appearance it was also

incredibly cheaper than traditional

materials soon concrete would serve as

the go-to material for brutalist

Architects intent on redefining

architecture a y goal for a style but

such ambition soon captured the

attention of the architecture critic

rner banam in 1955 banam wrote his semal

article the new brutalism in it he aimed

to Define just what brutalism was he

concluded that quote new brutalism

eludes precise description while

remaining a living force in contemporary

British architecture essentially saying

that there was no set definition but

rather a dedication to creating a Utopia

with raw materials this was partly the

reason that banam makes the link between

British brutalists and Cabo's beton

brute he saw the similarities between

British Architects and kaboer and tried

to bring the two independent Styles

together though kabier would reject the

label that his buildings were brutalist

nevertheless banam saw that by linking

kab's ideas with the British movement

brutalism gained greater legitimacy it

also helped that brute sounded a lot

like brutal

anyway banam was also obsessed with

buildings as objects or images this

meant that it was okay if not preferable

for a building to not even look like a

building that they were independent from

their surroundings an idea that would be

played with as the style matur Beyond

Aesthetics banam stressed that it could

not simply be an aesthetic movement but

a social one as well brutalist

architecture needed to enact social

change the way people lived within

buildings and moved through them them

should demonstrate what a true socialist

Utopia looks like everyone would be

equal and have access to the same

amenities within a brutalist building

everything was perfect it's important to

note that in the early years of

brutalism in Britain the style was liked

by residents because of its newness

people clamored to live in these new

brutalist

buildings among these popular buildings

were those designed by the architect nno

goldfin his balron and trell Towers were

landmarks of the movement as they

embodied the Socialist ideals that the

Smithson and banam advocated for but not

everyone was a fan though the writer of

the James Bond series famously detested

The Works of Goldfinger ultimately

naming Bond's arch nemesis after the

architect by the end of the 1950s

brutalism expanded Beyond Britain and

elsewhere in Europe mainly to Eastern

Europe where Soviet controlled countries

used the ideas of brutalism as a format

for their social housing how however

unlike the British housing projects

these did not attract the same

positivity from its residents when

brutalism made it to America it also

found its way into affordable housing

mainly for economic reasons these

projects were different from the

Smithson and were based on kab's radiant

city concept they were often tall

identical cruciform towers that were

spaced apart with large Lawns and Parks

between they were disconnected from the

rest of the city and were often placed

on the site of historically poor four

yet vibrant

communities as with the British social

housing these were originally met with

praise but as we'll discuss later that

praise was

shortlived beyond social housing

brutalism made its way onto college

campuses in the wake of the college

building boom of the 1950s and 60s among

the most notable is here at Yale the art

and architecture building designed by

Paul Rudolph from

1963 given the building's small sight

Rudolph accentuated the verticality of

the building with these strong Towers

between which were windows inside 30

different levels were Incorporated

across the seven-story building while it

was heralded for its unique use of space

it was later criticized for its

sometimes cramped interior and was

eventually expanded in the 2000s

nevertheless it brought a sense of drama

and presence and helped college campuses

Embrace new architecture

Styles another important work of

brutalism on a college campus

is the Geo Library a decade later by

William Pereira at UC San Diego this

building perfectly captures what banam

was saying when he talked about

architecture as an image this gravity

defying building with its concrete

fingers gently holding up the library

was placed on a large Plaza that allowed

the building to stand triumphantly while

the entrance was kept hidden underneath

the plaza nearby on a cliff overlooking

the Pacific Ocean in La Hoya California

stands the Sal

Institute for many it is one of the most

beautiful brutalist buildings designed

by Luke H in 1965 it broke away from

early brutalists by incorporating the

building's context within the design KH

was no stranger to brutalism he designed

several important brutalist buildings

including the Kimble Art Museum and the

national Parliament building in

Bangladesh the Suk institutes two

identical buildings flanked each other

on either side of a large Plaza the

building's windows are angled towards

the ocean in the distance all the

Laboratories and offices were open to

the outside linked by a network of

exterior walkways and

stairs the rough concrete was contrasted

by the weathered wood that framed the

windows it was a place that felt Grand

and still intimate crossing the country

we see another figure of American

brutalism Marcel Bryer he designed the

original Whitney Museum in 1966 the

building resembles an inverted zigurat

likee structure with floors Cal ing out

to maximize the building's small sight

the building also has only a few Windows

which fails to give the building a sense

of scale and makes it feel ominous in

the rather quiet neighborhood it resides

in it was no wonder that the building

was controversial the famed architecture

critic ad Luiz huxel famously wrote that

it was quote the most disliked building

in New York but also argued that it was

quote harsh and handsome brism also

found a home in South America lenina

bardi brought her own flare to the style

with her Museum of Art in San Paulo

which was completed in

1968 it was one of the first buildings

in Brazil built of reinforced concrete

and appears to defy gravity as its large

Gallery space looms above the ground

resting effortlessly on four concrete

columns of course a conversation of

brutalism is not complete without

discussing this place the Boston City

Hall designed by Colman mckinnel and

knows it was the winning submission out

of 256 different schemes it was chosen

because it was the only design in the

competition that featured the

monumentality that the jury wanted they

wanted a building that would appear to

stand the test of time like a modern

reinterpretation of past Grand

architecture symbolism was used

throughout the building the columns are

seen as abstractions of traditional

columns while the red brick in the plaza

and on the bottom floor symbolizes the

historical use of brick in the

city the offices of the mayor and

Council chamber protrude from the

inverted zigurat facade as so the

building was placing government

officials on stage above are

administrative offices which are shown

symbolically with a standard pattern of

Windows to add to the symbolism The

Architects wanted to create a varying

degree of textures within the building

it uses a mixture of cast in place

pre-cast concrete and brick throughout

the cast in place concrete was like

other brutalist buildings and contrasted

nicely from the smoothness of the

pre-cast sections the brick added some

much needed color to the spaces when it

opened it received mixed reviews the

critics loved it ad Lis huxel said that

the building was a symbol of quote

Excellence another critic said that the

building quote carries an authority that

results from the clarity articulation

and intensity of imagination with which

it has been

formed the average person was not so

thrilled by it they saw it as imposing

authoritarian the average person

understandably did not get the symbolism

and this is the issue surrounding

brutalism there was a disconnect between

the academics who loved it and saw it as

a step toward Utopia and the public that

widely hated it seeing it as hostile and

dystopic and they often lacked context

so they felt disconnected from the rest

of the city in the case of large housing

projects they lacked a unique identity

they just weren't places where people

could feel comfortable another issue

with brutalism was the cost to maintain

it concrete deteriorates after a while

and the lack of Maintenance with these

buildings causes them to look even more

hostile to people like the Jed gaho

building in Washington DC which has

suffered from years of neglect as the

government tries to determine just what

to do with it all of this was why the

popularity of the style began to fade in

the late

1970s during this time a turn to

classical ideas on architecture would

lead to

postmodernism and yet all these years

later brutalism is seeing a Resurgence

there are books articles and Instagram

pages that are dedicated to highlighting

the inventiveness and sculptural nature

of the style even places like Boston

City Hall Once under threat of

demolition 20 years ago has garnered a

loyal group of

supporters the buildings designed by

Goldfinger have become highly coveted

places to live and many of kaboo as bom

brute buildings have become UNESCO world

heritage sites but this love of

brutalism is more about the interesting

and unique Aesthetics of the style

rather than its impact on our cities if

we look at brutalism solely on

Aesthetics it's amazing that a material

like concrete can defy gravity the way

that it does in these buildings however

brutalism was about ethics too and in

that form it failed people for a short

time at least saw brutal is M as the

architecture of Utopia but rather

quickly it failed in its promise and so

brutalism remains in this gray area

within the timeline of architecture for

every reason why we don't like it there

seems to be another reason as to why

it's great it could be argue that we

might not have the high abstract and

sculptural buildings we see today if not

for brutalism breaking the mold and

allowing Architects to think of

architecture as more than simply boxes

what can be taken away from brutalism

and its history is the knowledge that

it's good to have lofty Ambitions for

our

architecture but the Quest for an ideal

should not come at the expense of

creating a welcoming place for people

architecture is about giving people a

place that enlivens them not challenges

them that being said even for people who

hate brutalism it's hard not to be in

awe of these places as there rare

moments when the rest of the world seems

to slip away and you're completely

enveloped in a true architectural

[Music]

experience thank you for watching what

do you think about brutalism let me know

in the comments below and if you want to

learn more about brutalist architecture

visit arbyd design.com and be sure to

subscribe so you never miss an episode

of all things

architecture anyway thanks again for

watching my name's Steve and I'll see

you next time for another edition of

architecture

101

yeah