What is an instruction set? (AKIO TV)
Summary
TLDRThis script explains the concept of CPU instruction sets, which are like languages that CPUs 'speak'. It contrasts CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) with RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing), detailing their advantages and use cases. CISC CPUs, like Intel's x86, are powerful but less efficient for simple tasks, while RISC CPUs, like ARM, are energy-efficient and ideal for mobile devices. The script also discusses how companies like Intel and ARM Holdings approach their instruction set architectures differently.
Takeaways
- 💻 **CPU's Role**: A CPU processes data and instructions, where instructions are crucial for telling the CPU what to do with the data.
- 📝 **Instruction Set Defined**: An instruction set is a collection of commands that a CPU can understand and execute.
- 🔢 **Binary Nature**: Instructions are binary codes (zeros and ones) that the CPU interprets to perform operations.
- 📱 **Variety in Instructions**: Different CPUs have different instruction sets; some may have more complex or varied instructions than others.
- 🏎️ **Complexity in SISD**: SISD (Complex Instruction Set Computing) CPUs have a wide array of instructions, which can perform complex operations efficiently but consume more power.
- 🚀 **Efficiency in RISC**: RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) CPUs are designed for efficiency and simplicity, using fewer transistors and less power, ideal for mobile devices.
- 📲 **Application in Devices**: SISD CPUs are common in desktops and laptops, while RISC CPUs dominate in mobile devices due to their power efficiency.
- 🛠️ **x86 and ARM**: x86 is a SISD instruction set by Intel, used across many generations of CPUs, while ARM is a RISC set used in mobile devices.
- 🏢 **Intel's Monopoly**: Intel is the sole legal manufacturer of x86 CPUs, with AMD being an exception due to a historical license.
- 🌐 **ARM's Licensing Model**: ARM Holdings licenses its architecture to multiple companies, allowing them to produce their own ARM-based CPUs, unlike Intel's closed model.
Q & A
What is an instruction set in the context of a CPU?
-An instruction set is the set of all the operations a CPU can perform. It's like a language that the CPU understands, consisting of machine code made up of zeros and ones.
Why are instructions important for a CPU?
-Instructions are crucial because they tell the CPU what to do with the data it processes. Without instructions, the CPU wouldn't know how to handle the data it receives.
How does the instruction set vary across different CPUs?
-The instruction set varies because different CPUs have different machine codes for the same operations. One CPU's 'add' instruction might be different from another's.
What is the difference between CISC and RISC instruction sets?
-CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) includes as many instructions as possible, which can handle complex operations efficiently but requires a more complex CPU design. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) minimizes the number of instructions, resulting in a simpler and more energy-efficient CPU design.
Why are CISC CPUs less efficient for simple workloads?
-CISC CPUs are less efficient for simple workloads because their complex design consumes more power and the complex operations advantage is not utilized in basic tasks like web browsing or email reading.
What is the advantage of using RISC CPUs in mobile devices?
-RISC CPUs are advantageous in mobile devices because they are designed to be energy-efficient, which is ideal for devices that run on battery power.
Which instruction set is x86, and who developed it?
-x86 is a CISC instruction set developed by Intel. It has been used in Intel CPUs for a long time, including the Core i7 8700K and the older Pentium 4.
Why is Intel the only company legally allowed to make x86 CPUs?
-Intel is the only company legally allowed to make x86 CPUs because they have been successful in preventing other companies from producing them, although AMD also has a license to produce x86 CPUs.
What is ARM, and how did it become popular?
-ARM is a RISC instruction set that was developed during the same era as x86. It became popular in the 2000s when mobile devices gained traction and there was a need for energy-efficient CPUs.
How does ARM Holdings' business model differ from Intel's?
-ARM Holdings sells licenses to make ARM CPUs to other companies, allowing them to create their own designs based on the ARM instruction set. In contrast, Intel keeps its x86 architecture for itself and produces its own CPUs.
Which companies are known for making ARM-based CPUs?
-Companies like Qualcomm, Apple, and Samsung are known for making ARM-based CPUs, which are commonly used in smartphones and other mobile devices.
Outlines
💻 Understanding CPU Instruction Sets
This paragraph explains the concept of a CPU's instruction set. It starts by defining a CPU as a device that processes data but also requires instructions to perform tasks. The speaker uses the example of adding numbers to illustrate that data alone is not sufficient; instructions are necessary for the CPU to know what to do. These instructions are machine code, binary codes that vary across different CPUs. The paragraph then contrasts two types of instruction sets: CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing). CISC CPUs have a wide variety of instructions, which can perform complex operations with fewer instructions but are less efficient for simple tasks and consume more power. RISC CPUs, on the other hand, have a smaller set of basic instructions, resulting in a simpler CPU design that uses less power and is more efficient for basic operations but requires more instructions for complex tasks. The speaker also mentions that CISC CPUs are typically used in desktops and laptops, while RISC CPUs are ideal for mobile devices due to their power efficiency.
📱 Popular Instruction Sets: x86 and ARM
The second paragraph delves into specific examples of instruction sets, namely x86 and ARM. x86 is a CISC instruction set developed by Intel, which has been used in all their CPUs, including the older Pentium 4 and the newer Core i7 8700 K. Intel has been successful in maintaining exclusivity over x86, with AMD being the only other company legally allowed to produce x86 CPUs. The paragraph then shifts to ARM, a RISC instruction set that gained popularity in the 2000s with the rise of mobile devices. Unlike Intel, ARM Holdings does not manufacture CPUs itself but licenses the rights to other companies, such as Qualcomm, Apple, and Samsung, to create their own ARM-based CPU designs. This strategy has allowed ARM to become widely adopted in the mobile industry due to its energy efficiency and adaptability.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡CPU
💡Instruction Set
💡Machine Code
💡Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)
💡Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)
💡Transistors
💡x86
💡ARM
💡Power Efficiency
💡Instruction
💡Energy-Efficient
Highlights
A CPU processes information and data, but also requires instructions to perform tasks.
Instructions are machine code that the CPU can understand, often represented by zeros and ones.
Different CPUs have different machine codes for the same operation.
A CPU's instruction set is like a language it speaks, defining what operations it can perform.
Instruction sets can be categorized into CISC (Complex) and RISC (Reduced).
CISC CPUs have a large number of instructions, which can be very complex.
RISC CPUs have a smaller set of basic instructions, which are simpler and more efficient for basic operations.
CISC CPUs are typically used in desktops and laptops, while RISC CPUs are ideal for mobile devices due to their power efficiency.
Intel's x86 is an example of a CISC instruction set that has been used for a long time.
Intel is the only company legally allowed to make x86 CPUs, along with AMD.
ARM is a RISC instruction set that became popular with the rise of mobile devices.
ARM Holdings sells licenses to make ARM CPUs, unlike Intel which produces its own CPUs.
Companies like Qualcomm, Apple, and Samsung make CPUs based on the ARM instruction set.
The instruction set determines the capabilities and efficiency of a CPU.
Understanding instruction sets is crucial for optimizing CPU performance for specific tasks.
The video provides a comprehensive overview of instruction sets and their impact on computing.
Transcripts
this right here is a CPU and every CPU
out there has a certain instruction set
which you'll be able to find on the spec
sheet but what exactly is an instruction
set let's find out
okay so a CPU is obviously a device that
processes information data but the data
is not the only thing that goes into the
CPU for example if I want my little
Pentium 4 processor here to add up some
numbers for me I'm not just going to
give it the data I'm not just going to
give it some numbers I also need to give
it an instruction that tells it to add
up those numbers for me
so instructions are also very important
because then the CPU knows what to do
these instructions are simply a bunch of
zeros and ones some machine code that
the CPU can understand but here's the
twist this machine code is not the same
on every CPU for example the add
instruction might be this on one CPU and
it could be this on some other CPU and
on top of that not all CPU support the
same variety of instructions for example
a calculator CPU supports very little
instructions only the ones necessary for
operating a calculator whereas the
Pentium 4 that I have here supports a
whole crapload of instructions because
it needs to run in a desktop computer
system now the overall bunch of
instructions that a given CPU supports
is what we call the instruction set of
the CPU it's kind of like a language
that a CPU speaks then there are also
two different types of instruction sets
- categories in which we can divide them
first of all there is Sisk complex
instruction set computing a Sisk
instruction set is an instruction set
that contains as many instructions as
possible and it's very very complicated
the advantage of this is that there is
an instruction for almost any operation
that you can possibly think of which
means that very complex things can be
performed on this CPU using very little
instructions because what instruction
can contain many different things
the disadvantage of Sisk
that you need a very complicated CPU
design which means you need more
transistors which means this CPU will
consume more power and when you're
dealing with simple workloads such as
browsing the web or reading your email
you're not going to be able to utilize
the complex operations advantage so
basically this CPU is not very efficient
when dealing with small workloads then
there is also the risk type instruction
set the risk stands for reduced
instruction set computing and it means
that you try to minimize the amount of
instructions that the CPU can understand
so you only have a very basic set of
instructions the advantage of this is
that you can have a very simple CPU
design which needs fewer transistors
which means it's going to use less power
which means great efficiency when
performing basic operations the problem
is that if you are going to try to
perform very complicated things on this
kind of CPU you'll need to use many
instructions because it only supports
basic ones
now the sisk cpus are often used in
desktop systems laptops larger systems
whereas RISC CPUs are excellent for
mobile devices because those need to be
very power efficient and because they
run off a battery of course now let's
take a look at some of the instruction
sets that you might be familiar with
first of all there is x86 a sisk
instruction set made by Intel and
they've been using that instruction set
on all of their CPUs for a very long
time so the shiny new core i7 8700 K
speaks the same language as the old
Pentium 4 that I have right here now
Intel really doesn't want any other
company to make x86 CPUs and they have
been quite good at preventing this
because they are now the only company
that is legally allowed to make x86 CPUs
along with AMD if you want to know the
history on why AMD got a license to make
x86 CPUs
go find it it's rather interesting
actually now another instruction set
that you're probably familiar with is
called a RM or arm and this is a RISC
instruction set that was developed
during the same era as x86 and it didn't
really become that popular at first
until in the 2000s mobile devices became
a thing and people needed RISC CPUs
because those were more energy-efficient
and suddenly a RM became tremendously
popular in all kinds of companies
started making products with ARM based
CPUs in them now arm is very interesting
the legal rights to make arm CPUs are
now in the hands of a company called ARM
Holdings but ARM Holdings doesn't make
CPUs for themselves instead they sell
licenses to make arm CPUs to many other
companies like Qualcomm Apple Samsung
and so on all of those companies that
make smartphone CPUs basically so arm
has a different strategy than Intel
Intel keeps its x86 architecture for
themselves and AMD of course and they
produce their own CPUs whereas arm sells
its rights to other companies who can
then make their own designs based on the
arm instruction set anyway now you know
what an instruction set is I hope you've
enjoyed this video and of course thank
you for watching
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