Apoptosis (Intrinsic, Extrinsic Pathways) vs. Necrosis

Dirty Medicine
30 Mar 201915:32

Summary

TLDRこのビデオスクリプトでは、細胞死の2つのタイプである壊死とアポトーシスの違いを比較しています。壊死は計画されておらず炎症を引き起こし、常に病理学的であるのに対し、アポトーシスはプログラムされた細胞死で、通常は生理的であり、時には病理学的になることがあります。スクリプトでは、アポトーシスの2つの経路である内源的経路と外源的経路について説明し、それぞれの経路における重要な分子の役割を解説しています。また、アポトーシスと壊死の重要なポイントを覚えやすくするための助けとなる記憶術も紹介されています。

Takeaways

  • 😀 坏死(necrosis)和凋亡(apoptosis)是细胞死亡的两种不同方式,前者是非计划性的,后者是程序化的细胞死亡。
  • 😀 坏死总是伴随炎症反应,而凋亡则通常不引起炎症。
  • 😀 坏死是病理性的,而凋亡在正常情况下是生理性的,但在某些情况下(如癌症)也可能成为病理性的。
  • 😀 坏死的细胞膜会被破坏,而凋亡的细胞膜始终保持完整。
  • 😀 凋亡的内在途径涉及线粒体释放细胞色素C,激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspases),导致细胞死亡。
  • 😀 凋亡的外在途径涉及死亡受体如Fas或TNF受体的激活,导致启动子半胱氨酸蛋白酶的激活,最终也激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶。
  • 😀 Bcl-2和Bcl-xl是抗凋亡因子,它们通过抑制线粒体释放细胞色素C来防止凋亡。
  • 😀 凋亡的内在途径中,Bax和Bak是促凋亡信号分子,它们促进线粒体释放细胞色素C。
  • 😀 坏死的类型包括凝固性坏死、液化性坏死、干酪性坏死、脂肪坏死、纤维素性坏死和坏疽。
  • 😀 凝固性坏死常见于缺血,液化性坏死见于脓肿,干酪性坏死见于结核和真菌感染,脂肪坏死见于胰腺炎和乳腺损伤,纤维素性坏死见于血管炎,坏疽见于糖尿病足溃疡。

Q & A

  • 細胞死の2つのタイプは何ですか?

    -細胞死には壊死(necrosis)とアポトーシス(apoptosis)という2つのタイプがあります。

  • 壊死の特徴は何ですか?

    -壊死は計画されておらず、炎症を引き起こし、病理的であり、マクロファージによって消化されます。

  • アポトーシスが病理的になる状況とはどのような時ですか?

    -アポトーシスは通常は生理的ですが、制御不能になり、例えばがんのような異常な細胞増殖が生じた時に病理的になります。

  • アポトーシスにおける2つの主要な経路は何ですか?

    -アポトーシスには内在経路(intrinsic pathway)と外在経路(extrinsic pathway)の2つの経路があります。

  • 内在経路におけるBAXとBAKの役割は何ですか?

    -BAXとBAKはプロアポトーシック信号分子で、ミトコンドリアに作用してアポトーシスを促進し、細胞死を引き起こします。

  • Bcl-2とBcl-xLの機能は何ですか?

    -Bcl-2とBcl-xLはアンチアポトーシック因子で、ミトコンドリアを抑制し、アポトーシスを防ぎます。

  • 細胞質クロムCのリリースがアポトーシスにどのように関与するか説明してください。

    -BAXとBAKが作用し、Bcl-2とBcl-xLが非活性化された場合、細胞質クロムCがミトコンドリアからリリースされ、カスパスを活性化し、細胞死を引き起こします。

  • アポトーシスにおけるカスパスの役割は何ですか?

    -カスパスはアポトーシスの最終的な標的で、活性化されると細胞を制御されたプログラムされた方法で死滅させます。

  • 外在経路におけるFas配列またはTNF受容体への結合はアポトーシスにどのように影響を与えるか説明してください。

    -Fas配列またはTNF受容体への結合はイニシエータカスパスを活性化し、最終的に大カスパスを活性化して細胞死を引き起こします。

  • 細胞毒性T細胞がアポトーシスにどのように関与するか説明してください。

    -細胞毒性T細胞は膜に接着し、グランズメBを放出して膜を穿孔させ、ペルフォリンを活性化させ、カスパスを活性化して細胞死を引き起こします。

  • 壊死の6つのタイプを教えてください。

    -壊死の6つのタイプは凝固性壊死、液化性壊死、干酪状壊死、脂肪性壊死、フィブリノーイド壊死、壊疽性壊死です。

  • 凝固性壊死が見られる疾患例は何ですか?

    -凝固性壊死は多くの種類の虚血症で見られ、組織学的にはエオシンフィリアが特徴的です。

  • 液化性壊死の特徴と疾患例は何ですか?

    -液化性壊死は膿瘍などで見られ、組織学的にはニュートロフィル性デブリが特徴的です。

  • アポトーシスと壊死の違いを3つ挙げてください。

    -1) 壊死は計画されておらず、アポトーシスは計画されています。2) 壊死は炎症を引き起こし、アポトーシスは炎症を引き起こしません。3) 壊死は常に病理的ですが、アポトーシスは通常は生理的ですが、制御不能になると病理的になります。

Outlines

00:00

🔬 細胞死の基本理解: 壊死とアポトーシスの違い

この段落では、細胞死の二つのタイプである壊死とアポトーシスの基本的な違いについて説明されています。壊死は計画されておらず、炎症を引き起こし、常に病理学的なものであるとされています。一方で、アポトーシスは細胞の死亡をプログラム化したものであり、通常は炎症を引き起こさないことが特徴です。また、壊死は常に病理学的であるのに対して、アポトーシスは制御された状態であれば正常であり、病理学的になるのは制御が逸脱した場合のみです。さらに、壊死ではマクロファージによって組織が消化されるのに対して、アポトーシスでは細胞膜が常に保持され、細胞が縮小して死ぬことがあります。これらの違いは、細胞死の理解において非常に重要であるとされています。

05:02

🌱 アポトーシスの内因性経路: 細胞死の制御

この段落では、アポトーシスの内因性経路について詳しく説明されています。内因性経路では、ミトコンドリアが重要な役割を果たしています。プロアポトーシック信号分子(バックス)はミトコンドリアに作用し、細胞死を促進する一方で、アンチアポトーシック因子(bcl-2、bcl-xl)はその作用を抑制します。バックスが活性化すると、ミトコンドリアからシトクロームCが放出され、カスパスを活性化し、細胞死を引き起こします。一方、bcl-2やbcl-xlが活性化すると、シトクロームCの放出が抑制され、細胞死は起こりません。この経路は、細胞が損傷を受けた場合にプログラム化された細胞死を促進するため、正常な生理的プロセスとして機能します。

10:02

🔍 アポトーシスの外因性経路: 細胞死の誘導

この段落では、アポトーシスの外因性経路について説明されています。外因性経路では、細胞表面の受容体に結合する配列(Fas ligandやTNF-alpha)が重要な役割を果たします。これらの配列が受容体に結合すると、初期カスパス(イニシエーターカスパス)が活性化され、最終的には大カスパス(エフェクターカスパス)を活性化し、細胞死を引き起こします。外因性経路は、細胞毒性T細胞による細胞死の誘導にも関与しており、細胞毒性T細胞が細胞表面に結着すると、グランズイムBを放出し、細胞膜を穿孔させてペルフォリンを放出します。ペルフォリンはカスパスを活性化し、細胞死を促進します。この経路は、細胞が適切に死亡するプロセスを制御する上で重要な役割を果たしています。

15:03

🏥 壊死のタイプ: 病理学的変化の概要

この段落では、壊死の異なるタイプについて概要を説明されています。壊死は、細胞膜が破壊されることで特徴づけられており、炎症を引き起こし、病理学的変化をもたらします。壊死のタイプには、凝固性壊死、液化性壊死、干酪性壊死、脂肪性壊死、フィブリノーイド壊死、壊疽性壊死があります。それぞれのタイプは、特定の病理的状況や組織の外観に基づいて識別されます。例えば、凝固性壊死は、多数のイソシアン酸染色で赤色に染まる組織を特徴としており、缺血症でよく見られます。液化性壊死は、脓胞症で見られ、中心にはニュートロフィル性デブリが含まれています。これらのタイプは、細胞死の病理学的変化を理解する上で重要な役割を果たしています。

📚 総括: 壊死とアポトーシスの高得点サマリー

最後の段落では、壊死とアポトーシスの高得点サマリーが提供されています。アポトーシスは、細胞死の重要なトピックであり、内因性経路と外因性経路の両方について理解することが求められます。アポトーシスは、細胞のプログラム化された死亡であり、細胞毒性T細胞やシグナル分子によって誘導されます。一方、壊死は、細胞膜の破壊によって引き起こされ、炎症を伴い、病理学的変化をもたらします。この段落では、これらの概念を簡潔にまとめ、試験や複雑なテキストを理解するための助けとなる情報を提供しています。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡坏死(necrosis)

坏死是指细胞的非计划性死亡,通常是由外部因素如缺氧或毒素引起的。在视频中,坏死被描述为总是病理性的,并且伴随着炎症和组织肿胀。坏死的细胞膜会被破坏,最终由巨噬细胞消化。坏死在视频中被用来与凋亡进行对比,强调其为一种不良的细胞死亡方式。

💡凋亡(apoptosis)

凋亡是一种程序化的细胞死亡方式,是细胞生命周期的自然部分。与坏死不同,凋亡通常不会引起炎症,细胞膜在凋亡过程中保持完整。视频中提到,凋亡在大多数情况下是有益的,但当其失控时,如某些癌症的发展,它也可以变得病理性。凋亡的机制包括内在途径和外在途径。

💡内在途径(intrinsic pathway)

内在途径是凋亡的一种机制,涉及线粒体释放细胞色素C,进而激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspases),导致细胞死亡。视频中提到,Bax和Bak是促进凋亡的信号分子,而Bcl-2和Bcl-xL则是抑制凋亡的因子。内在途径在细胞损伤或应激时启动,是细胞死亡的自然调控机制。

💡外在途径(extrinsic pathway)

外在途径是凋亡的另一种机制,涉及细胞表面受体的激活,如Fas受体或TNF受体。当这些受体被相应的配体激活时,会启动一系列信号传导过程,最终导致半胱氨酸蛋白酶的激活和细胞死亡。视频中提到,外在途径可以通过细胞毒性T细胞释放的颗粒酶B(Granzyme B)和穿孔素(Perforin)来激活。

💡细胞色素C(cytochrome C)

细胞色素C是一种在细胞线粒体中发现的蛋白质,在线粒体的内膜中参与电子传递链。在凋亡的内在途径中,细胞色素C的释放是启动凋亡信号的关键步骤。当Bax和Bak激活线粒体时,细胞色素C从线粒体中释放出来,激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶,从而引发细胞死亡。

💡半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspases)

半胱氨酸蛋白酶是一类在细胞凋亡中起关键作用的蛋白酶。它们在凋亡信号的传递中被激活,进而引发细胞的程序性死亡。视频中提到,无论是内在途径还是外在途径,最终都通过激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶来实现细胞死亡。

💡Bax和Bak

Bax和Bak是两种促凋亡的Bcl-2家族蛋白。它们通过作用于线粒体,促进细胞色素C的释放,从而启动凋亡的内在途径。在视频中,Bax和Bak被描述为凋亡的促进因子,与Bcl-2和Bcl-xL形成对比,后者则抑制凋亡。

💡Bcl-2和Bcl-xL

Bcl-2和Bcl-xL是Bcl-2家族中的两种抗凋亡蛋白。它们通过抑制线粒体释放细胞色素C来防止细胞凋亡。在视频中,Bcl-2和Bcl-xL被描述为保护细胞免于凋亡的关键因子,其过度激活可能导致某些类型的癌症,如滤泡性淋巴瘤。

💡滤泡性淋巴瘤(follicular lymphoma)

滤泡性淋巴瘤是一种与Bcl-2蛋白过度激活相关的癌症。在视频中提到,滤泡性淋巴瘤是由于染色体14和18之间的易位,导致Bcl-2蛋白过度激活,从而抑制凋亡,使细胞过度增殖。这种过度增殖是癌症发展的特征之一。

💡颗粒酶B(Granzyme B)和穿孔素(Perforin)

颗粒酶B和穿孔素是细胞毒性T细胞释放的两种蛋白,它们在凋亡的外在途径中起关键作用。穿孔素通过穿孔细胞膜,使颗粒酶B能够进入细胞内部,激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶,从而引发细胞死亡。在视频中,这一过程被用来说明外在途径的激活机制。

Highlights

坏死和凋亡的区别是医学考试中的重要主题。

坏死是非计划性的,而凋亡是程序化的细胞死亡。

坏死总是引起炎症,而凋亡则不引起炎症。

坏死总是病理性的,而凋亡有时是病理性的。

坏死的细胞膜总是被破坏,而凋亡的细胞膜保持完整。

凋亡是程序化的,通常是一件好事,但失控时可能变得病理性。

坏死是由巨噬细胞消化最终被破坏的组织。

凋亡细胞的死亡是由于线粒体释放促凋亡因子。

凋亡的内在途径和外在途径是凋亡的两个主要途径。

Bax和Bak是促凋亡信号分子,而Bcl-2和Bcl-xl是抗凋亡因子。

Bax和Bak激活线粒体释放细胞色素C,激活caspases导致细胞死亡。

Bcl-2和Bcl-xl抑制凋亡,防止细胞色素C释放和caspases激活。

凋亡的外在途径可以通过Fas配体或TNF-alpha激活。

细胞毒性T细胞释放的颗粒酶B可以激活穿孔素,进而激活caspases。

凋亡的外在途径最终也导致caspases的激活和细胞死亡。

凋亡的内在途径的助记方法是“broccoli”,代表Bcl-2抑制凋亡。

凋亡的外在途径的助记方法是“toxic granny perf”,代表细胞毒性T细胞、颗粒酶B和穿孔素。

坏死的类型包括凝固性坏死、液化性坏死、干酪性坏死、脂肪坏死、纤维素性坏死和坏疽。

凝固性坏死常见于缺血,液化性坏死常见于脓肿。

干酪性坏死见于结核病和真菌感染,脂肪坏死见于胰腺炎和乳腺损伤。

纤维素性坏死见于血管炎,坏疽见于糖尿病足溃疡。

Transcripts

play00:00

when we talk about the difference

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between necrosis and apoptosis there are

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some general themes that I think you

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should keep in mind when you're sitting

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for USMLE and comlex let's talk about

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some differences necrosis is not planned

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whereas apoptosis is programmed cell

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death necrosis is always inflammatory so

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it's marked by inflammation and swelling

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of tissue apoptosis however is not

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inflammatory necrosis is always

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pathological no matter what type of

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necrosis it is it's always pathological

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but apoptosis is only sometimes

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pathological so because it's programmed

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and the body's intending for certain

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cells to die that's a good thing

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but if that goes out of control and you

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have some type of mutation which we'll

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get into and develop some type of cancer

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which we'll get into that's when

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apoptosis can become pathological but to

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summarize necrosis is always

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pathological and apoptosis is normally

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it's a good thing but when it gets out

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of control then it becomes pathological

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so more differences necrosis is marked

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by macrophage digestion of the ultimate

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tissue that gets destroyed

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whereas apoptosis cells die because of a

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release of a pro-apoptotic factor from

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the mitochondria in necrosis the cell

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membrane is always destroyed and in

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apoptosis the cell membrane always stays

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intact even when the shell the cell

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shrinks up and dies so these are some

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very broad differences and if there's a

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theme that you're noticing here it's

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that necrosis is noxious and we're gonna

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remember apoptosis and I'll get more

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into that later when I talk about what

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apoptosis actually is and the different

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pathophysiology is behind them but

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necrosis is noxious which is to say that

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necrosis is bad look at look at the

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themes here it's not planned it's it

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marked by inflammation always

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pathological things are being digested

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by macrophages and we're destroying cell

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membranes those are all bad and kind of

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extreme terms when it comes to killing

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tissue but apoptosis on the other hand

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is programmed so it's intended it's not

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inflammatory it's usually a good thing

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only sometimes as a pathological

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it's pretty well controlled in terms of

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pro-apoptotic factors being released

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from the mitochondria and the cell

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membranes are always intact

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even after the cells died after you have

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the death of shrinkage of cells your

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cell membrane still is intact so this is

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a pot Moses and I'll get more into this

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mnemonic later but think about Moses as

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a religious figure being a good person

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who's very like purposeful and

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programming and thinking about what he's

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doing

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that's apoptosis but necrosis is always

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not just now I want to talk about

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apoptosis because it's a very

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complicated topic it's got multiple

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pathways there's a lot of physiology

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that you need to know here and I'm gonna

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simplify all of this for you so the

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first thing we're gonna do is talk about

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the intrinsic pathway there's two

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pathways in apoptosis there's the

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intrinsic pathway and the extrinsic

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pathway so let's start with the

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intrinsic pathway what you see here is a

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mitochondria and depending on which

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molecule is signaling to the

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mitochondria that determines whether or

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not we proceed through apoptosis and

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perform programmed cell death so on the

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left side of the mitochondria you see

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backs and back these are pro-apoptotic

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signal molecules which is to say that

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when these act on the mitochondria they

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promote apoptosis and lead to programmed

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cell death on the other side you see

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bcl-2 and bcl-xl and these are anti a

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platonic factors which is to say that if

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bcl-2 or bcl-xl are active they inhibit

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the mitochondria and prevent apoptosis

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so right off the bat those are some

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themes that you need to understand now

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if we're talking about backs and back

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what happens is these signal the

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mitochondria to release something from

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pores in the side of the mitochondria

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which you see here shown as black

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circles and what gets released if backs

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and back are acting on the mitochondria

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and bcl-2 and bcl-xl are inactive which

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means they cannot act on the

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mitochondria then you get the release of

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something called cytochrome C and when

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cytochrome C spills out of the

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mitochondria it activates something

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called caspases and caspases are the end

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target of apoptosis when a caspase gets

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activated it causes cell death

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it kills the cell in a controlled

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programmed way so again to summarize

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here Backson back activate the

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mitochondria to release cytochrome C

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through the pores in the side of the

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mitochondria so

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see activates cat faces and caspases

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killed the cell so this is normal this

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is what the body wants because again

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apoptosis is programmed cell death so if

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a cell gets injured by something like

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radiation if you're out on the beach too

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long and don't wear sunscreen you need

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to kill the cells because if the cell

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gets damaged it can grow out of

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proportion and cause cancer so this is

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why in many situations programmed cell

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death is a good thing and again

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apoptosis we think of a pot Moses

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because it's a good thing it's a

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religious figure it's someone who's very

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prominent the other reason that I use a

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pot Moses as our new moniker is because

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Backson back when they activate the

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mitochondria they open those pores which

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is to say they part the sea just like

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Moses did allowing room for cytochrome C

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to spill out of the mitochondria cross

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the river and do its job by performing

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programmed cell death so that's what

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happens when backs and back activate

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apoptosis but what happens if VCL 2 and

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B see it bcl-xl are the ones that are

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activated well in this case what happens

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is you never get the release of the

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cytochrome C from the side of the

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mitochondria and when that happens you

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cannot activate cytochrome C so you

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cannot activate caspases so you do not

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get cell death and instead of cell death

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you get in appropriate amounts of cell

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survival so if too many cells are not

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dying they're living and what happens is

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they grow out of control so if you have

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a mutation where bcl-2 becomes over

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activated which is to say that it's

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completely preventing programmed cell

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death and cells are growing out of

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control that's follicular lymphoma and

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you may have memorized without even

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realizing that follicular lymphoma is a

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translocation between chromosome 14 and

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18 which over activates bcl-2 because

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bcl-2 gets over activated in that

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translocation so think about it guys if

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you just brutally memorized that

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follicular lymphoma causes bcl-2 to get

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translocated and therefore activated

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what did that actually mean well bcl-2

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prevents apoptosis prevent cytochrome C

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prevents caspase activation prevents

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cell death so cells grow out of control

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and you get cancer you get follicular

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lymphoma because cells aren't dying

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they are multiplying so that's the

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intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and the

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high-yield summary is shown here backs

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in back cause apoptosis by activating C

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and then caspases bcl-2 and bcl-xl

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inhibit apoptosis and never let that

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happen so the end result here is

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activation of caspases which causes

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apoptosis

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that's the intrinsic pathway now let's

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talk about the extrinsic pathway and

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when I'm done with the physiology on

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this side we'll wrap up with some

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mnemonics for both of these pathways so

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in the intrinsic pathway you can have

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binding of one of two molecules or both

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to activate the extrinsic pathway and

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they are shown here fast ligand can bind

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to the fast receptor or TNF alpha can

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bind to the TNF receptor in either of

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these situations whether it's one or

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both you get the activation of something

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called initiator caspases and these are

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basically like baby cat spaces that then

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go on to activate the Big Daddy cat

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space and again when the Big Daddy cat

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space is activated it causes cell death

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so this is the extrinsic pathway now the

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tricky think about the extrinsic pathway

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and why it's really kind of hard to

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memorize for USMLE and comlex is that

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there's actually two different ways that

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the extrinsic pathway can be activated

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it can be through the fast ligand

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tnf-alpha binding or it can be through

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the active the activity of a cytotoxic T

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cell so if a cytotoxic T cell comes up

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and latches onto a membrane it can

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release something called grands ib and

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grands i'm be literally perforates a

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membrane and allows the release of

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something called per foreign so grant

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time B breaks through this membrane and

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per foreign enters the cell and when per

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foreign enters the cell per foreign goes

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on to activate caspases and if you're

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not already seeing this theme whenever

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you activate a cash base it causes cell

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death programmed cell death that is to

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say it causes apoptosis so whether

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you're in the intrinsic pathway and you

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use cytochrome C to activate caspases

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or you're in the extrinsic pathway and

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you bind fast lag in too fast or

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tnf-alpha to the TNF receptor where the

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cytotoxic T cells spits out grands I

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mean be that perforates in the membrane

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that activates per forum

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all of these things activate caspases

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which cause apoptosis so if you're with

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me so far you already know the

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physiology of apoptosis you know how

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this works now let's give you some sexy

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mnemonics to make this easier so when

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we're talking about the intrinsic

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pathway our mnemonic is gonna start with

play09:14

B CL now the way that we're gonna

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remember that b CL to inhibit apoptosis

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which causes cell death to not happen is

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we write out the word b CL as you see

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here in red text and we're gonna add

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some letters to be Co we're gonna make

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it into the word broccoli so B CL is

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still there we just added some letters

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and what does broccoli do it keeps you

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alive you live longer if you eat

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broccoli just like broccoli or B CL

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bcl-2 will make the cells live longer

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and it'll keep them alive it inhibits

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apoptosis but what about the extrinsic

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pathway where is the sexy pneumonic for

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that well let's talk about that so in

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the entry extrinsic pathway I need you

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to remember that cytotoxic C's T cells

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release grams I'm B which perforates

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membranes activates perforin

play10:02

which activates cat phases I know that

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can seem like a lot so how are you gonna

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remember this let's write out some words

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that represent each step in this

play10:09

mechanism so toxic for the cytotoxic T

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cell granny for the Grands i'm b and

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perf for per foreign so what happens if

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you're really really toxic in front of

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your grandmother you'll cause her to

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perf your calls her to get really really

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mad maybe even have a stroke if you're

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not careful so don't be toxic to granny

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and call sort of perf that's the

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extrinsic pathway if you're toxic you'll

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make granny perf toxic for cytotoxic T

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cell granny for Gran's iron B and

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perfect for perforin again all of these

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pathways intrinsic or both of the

play10:41

different types in extrinsic they all

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end with caspases causing cell death I

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really don't think it's that tough to

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remember but if you're with me so far

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you are a master of apoptosis and you'll

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be able to answer any question that they

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throw on you throw at you on us Emily or

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complex that's apoptosis not as bad as

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some of the textbooks make it sound

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right let's move on to necrosis and

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quickly summarize the different types of

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necrosis now necrosis

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admittedly admittedly a lower yield

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topic than apoptosis and because of that

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I'm gonna quickly go through this table

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that's gonna summarize everything you

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need to know there are six different

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types of necrosis that are technically

play11:19

fair game for boards coagulative liqui

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fact of caseous fat necrosis fibrin oyd

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necrosis and gangrenous in each of these

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I'm going to give you an example of

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where you'll see this type of necrosis

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I'm gonna tell you what you'll see on

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the histology and then I'm gonna give

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you my sexy dirty to USMLE mnemonics

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remember this this is really really easy

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and and a little lower yield than

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apoptosis so we're gonna move through

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this quickly so for coagulative necrosis

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you see this in most types of ischemia

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not all types of ischemia but like 90%

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of it so if it's this enix quemic event

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that you're seeing on your test and you

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have to take a guess pick coagulative on

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histology you'll see yoson ophelia so

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they'll use an ESN stain and you'll see

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a lot of eosinophils and the pneumonic

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here is coagulation because think about

play12:03

it if you have a problem with

play12:05

coagulation then that's where you have

play12:07

ischemia and ischemia is coagulative

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necrosis and craig Latif has Co AG

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literally in the name so problems with

play12:15

your coagulation cascade cause ischemia

play12:18

the example of coagulative necrosis is

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ischemia and then you just got to

play12:23

memorize eosinophilia so I took out you

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know a lot of the the difficulty in

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memorizing here in liqui fact if you see

play12:29

this in abscesses so abscesses

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classically and histology have

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neutrophilic debris inside of them and

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the mnemonic here is liquid fact if so

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instead of saying liqui fact it's a

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liquid effective because if you've ever

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seen an abscess before the center of it

play12:45

is filled with neutrophilic debris but

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but it's pus right it's liquid so if you

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don't know what an abscess looks like

play12:51

Jesus google it because you're gonna see

play12:53

a lot of them in your career but

play12:54

abscesses are filled with liquid pus

play12:58

neutrophilic debris that's liquid fact

play13:00

if aka liqui fact of necrosis caseous

play13:03

you see in tuberculosis and in fungal

play13:06

infections on histology you see

play13:09

lymphocytes and macrophages forming

play13:11

granulomas so the pneumonic here for

play13:14

Casey is instead of saying Casey s I

play13:16

want you to say cheesiest because fungal

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infections you might say that they look

play13:21

a little cheap

play13:21

if you've ever seen them they'll have

play13:23

this like cheese like quality to them so

play13:25

cheesiest reminds me of caseous and i

play13:27

tie that back into tibi and fungi

play13:29

because fungal infections look cheesy

play13:31

sometimes and then if you know anything

play13:33

about tuberculosis you already know

play13:35

about the granulomas on histology so you

play13:37

should know that lymphocytes and

play13:38

macrophages are gonna be present moving

play13:40

on fat necrosis this is in pancreatitis

play13:44

it's also in trauma to the breast and

play13:47

women histology you'll see

play13:49

saponification and complexing with

play13:51

calcium and the pneumonic here there

play13:54

really isn't one it's just the name fat

play13:56

around the pancreas you have lots of fat

play13:59

deposition around female breasts you

play14:01

have lots of fat depositions so breast

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trauma is fat necrosis and pancreatitis

play14:06

is fat necrosis so I just remember the

play14:08

word fat which reminds me of the organs

play14:10

that classically have a lot of fat

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that's fat necrosis the last two I'm

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gonna group together here because

play14:16

they're the two lowest yield on this

play14:17

chart

play14:17

fibrin necrosis you see in any type of

play14:19

vasculitis

play14:21

you see fibrin thickening of the vessels

play14:23

so fibrin oeid literally has fibrin in

play14:25

the name so there's no mnemonic for this

play14:27

one gangrenous you see this in distal

play14:30

extremity ulcers like diabetic foot

play14:32

ulcers on histology this is a

play14:34

combination of coagulative necrosis plus

play14:37

liquefaction so you'll see a little bit

play14:39

of you of Cinna philia you'll see a

play14:40

little bit of that neutrophilic debris

play14:42

and the pneumonic here also really easy

play14:45

it's gangrene and so you know people

play14:47

refer to gangrene like it's a medical

play14:49

process and technically when someone

play14:51

says gangrene what they actually mean to

play14:53

say is gangrenous necrosis but of course

play14:55

laypeople don't use that term but if you

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know what gangrene looks like or can

play14:59

imagine someone having gangrene or

play15:01

gangrenous necrosis on the bottom of

play15:03

their foot that is the mnemonic for

play15:05

remembering gangrenous necrosis but

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again this chart is a summary a little

play15:10

bit lower yield apoptosis is definitely

play15:13

the big topic in this video but no

play15:15

coagulative liqui fact of caseous and

play15:17

fat and if then if you have the memory

play15:19

available throw in fibrin and gangrenous

play15:21

but that's it guys that's apoptosis

play15:24

versus necrosis high-yield summary of

play15:26

everything that you need to know and

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absolutely nothing more I really hope

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that this was helpful

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