Bacterial Conjugation
Summary
TLDRBacterial conjugation is a direct cell-to-cell genetic transfer process requiring contact, facilitated by the F factor, a fertility factor in bacteria. F+ cells, containing the F factor, form a pilus to connect with F- recipient cells. The F factor is cut at the origin of transfer, and the T DNA strand is transferred via a pilus-linked exporter. Once in the recipient, the T DNA replicates, and both cells become F+, capable of further conjugation.
Takeaways
- 🌐 Bacterial conjugation is a genetic transfer process between bacterial cells that requires direct cell-to-cell contact.
- 🔁 Conjugation can occur between cells of the same species or between different species.
- 🔵 The F factor, a small DNA circle or plasmid, is essential for bacterial conjugation and is referred to as the fertility factor.
- 📌 Bacteria containing the F factor are designated as F+ (donor cells), while those without it are F- (recipient cells).
- 🔗 The F+ cell produces a pilus, a structure that connects with a recipient cell to initiate conjugation.
- ✂️ The F factor is cut at the origin of transfer by a relaxer protein assembly, which associates with the T (transferred) DNA strand.
- 🔄 The relaxer protein complex, along with the T DNA strand, is recognized and transferred to the exporter complex in the F+ cell.
- 🚀 The exporter complex pumps the T DNA-relaxer complex into the recipient cell through the pilus.
- 🔁 During transfer, the T DNA is replicated in the donor cell, ensuring that both donor and recipient cells end up with a double-stranded copy of the F factor.
- 🔄 After the transfer, both the original and recipient cells become F+, capable of conjugating with other cells.
Q & A
What is bacterial conjugation?
-Bacterial conjugation is a process of genetic transfer between bacterial cells that requires direct contact between the cells.
Can conjugation occur between different species of bacteria?
-Yes, conjugation can occur between cells of the same species or even between cells of two different species.
What is the role of the F factor in bacterial conjugation?
-The F factor, or fertility factor, is a small DNA circle or plasmid required for conjugation.
How are bacteria with and without the F factor distinguished?
-Strain of bacteria containing the F factor are called F+, while those without it are called F-.
What structure does an F+ cell produce to initiate conjugation?
-An F+ cell produces a structure called a pilus to connect with another recipient cell to begin conjugation.
What is the origin of transfer and its role in conjugation?
-The origin of transfer is a specific region on the F factor where it is cut to initiate the transfer of genetic material.
What is the function of the relaxer protein complex in conjugation?
-The relaxer protein complex cuts the F factor at the origin of transfer and associates with the T DNA strand to be transferred.
How is the T DNA relaxase complex transferred to the recipient cell?
-The T DNA relaxase complex is recognized by a coupling factor and transferred to the exporter complex in the F+ cell, which pumps it into the recipient cell.
What happens to the T DNA once it is transferred to the recipient cell?
-Once the entire T DNA molecule is transferred to the recipient cell, the relaxase joins the ends to make a circular DNA molecule.
How does the F factor DNA become double-stranded in the donor and recipient cells?
-The F factor DNA is replicated to become double-stranded in the donor cell as the T DNA is being transferred to the recipient cell.
What is the outcome for the cells after the conjugation process?
-After the connection through the pilus is released, each cell, now containing a double-stranded copy of the F factor, becomes an F+ cell capable of conjugating with other cells.
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