Immunology Map - Immune Cells

Summary

This educational video series, titled 'Immunology Map,' delves into the immune system's intricacies, focusing on the origin and journey of immune cells. Stemming from bone marrow stem cells, these cells mature in various tissues, exemplified by T-cells in the thymus and B-cells in lymph nodes. The series distinguishes between innate and adaptive immune cells, highlighting key players like neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It also touches on natural killer cells and their unique ability to identify and eliminate abnormal cells without external signals.

Takeaways

• 🌟 The video series focuses on the immune system and lymphatic system, termed the 'Immunology Map'.
• 🔬 The immune cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow, which differentiate into various types of white blood cells.
• 📍 Stem cells in the bone marrow produce precursor cells that migrate to different tissues for maturation and activation.
• 💧 The bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to both the innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as red blood cells.
• 🚦 Myoid progenitor cells from the bone marrow produce innate immune cells like granulocytes, mast cells, and macrophages.
• 🔄 Granulocytes include basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils, each with specific roles in immune response.
• 🔬 Lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to cells of the adaptive immune system, including T-cells and B-cells.
• 🛡️ T-cells mature in the thymus and play a critical role in cell-mediated immunity, while B-cells mature in the lymph nodes and produce antibodies.
• 🔀 Dendritic cells act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems by presenting antigens to T-cells.
• ⚔️ Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular cells that can kill abnormal cells, such as tumor cells or cells infected by viruses, without prior activation.
• 🔄 The video script also mentions the process of maturation and activation of immune cells in different tissues and organs.

Q & A

What are the two main types of progenitor cells that stem cells give rise to?

The two main types of progenitor cells that stem cells give rise to are the lymphoid progenitor cell and the myeloid progenitor cell.

What is the primary function of the lymphoid progenitor cell?

The primary function of the lymphoid progenitor cell is to give rise to cells that are part of the Adaptive immune system.

How does the myeloid progenitor cell contribute to the innate immune system?

The myeloid progenitor cell gives rise to immune cells that are part of the innate immune system, such as granulocytes and monocytes.

What is the role of the erythroblast in the body?

The erythroblast eventually matures into a red blood cell (erythrocyte), which is crucial for transporting oxygen to different tissues and removing carbon dioxide from the body.

What are the main functions of platelets produced by megakaryocytes?

Platelets play a critical role in initiating hemostasis and repairing tissues.

How do granulocytes get their name, and what are the three types of granulocytes produced in the bone marrow?

Granulocytes get their name because they contain granules. The three types of granulocytes produced in the bone marrow are basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.

What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?

Basophils promote allergic responses and are important for defense against parasites.

What is the role of neutrophils when they enter the bloodstream?

Neutrophils are the fast-acting cells that go to the site of inflammation or damage the quickest and are the most abundant white blood cells.

How do mast cells differ from other granulocytes?

Mast cells differ from other granulocytes because they do not circulate like basophils and neutrophils; instead, they stay in the tissue.

What is the primary function of monocytes and their derivative, the macrophage?

Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream and, upon entering tissues, become macrophages, which are antigen-presenting cells that also engulf pathogens.

What is the role of immature dendritic cells in the immune system?

Immature dendritic cells play a crucial role as they connect the innate and adaptive immune systems by entering tissues, taking up antigens, and presenting them to adaptive immune cells.

How do natural killer cells differ from other immune cells?

Natural killer cells are unique because they can kill abnormal or infected cells naturally without the need for signals from other cells.

Outlines

00:00

🧬 Bone Marrow and Immune Cell Development

The first paragraph introduces the focus of the video series on the immune system, particularly the lymphatic system. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the origin and journey of immune cells. The video begins with the bone marrow, which contains hematopoietic stem cells that produce precursors of white blood cells. These precursors, or immature cells, leave the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream, eventually maturing in different tissues. For instance, T-cells mature in the thymus, while B-cells activate in the lymph nodes. The paragraph also explains the division of stem cells into lymphoid and myeloid progenitor cells, which分别 give rise to cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems. The myeloid progenitor cells can further develop into various cells, including red blood cells, platelets, and granulocytes, which play critical roles in oxygen transport, hemostasis, and defense against parasites.

05:00

🔬 Granulocytes and Other Myeloid Cells

Paragraph two delves into the specifics of granulocytes, a group of cells that contain granules and are produced in the bone marrow. It describes the transformation of band basophils into basophils in the bloodstream, which promote allergic responses and defend against parasites. Similarly, band eosinophils become eosinophils that kill antibody-coated parasites, and band neutrophils become neutrophils, which are the first responders to inflammation or damage sites. The paragraph also discusses the non-granular myeloblast, which matures into a mast cell in tissues and contains granules, and the promonocyte, which becomes a monocyte in the bloodstream and a macrophage in tissues, playing roles in antigen presentation and pathogen consumption. Additionally, the myeloid progenitor cell gives rise to immature dendritic cells, which are crucial for connecting the innate and adaptive immune systems by presenting antigens to adaptive immune cells.

10:01

🛡️ Adaptive Immune Cells from Lymphoid Progenitors

The third paragraph discusses the lymphoid progenitor cells, which primarily give rise to cells of the adaptive immune system. It explains that the lymphoid progenitor cell can develop into immature dendritic cells and natural killer (NK) cells, the latter being large granulated cells that can kill abnormal cells like tumors and are crucial for fighting infections. NK cells are unique because they can kill without needing signals from other cells. The paragraph also covers the development of T-cells and B-cells from lymphoid precursors. T-cells mature in the thymus, while B-cells, initially expressing only IgM antibodies, can become plasma cells or memory cells upon activation. Plasma cells secrete antibodies, and both memory cells and plasma cells are vital components of the adaptive immune system. The paragraph concludes by noting that natural killer cells can also arise from the thymus, but for simplicity, they are considered to come from the bone marrow.

Keywords

💡Immune System

The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against harmful pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. In the video, the immune system is the central theme, as it explores how it develops and functions, particularly focusing on the origin and maturation of immune cells.

💡Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory system that plays a key role in the immune response. It consists of a network of vessels, nodes, and organs that produce and transport lymph, a clear fluid containing white blood cells. The video mentions the lymphatic system in relation to the bone marrow, which is part of it, and where immune cells originate.

💡Bone Marrow

Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue found in the cavities of bones. It is crucial for the production of blood cells, including immune cells. The video script emphasizes the bone marrow as the starting point for the development of immune cells, highlighting its importance in the immune system.

💡Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the unique ability to develop into various specialized cell types. In the context of the video, stem cells in the bone marrow are progenitors for both blood and immune cells, emphasizing their foundational role in the body's defense mechanisms.

💡Lymphoid Progenitor Cells

Lymphoid progenitor cells are precursors to lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell crucial for the adaptive immune response. The video explains that these cells differentiate into T-cells and B-cells, which are vital for recognizing and responding to specific pathogens.

💡Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Myeloid progenitor cells are stem cells that give rise to various types of immune cells that are part of the innate immune system. The video discusses how these cells can develop into granulocytes, monocytes, and other cells that provide the body's first line of defense against infections.

💡T-cells

T-cells, or T-lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. The video describes how T-cells mature in the thymus and are crucial for recognizing and killing infected cells and coordinating the immune response.

💡B-cells

B-cells, or B-lymphocytes, are white blood cells that are essential for the production of antibodies. The video script explains that immature B-cells go to the lymph nodes to become activated and can later differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells.

💡Natural Killer Cells

Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell that is part of the innate immune system. They are known for their ability to identify and kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior activation. The video mentions that they can arise from the bone marrow and are important for defense against abnormal cells.

💡Dendritic Cells

Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that play a crucial role in linking the innate and adaptive immune responses. The video script notes that immature dendritic cells leave the bone marrow and, upon maturation, can present antigens to T-cells, thus bridging the two arms of the immune system.

💡Granulocytes

Granulocytes are a group of white blood cells that contain granules in their cytoplasm. The video describes three types of granulocytes: basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils. These cells are part of the innate immune system and are the first responders to sites of inflammation or infection.

Highlights

The Immunology Map series focuses on the immune system and lymphatic system.

Immune cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow.

Stem cells produce precursor or immature white blood cells.

Precursor T-cells mature in the thymus, and immature B cells go to lymph nodes for activation.

Bone marrow is part of the lymphatic system and contains hematopoietic stem cells.

Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to immune cells including red blood cells.

Stem cells divide to produce lymphoid or myeloid progenitor cells.

Myeloid progenitor cells produce cells of the innate immune system.

Myeloid progenitor cells can give rise to various immune cells including erythrocytes and platelets.

Granulocytes, containing granules, are produced in the bone marrow.

Neutrophils are the most abundant and fast-acting immune cells.

Mast cells, containing granules, do not circulate and stay in tissues.

Macrophages, derived from monocytes, are antigen-presenting cells and consume pathogens.

Dendritic cells connect innate and adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to adaptive immune cells.

Lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to adaptive immune cells.

Natural killer cells arise from the bone marrow and are important against tumors and infections.

Lymphoid precursor cells travel to the thymus to become T-cells.

B cell precursors express IgM antibodies and can become plasma cells or memory cells upon activation.

T-cells and B-cells are key lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system.

The next video will explore where immune cells travel to in different tissues and other organs of the immune system.

Transcripts

Armando huran biology and Medicine

videos please make sure to subscribe

join the Forman group for the latest

videos please visit Facebook atan please

like and here you can also ask questions

answer questions and post some

interesting things including your

artworks or send it to me please and you

can also please change the quality

settings to the highest one for better

graphics these series of videos we look

at the immune system as well as the

lymphatic system to some extent and so I

Nam these series of videos the

Immunology map because we're

concentrating predominantly on the immun

system and so to study the immune system

we have to know the about the immune

cells where do they come from and where

do they go so in this video we'll

concentrate on the immune immune cells

specifically and to learn about the

immune cells we have to start from where

they came from which is the bone marrow

so before looking at the main big map

we're just going to draw uh a small map

and look at the overview of what we're

actually going to learn today so the

bone marrow we have what's called stem

cells and these stem cells produce

precursor or immature lucos sites the

white blood cells and once these uh

white blood cells are there in the bone

marrow they will leave the bone marrow

into the bloodstream over here and the

lucco sites will migrate to different

areas different tissues for further

maturation or for further activation for

example and for an example of this is

the precursor t- cell which matures in

the thymus and the immature B cell

which goes to the lymph nodes to become

activated now let's look at the big

Immunology map now remember the previous

diagram was just an overview to see what

we're going to learn in this video this

part one so we begin with the bone

marrow where the lucco sites come from

the bone marrow is important it's part

of the lymphatic system and it contains

cells known as the plop poent

hematopoetic stem cells and these cells

these plottin stem cells the these cells

are the ones that give rise to the

immune cells including red blood cells

as well um what what happens actually is

that these ploen stem cells divide to

produce two types of cells first it

divides to produce either the lymphoid

progenitor cell which later will mostly

give rise to cells part of the Adaptive

immune system or the ploen stem cell can

um divide to produce the myoid

progenitus cell and the myoid progenitor

cell will later typically produce immune

cells which will be part of the innate

immune system so now for Simplicity let

us begin um with the myoid progenitor

cell and what these cells can give rise

to can divide and give rise to so

firstly the myoid progent cell uh can

divide to give rise to what's called an

arthr blast and AR blast can later give

rise to a reticular side the reticular

side will then leave the the bone marrow

and circulate in the bloodstream where

later on it will mature to become an

arthy or a red blood cell and a red

blood cell is important for our body

because the red blood cells the

erythocytes is what carries oxygen

transports oxygen to different tissues

and removes carbon dioxide from our body

to be exhaled

out the M progen cells can also divide

to produce what's called a Mega karote

Blast which will later give rise to a

Mega carot this Mega carot will actually

still stay in the bone marrow but will

secrete um molecules known as platelets

and platelets play a critical role in

the immune system in that it is

important in initiating hemostasis and

repairs of tissue for example and they

circulate all around our body by the way

before I continue it should be noted and

stressed that I'm not including all the

names of all the types of cells that

will give rise to um each of the immune

cells I'm only including the names of a

couple of cells um for Simplicity anyway

continuing on the M progena cell can

also give rise to What's called the

myoblast and the myoblast can give rise

to a variety of cells a variety of cells

um and these variety of cells include a

group of cells known as granulocytes and

granulocytes are interest are special

because these are the cells which

contain granules hence the granulo

before the

site and the three Granulos ites um

which will be produced in the bone

marrow are the band basophil the band

EOP and the band

neutrophil other cells that the myoblast

will produce that is not a granulo side

is the mass cell precursor and the pro

mono

side whenever a cell has a precursor or

a pro within it it means that it's not

yet that particular cell yet so for

example the mass precursor means that

it's not a m cell but it will will

become a Mel and the pro monoy means

that it's not a monoy yet but it will

become a

monoy so what will happen to these cells

or what will become of these cells when

once they leave the bone marrow well the

band basophil will become a basophil

once it enters the

bloodstream and the role of basophils is

to promote allergic responses and they

are important against for defense

against parasites the band is copil

similarly will become an Ashy and

theophil role is that it kills um

antibody coded parasites essentially so

they're important against parasites the

bad

nutrifil will become a nutrifil once

enters the bloodstream and the

neutrophils are the fast acting one and

they and they essentially go into the

sight of inflammation or site of damage

the quickest and it's the most abundant

lucco sites neutri neutrophils are also

known as polymorphic lucites because

they contain uh many nucleuses three now

these are the three granular sites and

as you can see where when in the bone

marrow their granules are are not

present yet but once they they're in the

bloodstream they have these granules and

so they're ready and these Granulos

sites they typically circulate through

the bloodstream and essentially wait for

a particular response or uh chemicals to

Signal them to go to an area where they

where they are needed now the

non-granular sites the musel precursor

when it leaves the bone marrow it will

still become a Mel

precursor but it will become a mast cell

once it enters tissues mass cells

interestingly contain also granules but

they are not part of the Granulos side

group why well it's because they mels do

not circulate like the basophil eils and

neutrophils they stay in the tissue the

other type of cell is a proom monoy

which when it leaves a bone marrow it'll

become a monoy and a monoy will

circulate around the bloodstream but

when it enters tissues it will become a

maccrage so in the bloodstream it's a

monoy in the tissues it's a maccrage and

macres as we all know are antigen

presenting cells and it also eats up

pathogens now finally the myoid

progenitor cell can also give rise to

immature dendr dritic cells and immature

dendritic cells once it leaves the bone

marrow it will still become an immature

dendritic cell a dendritic cell role is

important because it is the connection

between the innate and the Adaptive

immune

system its role is to enter tissues the

peripheral tissues and then uptake

antigens from the peripheral tissues and

then present them as antigen presenting

cells to the Adaptive immune cells and

so the dendritic cells as we as I just

noted is the is important because it

connects the innate immunity and the

adaptive immunity and we'll learn about

the dric cells a lot more later on now

let's look at the lymphoid progenitor

cells which also uh came from the poop

poent stem cell now the lymphoid

progenitor cell as I mentioned earlier

typically gives gives rise to the

Adaptive immune cells uh this is true

away first of all the lymphoid

progenitor cell will give rise to two

cells which are not really part of the

Adaptive immune system these cells are

also the immature dendritic cell which

as we talked about is a connection

between the inate and IND of immunity

and the lyo progenitor cell will also

give rise to immature natural killer

cell a immature natural killer cell when

it leaves the bone marrow to the

bloodstream it will become a natural

killer cell natural killer cell is

important they are large granulated

cells which kill abnormal looking cells

or abnormal cells such as tumors and

they're also important against

infections what's crazy about them or

why they are called natural killer cells

is because they kill cells naturally

without the need of other signals from

other cells so when they see something

bad they will just kill

it now now let's talk about the Adaptive

the main adaptive immune cells so the

lymphoid gender cell will give rise to

um a lymphoid precursor now this

lymphoid precursor will then leave the

bone marrow and will still become a

lymphoid precursor but it it will travel

to the thymus and will mainly become a

te- cell so it becomes a te- cell in the

thymus so okay why doesn't this cell

just be called the t- cell precursor or

the immature t- cell well this is

because the Lim oid precursor can

actually also give rise to other types

of cells in the thymus but it will

mainly give rise to t- cells because we

need t- cells in our

body okay I hope you understood that now

the lympo progena cell will also give

rise to B cell precursors which will

Express once in the bloodstream only IGM

antibodies so now because this is an

immature B cell it's still not

activated a B cell when we think of B

cells we think of antibodies because

later on when the B cell is activated

and it matures it can become uh two

types of cells plasma cells or memory

cells which if it's a plasma cell it

will be able to secrete antibodies and

these are and these two types of cells

the memory cells and the plasma cells

are important part of the Adaptive

immune system and we'll talk about these

cells later on if you don't understand

it a point to make is that the the t-

cell the soon to be t- cell and the B

cell are the two important

lymphocytes which are part of the

Adaptive immune

system another interesting thing is that

the natural killer cells here they can

not only arise from the bone marrow but

they can also arise from the thymus from

the lymphoid precursor cell which will

travel to the thymus and that's

something interesting to note but we'll

just say for now that the natural killer

cells come from the B marrow and so

looking back at this small diagram we

learned how uh the stem cell produced

many types of lucco sites precursor and

immature ones and that it will go into

the bloodstream and in the bloodstream

it will travel to different tissues in

the next video part two we will look at

where some of these immune cells will

travel to the different tissues it will

go to and we'll learn about other organs

which are part of the immune system and

the lymphatic system