(PART 2) CHAPTER 3: WESTERN ART HISTORY
Summary
TLDRThe video script offers an insightful exploration into the evolution of Western art, starting with the Ancient Egyptian period. It highlights the significance of the Nile River in shaping Egyptian civilization and its art, exemplified by the monumental pyramids that symbolize pharaonic power and the journey into the afterlife. The script delves into the artistic achievements of the Egyptians, including the renowned Bust of Nefertiti and their contributions to beauty and cosmetics, emphasizing the cultural importance of personal adornment. The narrative then contrasts Egyptian art with the naturalism and human scale focus of Greek art, as seen in the Kouros sculptures and the architectural marvel of the Parthenon. The discussion moves to Greek pottery, such as the Kerch vases, and the profound influence of Greek literature, notably Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Finally, the script touches upon Byzantine art, marking the transition of the Roman Empire's capital to Constantinople, now Istanbul, and its impact on medieval art.
Takeaways
- 🏺 The Ancient Egyptian civilization, located in Northeast Africa, was one of the most powerful and long-lasting of the ancient world, with its culture and art significantly influenced by the Nile River.
- 🔱 The pyramids of Ancient Egypt were monumental architectural expressions of a pharaoh's power, serving as burial places and believed to aid in the passage into the afterlife, symbolizing the primordial mound of creation.
- 👸 The Bust of Nefertiti, discovered in 1912, is an iconic representation of feminine beauty from the Ancient Egyptian period and highlights the status of women in that era.
- 🎨 Ancient Egyptians regarded beauty as a sign of holiness, with cosmetics playing a significant role in daily life and religious practices, including the use of green and black pigments for eye makeup.
- 🌟 Greek art, in contrast to Egyptian art, evolved rapidly towards naturalism, focusing on the realistic representation of the human form and the natural world.
- 🏛 The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, is a prime example of Greek architecture, constructed during the peak of the Athenian Empire.
- 🏺 The Elgin Marbles, originally part of the Parthenon and other Acropolis buildings, are a collection of classical Greek sculptures now housed in the British Museum.
- 📚 Homer, a famous Greek writer, authored two of the most renowned classic literature pieces, the Iliad and the Odyssey, which narrate the events and aftermath of the Trojan War.
- 🕍 Byzantine art, a significant part of medieval art, developed after Constantine the Great moved the Roman Empire's capital to Byzantium, later known as Constantinople, now Istanbul.
- 🖌 The use of red and black figure pottery, such as the Kerch vases, showcases the artistic and cultural achievements of the ancient Greeks, with different types of vessels serving various purposes.
- 🌌 Ancient Egyptian art and culture were deeply connected to their religious beliefs and cosmology, as evidenced by the alignment of pyramids with celestial bodies and the use of cosmetics for both aesthetic and religious reasons.
Q & A
What was the geographical feature that defined ancient Egypt?
-The Nile River was the most important geographical feature that defined ancient Egypt, as it provided fertile land due to its annual floods.
What was the significance of the pyramids in ancient Egyptian culture?
-Pyramids were monumental architectural expressions of a pharaoh's power, serving as their burial place and a zone of passage into the afterlife.
What did the shape of the Egyptian pyramids symbolize?
-The shape of the Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the earth was created and also the descending rays of the sun.
Why were Egyptian pyramids built on the west bank of the Nile?
-Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile because it was associated with the realm of the dead, as it was the site of the setting sun in Egyptian mythology.
Who was Nefertiti and why is she significant in ancient Egyptian art?
-Nefertiti was a queen consort and later a queen in her own right in ancient Egypt. Her bust, discovered in 1912, made her one of the most famous women of the ancient world and an icon of feminine beauty.
What was the role of beauty and cosmetics in ancient Egyptian culture?
-Beauty was regarded as a sign of holiness and an integral part of daily life in ancient Egypt. Cosmetics were used for aesthetic, magical, and religious purposes, and were often buried with the deceased as grave goods.
What are the two main forms of eye makeup used by the ancient Egyptians?
-The two main forms of eye makeup used by the ancient Egyptians were green eye paint for the eye shadow, made from malachite, and black kohl for the eyeliners, made from galena or crushed charcoal.
How did Greek art differ from Egyptian art in terms of style?
-Greek art evolved rapidly from stylization to naturalism, focusing on the natural form of the human body, in contrast to the continuity and stylization of Egyptian art.
What is the significance of the Parthenon in Greek architecture?
-The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis of Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena and considered a pinnacle of Greek architecture. It was constructed during the peak of the Athenian Empire.
Who are the Elgin Marbles and why are they important in Greek sculpture?
-The Elgin Marbles, also known as the Parthenon Marbles, are a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures that were originally part of the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens. They are significant as they represent the high artistic achievement of ancient Greece.
What are the two most famous literary works attributed to the Greek writer Homer?
-The two most famous literary works attributed to Homer are the 'Iliad', which narrates the battle between King Agamemnon and Achilles during the Trojan War, and the 'Odyssey', which tells the story of Odysseus's journey home after the war.
When did Byzantine art emerge and what significant event led to its development?
-Byzantine art emerged around 330 to 450 AD. Its development was significantly influenced by the relocation of the Roman Empire's capital to the Greek city of Byzantium by Constantine the Great in 330 AD.
Outlines
🏺 Ancient Egyptian Art and Civilization
The first paragraph introduces the ancient Egyptian civilization, highlighting its location in Northeast Africa and its status as a powerful and enduring civilization. It discusses the early Neolithic period farming communities, the use of stone tools, and the significance of the Nile River, which was crucial for the land's fertility due to its annual floods. The paragraph also delves into the architectural marvels of the era, specifically the pyramids, which were not only monumental expressions of a pharaoh's power but also served as burial sites and passageways into the afterlife. The shape of the pyramids is believed to symbolize both the primordial mound of creation and the rays of the sun. The text also mentions the cultural significance of beauty and cosmetics in ancient Egypt, with makeup often used for religious and magical purposes, and the use of specific pigments for eye makeup.
🏛 Greek Art and the Naturalistic Approach
The second paragraph contrasts Egyptian art with Greek art, emphasizing the evolution of Greek art from stylization to naturalism. It discusses the focus on naturalism and the Greek canons of proportion, which differed from those of the Egyptians. The paragraph provides examples of Greek art, including the use of red and black figure pottery on vessels such as hydrias, lekythoi, and kraters, and the architectural masterpiece that is the Parthenon. The Parthenon, dedicated to the goddess Athena, is described in the context of its construction during the peak of the Athenian empire. The paragraph also touches on the Elgin Marbles, a collection of classical Greek sculptures originally from the Parthenon and now housed in the British Museum.
⛪ Byzantine Art and the Influence of the Roman Empire
The third paragraph shifts the focus to Byzantine art, which developed after the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great relocated the capital to Byzantium, later known as Constantinople and now Istanbul. Byzantine art is characterized by its religious and cultural significance during the medieval period, with a concentration on religious themes and iconography. The paragraph briefly mentions the transition of the Roman Empire's capital and the lasting impact on art and culture in the region.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Ancient Egyptian Period
💡Nile River
💡Pyramids
💡Nefertiti Bust
💡Cosmetics
💡Greek Art
💡Kerch Vases
💡Parthenon
💡Elgin Marbles
💡Homer
💡Byzantine Art
Highlights
Ancient Egypt was one of the most powerful and longest lasting civilizations of the ancient world.
Farming communities in the Neolithic period settled along the banks of the Nile River, using stone tools and making pottery.
Egypt was divided into Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north before its unification around 3100 BC.
The Nile River, the world's longest river, was Egypt's most important geographical feature, keeping the land fertile through annual floods.
Pyramids were the most monumental architectural expression of an Egyptian pharaoh's power, also serving as burial places and passage into the afterlife.
The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the earth was created.
Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky was the physical gateway into the heavens, with pyramid shafts pointing towards it.
Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, associated with the realm of the dead.
The Bust of Nefertiti, found in 1912, made her one of the most famous women of the ancient world and an icon of feminine beauty.
Nefertiti was not only a queen consort of Egypt but also a queen in her own right.
Ancient Egyptians regarded beauty as a sign of holiness and an integral part of daily life.
Cosmetics were used for magical and religious purposes in addition to aesthetics, and were buried with the deceased as grave goods.
Two main forms of eye makeup were used: green eye paint made from malachite (copper carbonate) and black eyeliner made from galena (dark gray lead sulfide).
The black eyeliner may have helped prevent eye infections and strengthen the immune system against diseases.
Greek art evolved rapidly from stylization to naturalism, focusing on the natural form of the human body.
Greek art measurements were in relation to human scale and organic form, differentiating it from the stylization of Egyptian art.
Kerch vases are red-figure pottery with large quantities found in Crimea, featuring different types like hydria, lekythos, and crater.
The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, was built during the peak of the Athenian empire between 447-432 BC.
The Elgin Marbles, a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures from the Parthenon, are currently housed in the British Museum.
Homer, a famous Greek writer, authored the Iliad, which narrates the battle between King Agamemnon and Achilles during the Trojan War.
The Odyssey, a sequel to the Iliad, tells the story of Odysseus, the King of Ithaca, as he journeys home after the Trojan War.
Byzantine art developed when Constantine the Great relocated the Roman Empire's capital to Byzantium (later Constantinople, now Istanbul) in AD 330.
Transcripts
let us continue with the second art
period and that is the ancient egyptian
period
egypt which is located in northeast
africa
was the home of one of the most powerful
and longest lasting civilizations
of the ancient world in the neolithic
period before about 7000 bc
farming communities had settled along
the banks
of the nile river they used stone tools
and made ivory and bone objects
and pottery products until its
unification
around 3100 bc ancient
egypt had been divided into upper egypt
in the south
and lower egypt in the north egypt was
defined
by its most important geographical
feature
and that is the nile river the world's
longest
river because annual floods kept
the land fertile egypt was called
the gift of the nile
the first example of an art piece under
the ancient egyptian period
are pyramids pyramids are the most
monumental architectural expression
of an egyptian pharaoh's power
it also serves as their burial place and
zone of passage into the afterlife these
were originally made
of mud brick and were faced with cut
stones and the shape of the egyptian
pyramids
is thought to represent the primordial
mouth
from which the egyptians believed that
the earth was created
the shape of a pyramid is also thought
to be representative
of the descending race of the sun
and most pyramids were faced with
polished
highly reflective white limestone in
order to give them
a brilliant appearance when viewed from
a distance now the egyptians believe
that the dark area of the night sky
around which the stars appeared to
revolve was the physical
gateway into the heavens one of the
narrow shafts
that extend from the main braille
chamber of the pyramid
through the entire body of the great
pyramid points
directly towards the center of this
part of the sky this suggests that the
pyramid
may have been designed to serve as a
means
to magically launch the deceased feral
soul directly into the abode
of the gods now all egyptian pyramids
were built
on the west bank of the nile which
as the site of the setting sun was
associated with the realm of the dead
in egyptian mythology
our next example of an art piece under
the ancient egyptian period
is the boss of nefertiti the nefertiti
boss was found
on december 6 1912 at amarna
by the german oriental company led by
the german
archaeologist ludwig boardshard now
owing to the
work the nefertiti bosses became one of
the most famous women
of the ancient world and she became an
icon
of feminine beauty even her name
nefertiti
means the beautiful one has come forth
nefertiti was not only a queen consort
of
egypt she also became a queen
in her own right
the last example of one of the
contributions of the ancient
egyptians when it comes to art are
beauty and cosmetics it is also
one of the longest lasting contributions
of the ancient egyptians when it comes
to art now the ancient egyptians believe
or regard beauty
as a sign of holiness they regard it as
an integral part
of their daily lives even traders trade
makeup often especially in the upper
classes
in tombs cosmetic palettes were also
found
buried with deceased as grave goods
which further emphasized the idea that
cosmetics
were not only used for aesthetic
purposes but rather for
magical and religious purposes now
there are two main forms of eye makeup
that they use
first one it's a green eye paint which
they use for their eye
shadow and the second one you have a
black coal
which they use for their eyeliners now
the green
pigment was made from a substance called
malachi which is a copper carbonate
pigment
while the black hole was made from a
substance called
galena which is a dark gray or crushed
up charcoal
was also used in this process now the
ancient egyptians
were not entirely misguided in believing
that
coal would prevent eye infections
because
there is a scientific evidence for
it it actually did prevent an ocular
infection
that was caused by the flooding of the
nile now the lead-based
substance in the coal promoted the
production of nitric
oxide in their skin which helped
strengthen
their immune system against diseases
the suit in the call helped in reducing
the damaging effects
of sun glare on their eyes
let us continue with the third period in
western art we have
the greek art
now when it comes to style let us
differentiate egyptian art
and greek art now let us use these
examples
on your left side you have an egyptian
statue of a family portrait
as a representative of egyptian art
while on your right side you have lao
kun and
his sons which is the representative for
greek art now in contrast to the
continuity of egyptian art
greek art evolved rapidly from
stylization
down to naturalism so their
concentration is naturalism
the treatment of nature and place in it
ideal as well as actual differentiated
the greek canons of proportion from
those
used by the egyptians in greek art
measurements of the sculpture or the
subjects
were in relation to human scale and
organic form now if you look at the
egyptian sculpture on your left
you would notice that the figures are
too stiff
and there are less details on the body
part so there is a focus
on stylization unlike the one on your
right
wherein you can see the flow of the body
towards different directions
and the details of the muscles of the
subjects
there is so you can see the focus on the
natural form
of the human body
let us start with the very first example
of greek period art and that is the
courage based paintings
now kirsch vases are red figured pottery
wherein a large quantity of them were
found at
church on the black sea coast of
crimea now this is your example of a
cursed
vase pottery now cursed vases are red
figure pottery so when you say red
figure pottery
red figures are drawn on a black
background so going back to the example
given on the upper portion as you can
see
red tinted figures are drawn
onto this black background
now there are different types of kerch
vases the first one you have your hydria
which is a water container
the second type you have your lekitos
which is a flask for storing and pouring
oil the third example you have your
crater which is a bowl for mixing wine
and water now curj vases can either be
red figured buttery or black figured
pottery
this picture as you can see that is your
example of a black
figure pottery meaning black figures
are drawn onto a red background okay the
next example
the next type rather of a courage space
you have your amphora
which is a vessel for storing honey
olive oil
water and etc the fifth one you have
your
helix which is a drinking cup and the
last
type you have oy nico which is a drug
for
pouring wine
now when it comes to greek architecture
our example
is the parthenon
now please look first at the picture to
see what the parthenon might have looked
before it was destroyed
now the parthenon is a former temple on
the athenian acropolis of greece it was
dedicated
to the goddess athena whom the people of
athens
consider their patron the construction
began
in 447 bc when the athenian empire was
at its peak of
power it was completed in 438
bc although the declaration of the
building continued
until 432 bc now the origin of the
parthenon's
name is from the greek word parthenon
which referred to the unmarried
women's apartments in a house and in the
parthenon's case seems to have been used
at first
only for a particular room of the temple
it is debated
which room this is and how the room
acquired its name the priest says
in the temple are unmarried women
hence the name unmarried women's
apartments
for the parthenon
when it comes to greek sculpture we have
the elgin marbles
the elgin marbles also known as the
parthenon marbles
are a collection of classical greek
marble sculptures
made under the supervision of the
architect and sculptor
fides and his assistants these marble
statues or marvel sculptures were
originally part of the temple of the
parthenon
and other buildings on the acropolis of
athens
these marbles are currently housed in
the british
museum
and when it comes to greek literature we
have the famous
homer
the greek writer homer wrote two of the
most famous
classic literature pieces of all time
the first one you have ilyad eliot
basically narrates
the battle between king agamemnon vs
achilles
during the trojan war and the second
literary piece he wrote
is odyssey which is a sequel of iliad
it basically narrates the journey of
odysseus
the king of ithaca as he goes home after
the trojan war
the fourth period in western art we have
medieval art
medieval art concentrates on byzantine
art from circa 330
to circa 450
byzantine art developed when constantine
the great
transferred or relocated the capital of
the roman
empire to the greek city of byzantium in
ad-330
byzantium later became known as
constantinople now the city of
constantinople
is currently the city of istanbul
in turkey
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