Step-by-step Writing & Naming Hydrocarbons | ALKANANES | ALKENES | ALKYNES |
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script discusses the bonding nature of carbon, a key element in organic chemistry, and delves into hydrocarbons, which are organic compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon. It explains the formation of ionic and covalent bonds and how carbon's unique ability to bond with itself leads to a vast array of organic compounds. The script covers different types of hydrocarbons, including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, and explains how they are named and represented using expanded, condensed, and molecular formulas. Additionally, it addresses the naming and representation of branched hydrocarbons, providing a comprehensive guide to understanding their structure and nomenclature.
Takeaways
- 🔬 Carbon is the sixth element in the periodic table with four valence electrons, making it uniquely capable of forming various organic compounds.
- 🔗 Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon, which can be further divided into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes based on the type of bonds between carbon atoms.
- 🔒 Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms, while alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double or triple bond, respectively.
- 🔑 The naming of alkanes follows the IUPAC system, ending with '-ane' and prefixes that indicate the number of carbons (e.g., 'meth-' for one carbon, 'eth-' for two, 'prop-' for three, etc.).
- 📝 Condensed structural formulas represent hydrocarbons in a simplified way, showing the order of atoms in a single line, which is useful for writing and understanding complex structures.
- 🧬 Molecular formulas provide a compact representation of a molecule, showing the total number of each type of atom present, such as 'C3H8' for propane.
- 🌿 Branched hydrocarbons have side chains or branches attached to the main carbon chain and are named by identifying the longest carbon chain as the parent and numbering from the end closest to the first branch.
- 🔄 Alkenes contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond, which affects the number of hydrogen atoms needed for stability, as seen in the example of ethene needing only two hydrogen atoms.
- 🔋 Alkynes contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, which further reduces the number of hydrogen atoms required for stability, as in the case of ethyne needing only one hydrogen atom.
- 📖 The position of double or triple bonds in alkenes and alkynes is indicated in the naming by a number before the parent chain name, showing where the bond starts (e.g., '1-butene' for a double bond at the first carbon).
Q & A
What is a hydrocarbon?
-A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
What are the three main types of hydrocarbons?
-The three main types of hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
What is an alkane?
-An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
-Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds (like alkanes), while unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds (like alkenes and alkynes).
How many hydrogen atoms can a single carbon atom bond to?
-A single carbon atom can bond to four hydrogen atoms to become stable.
What is the expanded structural formula?
-The expanded structural formula is a way to represent the structure of a molecule by showing each carbon and hydrogen atom explicitly.
How is a condensed structural formula different from an expanded structural formula?
-A condensed structural formula shows the order of atoms in a single line, saving space and making it faster to write out.
What is a molecular formula?
-A molecular formula consists of chemical symbols for the constituent elements followed by numeric subscripts describing the number of atoms of each element present in the molecule.
How are hydrocarbons named according to the IUPAC system?
-Hydrocarbons are named based on the number of carbons and the presence of any double or triple bonds, with prefixes indicating the number of carbons and suffixes indicating the type of hydrocarbon.
What is the significance of the numbers in the names of branched hydrocarbons?
-The numbers in the names of branched hydrocarbons indicate the position of the branches on the parent carbon chain.
How are double and triple bonds represented in the naming of alkenes and alkynes?
-Double and triple bonds in alkenes and alkynes are represented by the prefixes 'ene' for double bonds and 'yne' for triple bonds, with numbers indicating the bond's location.
Outlines
🔬 Chemistry of Bonding and Hydrocarbons
This paragraph introduces the topic of chemical bonding as a continuation from a previous lesson. It explains ionic and covalent bonds and then transitions into a discussion about hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon. Carbon's unique ability to bond with itself and its valence electrons are highlighted, emphasizing its role in forming various organic compounds, including chain and ring molecules. The paragraph further categorizes hydrocarbons into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, with alkanes being saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds, while alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated with double and triple bonds, respectively.
📚 Structure and Nomenclature of Alkanes
The second paragraph delves into the structure of alkanes, the simplest hydrocarbons with single carbon-carbon bonds. It explains how carbon atoms bond with hydrogen atoms to achieve stability. The concept of expanded structural formulas is introduced, showing how carbon atoms bond with hydrogen atoms. The paragraph then moves on to condensed structural formulas, which are more concise ways of representing the same information. The process of deriving molecular formulas from condensed structural formulas is also explained, providing examples of how to calculate the number of hydrogen atoms based on the number of carbon atoms.
🔍 Naming Conventions for Hydrocarbons
This section covers the systematic naming of alkanes according to IUPAC rules. It explains the use of prefixes like 'meth-', 'eth-', 'prop-', etc., based on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The paragraph also describes how to name hydrocarbons with more than one carbon, using 'a' and 'e' as suffixes to denote the alkane family. Examples are given to illustrate how to name hydrocarbons based on their carbon count and how to derive condensed and molecular formulas from the names of alkanes.
🌉 Understanding Alkenes and Alkynes
The focus of this paragraph is on alkenes and alkynes, which contain double and triple bonds, respectively. It explains how these unsaturated hydrocarbons achieve stability with fewer hydrogen atoms due to their double or triple bonds. The process of naming alkenes and alkynes is discussed, including how to identify the location of the double or triple bond and incorporate this information into the compound's name. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to write condensed structural formulas and molecular formulas for alkenes and alkynes.
🌿 Branched Hydrocarbons: Naming and Structures
This section discusses branched hydrocarbons, which have branches off the main carbon chain. The paragraph outlines a step-by-step procedure for naming branched alkanes, including identifying the longest carbon chain as the parent, numbering carbon atoms, naming the parent chain, and then naming and placing branches. It also covers how to write condensed structural formulas for branched hydrocarbons, emphasizing the importance of alphabetical order when multiple branches are present.
🔬 Advanced Branched Hydrocarbon Structures
The final paragraph continues the discussion on branched hydrocarbons, but with a focus on those containing double or triple bonds. It provides a step-by-step guide to writing condensed structural formulas for these more complex molecules, starting with the longest carbon chain and then adding branches and bonds as indicated by the compound's name. The paragraph concludes with examples that demonstrate how to supply the necessary hydrogen atoms to each carbon atom to achieve stability.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Hydrocarbons
💡Carbon
💡Valence Electrons
💡Ionic Bond
💡Covalent Bond
💡Alkanes
💡Alkenes
💡Alkynes
💡Condensed Structural Formula
💡Molecular Formula
💡Naming Conventions
Highlights
Ionic bond is the attraction between metal and non-metal involving the transfer of electrons.
Covalent bond is the attraction between non-metals through sharing of electrons.
Carbon is the sixth element in the periodic table with four valence electrons.
Carbon can bond with itself and other atoms to form various organic compounds.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms.
Alkenes contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Alkynes contain at least one triple bond between carbon atoms and are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
A single carbon atom can bond to four hydrogen atoms.
Condensed structural formulas show the order of atoms in a single line for convenience.
Molecular formulas consist of chemical symbols for the elements and subscripts for the number of atoms.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry system is used for naming organic compounds.
Alkane names end with 'ane' and prefixes indicate the number of carbons.
Expanded structural formulas show every bond and atom in a molecule.
Alkenes are named based on the location of the double bond and the number of carbons.
Alkynes are named based on the location of the triple bond and the number of carbons.
Branched hydrocarbons have branches attached to a chain and are named based on the parent chain and branches.
The naming of branched alkanes involves identifying the longest carbon chain as the parent chain.
The location of branches in branched hydrocarbons is indicated by a number before the branch name.
The process of naming branched alkenes and alkynes involves numbering from the end closest to the multiple bond.
The naming of hydrocarbons with multiple branches follows alphabetical order and location numbering.
Transcripts
[Music]
good day everyone
in our previous topic we talk about how
atoms become stable through chemical
bonding
we also talk about ionic bond and
covalent bond
for the recap ionic bond is the
attraction between metal and non-metal
it also involves transfer of electrons
while covalent bond is the attraction
between non-metals
and it happens through sharing of
electrons now for today's lesson we're
going to talk about
hydrocarbons but before that let us
discuss
first carbon carbon is the sixth element
in the periodic table
it has a valence electrons of four like
other non-metals
carbon needs to bond with other atoms
since carbon has four valence electrons
each valence electron participates in
the bonding and distributes evenly over
the atom surface carbon can also bond
with itself
this ability makes the carbon a unique
atom
because of this uniqueness carbon can
produce
numerous organic compounds including all
kinds of chain
and ring molecules carbon forms
more compounds than most other atoms and
it is the primary components of
organic compounds one of this is
hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons is organic compound that
consists of hydrogen and carbon
each hydrocarbon molecules consists of
carbon backbone with hydrogen
attached to that backbone a single
carbon atom can bond to four hydrogen
atoms
there are different types of
hydrocarbons which includes
alkanes alkenes and alkynes alkanes have
only single bonds between
carbon atoms and they are called
saturated hydrocarbons
alkenes have at least one double bond
carbon to carbon
alkynes have at least one triple bond
carbon to carbon
alkynes and alkynes are called
unsaturated hydrocarbons
now let's start with alkanes these are
the simplest hydrocarbon which consists
of single bond of carbon to carbon
again a single carbon atom can bond
to four hydrogen atoms to become stable
as i mentioned a while ago carbon can
bond with itself
for example carbon bond to another
carbon
we all know that carbon have four
valence electrons and need
four electrons to become stable now in
this example
since carbon already share its one
valence electron to another carbon
how many hydrogen do we need for the
first carbon to become stable
[Music]
yes we need three hydrogen atoms
how about the second carbon how many
hydrogen do we need for the second
carbon to become stable
yes we also need three hydrogen atoms
now how about when there are three
carbon atoms
how many hydrogen do we need for the
first carbon to become stable
yes we need three hydrogen atoms how
about the second carbon how many
hydrogen do we need for the second
carbon to become stable
yes we need two hydrogen atoms since the
other two electrons
are bond to other carbon how about the
third carbon
how many hydrogen do we need for the
third carbon to become stable
yes we need three hydrogen atoms
now this structure is what we called
expanded structural formula
aside from this one we can also use
condensed structural formula
condensed structural formula show the
order of atoms like structural formula
but are written in a single line to save
space
and make it more convenient and faster
to write out
condensed structural formulas are also
helpful when showing that a group of
atoms is connected to a single atom in a
compound
now how are we going to write condensed
structural formula
for example for this one we're going to
write
first the carbon bond then after that
we're going to count how many hydrogen
is bonded to that carbon
for the first carbon how many hydrogen
is bonded
yes we have three so we're going to
write ch3
for the second carbon we have two
hydrogen so we're going to write
ch2 for the third carbon
we're going to write ch3 since we have
three hydrogen atom now let's try this
one again we're going to write the
carbon first
then followed by the hydrogen so for
this example we have
two carbon and each carbon have three
hydrogen
and next for this one obviously it is
ch4
now this expanded and condensed
structural formula can be compressed
into molecular formula when we say
molecular formula it consists of
chemical
symbols for the constituent elements
followed by numeric subscript describing
the number of
atoms of each element present in the
molecule
for example for this condensed
structural formula
how many carbon do we have yes we have
three how about the hydrogen yes we have
eight so we have three carbon and eight
hydrogen
then the molecular formula for this one
is c3h8
how about this one how many carbon do we
have
yes we have two and how many hydrogen do
we have
yes we have six so therefore the
molecular formula is c2h6
and for this one we still have ch4
now how are we going to name
hydrocarbons
the international union of pure and
applied chemistry system
is used for the naming of organic
compounds
as a general rule the name should end
with the last syllable of the family or
group where it belongs
so therefore in naming alkane group it
should end with
a and e aside from that in naming
hydrocarbons we must also consider the
number of carbons
for example if the number of carbon is
one
then we will use the freyfix meth if
there are two carbons we're going to use
f for three carbons we're going to use
prop
for four we're going to use butte for
five we're going to use
pen for six hex for seven
hat for eight oct for nine non
for ten deck now let's go back to our
previous example
using a u-pack let us name these
hydrocarbons
for this one since it's only have one
carbon therefore we're going to use the
prefix meth
then we're going to add the last
syllable of the family name which is a
and e so the name of this hydrocarbons
is
methane how about this one since there
are two carbons we're going to use
f then add the last syllable of the
family name which is a and e
so the name of this hydrocarbon is
ethane
for this one since there are three
carbons we're going to use prop
and then add the lassi level of the
family name which is a and e
so the name of this hydrocarbon is
propane
now here's the list of the name of
alkanes now let's try it
vice versa so from the name we're going
to give the condensed structural formula
and molecular formula let's try with
butane
in writing condensed structural formula
you need to first
write the carbon in butane butte
indicates that there are four
carbon then after writing carbon we're
going to write the bond
a and e indicates that there are single
bond between those
four carbon then after writing the
carbon and then the bond between those
carbons
we're going to supply how many hydrogen
is needed per carbon
just a reminder carbon needs to share
four
electrons to become stable so for the
first carbon since one electron is
already shared to other carbon atom
we only need three hydrogen for the
second
since two electron is already shared to
other carbon atom
we only need two hydrogen same with the
third carbon
and for the last carbon we need three
hydrogen and we're done here's the
condensed structural formula for butane
now how are we going to write the
molecular formula without
looking at the condensed structural
formula so if the given is just the name
of the alkane
we're going to use this general formula
where
n stands for the number of carbon for
butane we have four
carbons so we have c4 for the hydrogen
two times the number of carbon plus two
so we have two times
four plus two that is equals to ten
so therefore the molecular formula for
butane is c4h10
to double check if it is matched with
our condensed structural formula
we have four carbon and for hydrogen we
have three
plus two plus two plus three so that is
equal to
10 then we have c4 h10
now let's proceed to alkene alkene
contains double bond between two carbons
for example two carbon atom with a
double bond
with this both carbon will only need two
hydrogen to become stable
since they already share two electrons
with each other
now how about this one how are we going
to name this hydrocarbon
first we need to find where is the
location of the double bond
then once found we're going to number
the carbon
and we're gonna start the numbering near
the location of the double bond
so this is carbon one two three
and four the double bond is located at
carbon one
therefore the name of this carbon is one
butane one indicates the location of the
double bond
let's do it vice versa i'm going to give
the name of the hydrocarbons then we're
going to write the condensed structural
formula
so the given is 3 octane in writing
condensed structural formula the first
step is to determine
how many carbons are there based on the
name
there are eight carbons since the prefix
use is opt
now we're going to write the eight
carbons next we're going to write the
bond between
carbons based on the name the double
bond is located
at the third carbon so we're going to
write the double bond
between third and fourth carbon now
after writing the double bond we're
gonna put the single bond on the other
carbon atoms
then after that the last step is we're
gonna supply
carbon with hydrogen for the first
carbon we need three hydrogen
for the second carbon we need two
hydrogen
for the third and fourth carbon we only
need
one hydrogen for the
fifth sixth and seven carbon we need two
hydrogens for each and for the last
carbon we need
three hydrogen now let's proceed with
alkyne
which contains 3 pole bond for example
2 carbon atom with a triple bond with
this
both carbon will only need 1 hydrogen to
become stable
since they already share three electrons
with each other
now how about this one what is the name
of this hydrocarbon
first we need to find where is the
location of the triple bond
then once found we're going to number
the carbon and we're going to start
numbering near the location of the
triple bond
so this is carbon 1 2 3 4
5 6 and 7. the triple bond is located at
carbon 2.
therefore the name of this hydrocarbon
is two heptane
two indicates the location of the triple
bond
half indicates that there are seven
carbon
y and e indicates that there are triple
bond located
at carbon 2. now let's do it vice versa
i'm going to give the name of the
hydrocarbons
then we're going to write condensed
structural formula
so the given is 3 hex sine in writing
condensed structural formula the first
step is to determine
how many carbons are there based on the
name there are six
carbon since the prefix used is hex
now we're going to write the six carbons
next we're going to write the bond
between carbons
based on the name the triple bond is
located at the third carbon
so we're gonna put triple bond in
between third and fourth carbon
now after writing the triple bond we're
gonna put single
bond on the other carbon atoms then
after that
the last step is we're going to supply
the carbon with hydrogen
for the first carbon we need three
hydrogen
for the second carbon we only need two
hydrogen
for the third and fourth carbon we don't
need
a hydrogen why because those
two carbons already share its four
electrons
to other carbon atom now
for the fifth carbon we only need two
hydrogen
for the six carbon we only need three
hydrogen atoms
many hydrocarbons have branches attached
to a chain
they are called branch hydrocarbons now
how are we going to name branch
hydrocarbons
for example this one i am going to give
you the step-by-step procedure
on how are you going to name branch
alkanes
first you need to locate the parent
chain or the longest chain of carbon
second number the carbon atoms of the
parent chain starting from the end
where the branch is closer now since the
branch is located here
we're gonna start the numbering here
third
name the parent chain since there are
five carbons
the name of the parent chain is pentane
port name the branch then attach it as a
prefix of the parent chain
in naming branch or alkyl group we're
going to apply
same rules number of carbons plus the
family name
as you can see on the given the branch
attached have one carbon
so we're going to use the graphics myth
and we're going to add the family name
which is yl
so math plus yl equals to methyl
then we're going to attach the branch
name to the parent chain name
then fifth place the location number of
the branch in front
of the resulting name as you can see the
branch is located
at carbon 2. note that commas are used
between numbers dashes are used between
letters and numbers
so the name of this hydrocarbons is 2
methylpentane let's have another example
we're going to follow same steps first
locate the parent chain or the longest
chain of carbon
second number the carbon atoms of the
parent chain starting from the end
where the branch is closer so since the
branch is closer here
we're gonna start the numbering here
third
name the parent chain since there are
six carbons the name of the parent chain
is hexane
fourth name the branch then attach it as
a prefix of the parent chain
as you can see there are three branch
attached to the parent chain
and we're going to name each branch this
first two branch is methyl
and this one since there are two carbons
we're going to use prefix at plus yl
therefore this is ethyl now the question
is
which one are we going to write first is
it the methyl or the ethyl
if there are two or more branch we're
going to write it
alphabetically so we're going to write
first the ethyl followed by methyl
now where is the location of ethyl ethyl
is located at carbon four
so we're gonna write four ethyl this
indicates that
ethyl is located at carbon four how
about the two metal
based on the given the two metal are
both located
at carbon two so we're going to write 2
dimethyl as you can see we put prefix
dye in front of metal
this indicates that there are two metal
the number two two indicates the
location of the two methyl note that
commas are used between numbers
dashes are used between letters and
numbers so here's the name of this
hydrocarbon
so for ethyl 2 dimethylhexane
now let's proceed to branch alkene and
alkyne
let's have this one we're going to
follow the step-by-step procedure
first locate the parent chain or the
longest chain of carbon
second number the carbon atoms of the
parent chain starting from the end where
the double bond or triple band
is closer in this example since the
double band is located here
we're gonna start the numbering from
this end
third find the location of the double
band or triple band
then place it in front of the name of
the parent chain
in this example the location of the
double bond is at carbon one
so we're going to write one pentine
tenth indicates that there are five
carbons
e and e indicates that there are double
band located
at carbon 4th step
name the branch then place the location
number of the branch
in front of the resulting name the
branch
attached to the parent chain is methyl
because there are
only one carbon the location of the
metal
is at carbon 3 so we're gonna write
three
methyl the name of this hydrocarbons is
three metal
one pentine now let's have another
example
we're gonna follow the step-by-step
procedure first
locate the parent chain or the longest
chain of the carbon
second number the carbon atoms of the
parent chain starting from the end
where the double bond or triple bond is
closer
in this example the triple band is
located here
so we're gonna start the numbering from
this end
third find the location of the double
band or triple band
then place it in front of the name of
the parent chain
in this example the location of the
triple bond is at carbon 2
so we're gonna write 2 heptine hep
indicate that there are seven carbons y
and e
indicates that there is a triple bond
located at carbon 2. for the port step
name the branch then place the location
number of the branch in front of the
resulting name
in this example there are four branches
so we're going to name
each branch this one is ethyl and these
three are all methyl again if there are
two or more branches
we're going to write it alphabetically
so we're going to write first the ethyl
followed by methyl we have four ethyl
four
indicates that ethyl is located at
carbon four
then after writing ethyl we're going to
write methyl
so we have four six six tri methyl
as you can see there is a fretfix tri in
front of
methyl cry indicates that there are
three methyl
located at carbon four six six
so the name of this hydrocarbon is four
ethyl
four six six dry methyl metal 2-heptine
now let's do it vice versa
this time we're going to illustrate the
branch hydrocarbons
let's try this one 2 2 6 6 tetra methyl
octane
now i will be giving the step-by-step
procedure
first write the carbon chain based on
the name of the parent chain
for this example the name of the parent
chain
is octane oct indicate that there
are eight carbons if the parent chain
indicates that there is a double bond or
triple bond
draw it first draw it based on the
location written on the name
then draw single bond in between other
carbon atoms
in this example based on the parent name
obtained
the bond between carbon atom are just
single band
for the third step write the branch
based on the given name
in this example the name of the branch
is methyl
as you notice there is a prefix tetla
in front of methyl and that indicates
that there are four metal
and it is located at carbon two two six
six for the fourth step
supply the hydrogen needed for each
carbon atom
for the first carbon we need three
hydrogen
for the second carbon we don't need a
hydrogen
since the four valence electron of
carbon is already bonded to other
carbon atom for the third fourth and
fifth
carbon we need two hydrogen each
for the six carbon we don't need a
hydrogen since all the four electrons
is already bonded to other carbon atom
for the seventh carbon we need two
hydrogen
for the eighth carbon we need three
hydrogen
now let's have another example let's
have four ethyl six
methyl one three hep the yin for the
first step
write the carbon chain based on the name
of the parent chain
for this example the name of the parent
chain is hep diene
hep indicates that there are seven
carbons for the second step
if the parent chain indicates that there
is a double band or triple band
grow it first draw it based on the
location
written on the name then write the
single bond in between
other carbon atoms in this example
based on the parent chain one tree hep
the
inn e and e indicates that there are
double bond
now have you noticed that there is a dye
in between hep
and ene the word dye indicates that
there are two
double bond and it is located at carbon
1
and carbon 3. for the third step write
the branch
based on the given name on this example
the name of the branch is ethyl and
methyl
the ethyl is located at carbon 4 while
methyl is located at carbon 6.
for the fourth step supply the hydrogen
needed for each carbon atom
for the first carbon we only need two
hydrogen for the second carbon we need
one hydrogen for the third carbon we
need one hydrogen
for the fourth carbon we don't need a
hydrogen
for the fifth carbon we need two
hydrogen
for the six carbon we need one hydrogen
for the seventh carbon we need three
hydrogen
let's have another example let's have
three at till
four five dimethyl one heptine
we're gonna follow the same steps for
the first step
write the carbon chain based on the name
of the parent chain
for this example the name of the parent
chain is heptine
hep indicates that there are seven
carbons
for the second step if the parent chain
indicates that there is a double bond or
triple band
grow it first draw it based on the
location
written on the name then draw the single
bond in between other carbon atoms
in this example based on the parent name
one half
time one y and e indicates that there is
a triple bond
and it is located at carbon one for the
third step
write the branch based on the given name
on this example
the name of the branch is ethyl and
methyl
the ethyl is located at carbon 3 notice
the word
die before methyl it indicates that
there is a
two methyl for the fourth step supply
the hydrogen needed for each carbon atom
for the first carbon we only need one
hydrogen
for the second carbon we don't need a
hydrogen
since the four valence electrons of this
carbon is already bonded to other carbon
next for the third carbon we need one
hydrogen
for the fourth carbon we need one
hydrogen for the fifth carbon we need
one hydrogen
and for the six carbon we need two
hydrogen and for the 7th carbon we need
3 hydrogen
[Music]
you
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