Cell-Mediated (Cellular) Immunity [aka T-cell immunity] - Physiology & Immunology

Medicosis Perfectionalis
25 Dec 202116:47

Summary

TLDRIn this educational video, Medicosis dives deep into the intricacies of the immune system, focusing on cellular immunity driven by T lymphocytes. The script explains the roles of B lymphocytes in defending against bacteria and T lymphocytes in combating viruses and fungi. It explores the communication between immune cells via cytokines, the significance of MHC in T cell activation, and the importance of recognizing self from non-self to prevent autoimmune diseases. The video also touches on the challenges of organ transplants, the prevention of organ rejection, and the complications of hemolysis, offering a comprehensive overview of immunology.

Takeaways

  • πŸ”¬ B lymphocytes mainly defend against bacteria, while T lymphocytes defend against viruses and fungi.
  • 🦠 Plasma cells, derived from B lymphocytes, secrete antibodies which neutralize antigens and activate various immune responses.
  • πŸ§ͺ There are three complement pathways: classical, alternative, and mannose-binding lectin.
  • 🧬 Cytokines, such as interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, and tumor necrosis factor, help immune cells communicate.
  • πŸ”— Antigen-presenting cells present antigens to lymphocytes, which then activate B and T lymphocytes.
  • βš”οΈ T helper cells (CD4) assist other immune cells, while T cytotoxic cells (CD8) directly kill infected or cancerous cells.
  • πŸ”„ Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules present antigens to T cells; MHC class I activates CD8 cells and MHC class II activates CD4 cells.
  • 🧠 Immunodeficiency, such as AIDS caused by HIV, weakens the immune system by attacking CD4 cells.
  • 🀰 The placenta acts as a barrier between mother and fetus, preventing maternal immune attack on the fetus.
  • 🩸 Successful tissue or organ transplants require matching donor and recipient MHC and immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection.

Q & A

  • What is the main difference between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity?

    -Humoral immunity, primarily mediated by B lymphocytes, defends the body against bacteria through the secretion of antibodies in the body's fluids, while cell-mediated immunity, primarily mediated by T lymphocytes, involves direct cell-to-cell interactions to destroy infected cells, such as those affected by viruses, fungi, or cancer.

  • What are the three types of cytokines mentioned in the script?

    -The three types of cytokines mentioned are interleukins, colony-stimulating factors (CSF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

  • How do antigen-presenting cells (APCs) interact with T lymphocytes?

    -APCs interact with T lymphocytes by presenting antigens on their surface using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. MHC class I is used for activating CD8 T cells, while MHC class II is used for activating CD4 T cells.

  • What is the role of T helper cells in the immune response?

    -T helper cells play a crucial role in activating other immune cells, such as B lymphocytes, to produce antibodies or become memory cells, enhancing the immune response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen.

  • How does the immune system distinguish between self and non-self?

    -The immune system distinguishes between self and non-self through several mechanisms, including energy depletion to weaken potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes, deletion of strongly self-reactive T cells during maturation in the thymus, and the action of T regulatory cells that suppress self-reactive immunity.

  • What is the significance of the term 'humoral' in humoral immunity?

    -The term 'humoral' in humoral immunity refers to the fact that antibodies are secreted into the body's fluids, such as serum or mucous membranes, to combat pathogens.

  • What is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and what causes it?

    -AIDS is a syndrome characterized by a weakened immune system due to the infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which is an RNA virus. HIV-1 is the more common and global type, which primarily attacks CD4 helper T lymphocytes, impairing the immune system's ability to fight infections and diseases.

  • What is the role of Human Leukocyte Antigen G (HLA-G) in pregnancy?

    -HLA-G, unique to pregnancy, is secreted by the placenta and helps prevent the mother's immune system from attacking the fetus by inducing a state of immunodeficiency that is protective for the survival of the fetus.

  • Why are live attenuated vaccines not recommended for pregnant women?

    -Live attenuated vaccines are not recommended for pregnant women because their immune systems are already in a state of immunodeficiency to protect the fetus. The live microorganisms in these vaccines could pose a risk to both the mother and the developing baby.

  • What are the complications of hemolysis after a blood transfusion?

    -Complications of hemolysis include hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and kidney damage due to the release of potassium, phosphate, and hemoglobin from burst red blood cells. Hemoglobin can also cause kidney failure and hemosiderin in the urine.

  • How can organ rejection after a transplant be prevented?

    -Organ rejection can be prevented by matching the donor and recipient for blood and HLA types before surgery, and by using immunosuppressants after surgery to suppress the recipient's immune system and prevent it from attacking the transplanted organ.

Outlines

00:00

🧬 Cellular Immunity and T Cell Functions

This paragraph introduces the concept of cellular immunity, focusing on T lymphocytes' role in defending the body against viruses and fungi. It explains the difference between B lymphocytes, which produce antibodies to combat bacteria, and T lymphocytes. The explanation covers how antibodies neutralize antigens, the process of opsonization, agglutination, and activation of the complement system. It also delves into how immune cells communicate through cytokines, specifically interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, and tumor necrosis factors. The paragraph concludes with a review of immunology, detailing the process of antigen presentation, lymphocyte activation, and the development of memory cells for a faster and stronger immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen.

05:03

πŸ›‘οΈ Major Histocompatibility Complex and Immune Activation

The second paragraph delves into the activation of T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). It discusses the importance of MHC class 1 and class 2 in activating CD8 and CD4 T cells, respectively. The paragraph also touches on the concept of signal one and signal two in T cell activation, involving interactions between CD80/86 and CD28. The explanation extends to the role of T helper cells in supporting the immune response and the function of T regulatory cells in preventing autoimmune reactions. Additionally, it covers the basics of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by the HIV virus, which targets CD4 helper T lymphocytes, leading to a weakened immune system.

10:03

🚫 Autoimmune Diseases and Transplant Rejection

This paragraph explores the mechanisms that prevent the immune system from attacking the body's own cells, such as energy depletion and deletion of self-reactive T cells during thymic maturation. It also explains the role of T regulatory cells in suppressing the immune system to avoid autoimmune diseases. The paragraph then discusses the complications of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, myasthenia gravis, celiac disease, and rheumatoid lupus. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges of tissue transplants, such as organ rejection due to MHC incompatibility, and the measures taken to prevent it, including matching donors and recipients and using immunosuppressive drugs.

15:04

🩸 Hemolysis and Its Complications

The final paragraph discusses the consequences of hemolysis, the rupture of red blood cells, which releases potassium, phosphate, and hemoglobin into the bloodstream. This can lead to hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and a decrease in calcium levels due to the solubility product relationship. The paragraph also explains how the accumulation of hemoglobin in the kidneys can cause kidney damage, leading to kidney failure and hemosiderinuria. It concludes with a reminder of the importance of blood screening to prevent the transmission of infections and a call to support the creator's educational efforts.

Mindmap

Keywords

πŸ’‘Cellular Immunity

Cellular immunity, also known as T cell immunity, is a type of immune response that involves T lymphocytes defending the body against intracellular pathogens such as viruses and fungi. In the video, the concept is introduced as the main focus of the episode, contrasting with humoral immunity which involves B lymphocytes and antibodies.

πŸ’‘T Lymphocytes

T lymphocytes, or T cells, are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be divided into T helper cells (CD4+) and T cytotoxic cells (CD8+). The script explains that T cells are crucial for recognizing and destroying infected cells and coordinating the immune response.

πŸ’‘Antigens

Antigens are substances recognized by the immune system as foreign, triggering an immune response. In the video, antigens are described as pieces of foreign bacteria that are presented to lymphocytes to initiate an immune reaction.

πŸ’‘Cytokines

Cytokines are small proteins that act as messengers in the immune system, facilitating communication between cells. The script humorously describes cytokines as 'the internet of leukocytes,' highlighting their role in cell signaling and immune regulation.

πŸ’‘Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

MHC is a set of proteins on the cell surface that present antigens to T cells. The video explains the importance of MHC class I and class II in activating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively, and their role in the immune response.

πŸ’‘Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

AIDS is a syndrome caused by the HIV virus, which leads to a weakened immune system. The script discusses how HIV primarily targets CD4+ T helper cells, impairing the immune system's ability to fight infections and diseases.

πŸ’‘Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells. The video mentions conditions like type 1 diabetes and myasthenia gravis as examples, illustrating the consequences of the immune system's failure to distinguish self from non-self.

πŸ’‘T Regulatory Cells

T regulatory cells, formerly known as T suppressor cells, help to suppress the immune system's response to prevent autoimmune reactions. The script explains their role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing the immune system from attacking the body's own cells.

πŸ’‘Human Leukocytic Antigen G (HLA-G)

HLA-G is a unique form of the major histocompatibility complex protein expressed during pregnancy. The video describes its role in protecting the fetus from the mother's immune system, highlighting its importance in successful pregnancy outcomes.

πŸ’‘Organ Rejection

Organ rejection occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes a transplanted organ as foreign and attacks it. The script discusses the importance of matching donors and recipients based on HLA types and using immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection.

πŸ’‘Hemolysis

Hemolysis is the rupture and destruction of red blood cells, which can release harmful substances into the bloodstream. The video explains the complications of hemolysis, such as the release of potassium and hemoglobin, which can lead to kidney damage.

Highlights

Introduction to cellular immunity or T cell immunity, contrasting with B cell immunity.

Explanation of how plasma cells secrete antibodies, derived from B lymphocytes.

The process of neutralization, opsonization, agglutination, and activation of the complement system by antibodies.

Communication between immune cells via cytokines, categorized into interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, and tumor necrosis factor.

The role of T helper cells in activating B lymphocytes to produce antibodies or memory cells.

Differentiation between humoral immunity involving antibodies in body fluids and cell-mediated immunity involving direct cell-to-cell interaction.

Identification of T lymphocytes by their cluster of differentiation (CD) markers.

The function of T helper cells in supporting other immune cells and maintaining immune system balance.

The role of T cytotoxic cells in targeting virus-infected cells, fungi, and cancer cells.

Mechanisms of T cell activation involving antigen-presenting cells and MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex).

Importance of the second signal in T cell activation, involving CD80/86 and CD28 interactions.

Definition and explanation of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), its transmission routes, and the role of HIV.

The significance of the placenta in preventing maternal immune response against the fetus during pregnancy.

Overview of the mechanisms that prevent the immune system from attacking the body's own cells.

Discussion on autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, myasthenia gravis, and celiac disease, caused by the immune system attacking self-antigens.

Importance of matching donors and recipients in organ transplants to prevent immune rejection.

Strategies to prevent organ rejection, including immunosuppressive drugs and total lymphoid irradiation.

The process of blood transfusion compatibility and the risks associated with incompatible blood types.

Complications of hemolysis, including hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and kidney damage.

Historical context on blood transfusion methods and advancements in preventing air embolism.

Call to action for viewers to support the channel and access additional educational resources.

Transcripts

play00:00

what's going on everybody is medicosis

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perfectionist where medicine makes

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perfect sense let's continue our

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physiology playlist in the last video we

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talked about the hemorrhagial immunity

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or the b cell immunity today it's time

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to talk about the cell mediated or

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cellular immunity or t cell immunity b

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lymphocytes mainly defend your body

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against bacteria but t lymphocytes

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defend your body against viruses and

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fungi joe rogan may relate now let's get

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started who secretes antibodies plasma

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cells where did they come from from b

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lymphocytes what happens when your

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antibody meets the foreign antigen

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neutralization of the bad antigen

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opsinization make it tasty agglutination

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activation of the natural killer cell to

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kill those bacteria and activation of

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the complement system remember the

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antigen antibody complex activates the

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classical pathway of the complement we

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have three complement pathways number

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one the classical pathway number two

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alternative pathway number three mannose

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binding lectin pathway how do your

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immune cells such as the lymphocytes

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communicate with each other they release

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cytokines what does cyto mean cell

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because they are talking to each other

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and they are cells kinds from kinetic

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motion oh some secreting chemicals to

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put these cells in motion love it here

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is the most basic idea of cytokines they

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are divided into three categories

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the interleukins colony stimulating

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factors and tumor necrosis factor ilcsf

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tnf what does inter mean between look

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leukocytes or white blood cells i n is a

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protein or peptide or whatever so

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interleukin literally means the internet

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of the leukocytes i love it this is how

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they communicate with each other colony

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stimulating factors factors that

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stimulate the colony of the white blood

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cells for example and if you remember my

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previous videos we talked about gcsf and

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gm csf granulocyte colony stimulating

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factor and granulocyte monocyte colony

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stimulating factor let's review the

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story of immunology here is a foreign

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bacteria invading your body we'll take a

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piece of it the piece is called the

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antigen and then who's gonna present the

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antigen antigen presenting cells duh

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presented to whom to the lymphocytes and

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when the lymphocytes recognize the

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antigen they will stop being so naive

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and they will grow the french toast up

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grow to do what to destroy the microbe t

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lymphocytes especially the t helper

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cells are going to activate the b

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lymphocytes so that the b lymphocytes

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become plasma cells to secrete

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antibodies or to become memory cells so

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that we can remember this interaction so

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that the second exposure to the same

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antigen is gonna be faster and stronger

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we're gonna kick that bacteria in the

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butt as you know the antigen presenting

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cells could be a macrophage a v

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lymphocytes or a dendritic cell b

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lymphocytes hemorrhal immunity t

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lymphocytes cell mediated immunity why

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do you call this femoral immunity

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because we're secreting antibodies in

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the humors the fluids of the body such

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as the serum or your mucous membrane

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fluid why do you call this cell mediated

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because the cell by itself is gonna go

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and kill this stupid virus face to face

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cell to cell that's why it is cell

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mediated the t lymphocytes could be t

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helper cd4 or t cytotoxic cd8 the

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cluster of differentiation is like your

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identification card how does the police

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recognize adam by his id okay how do you

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recognize the type of the lymphocytes by

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their cd the t toxic side to toxic toxic

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to cells i'm toxic to fungi virus

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infected cells and cancer cells but t

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helper is of huge help i can help my

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sister i can help my brother i can help

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my neighbor okay tell me about your

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sister the t-shirt toxic i am cd4 she's

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cd8 she's my sister we're very close

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both of us have cd3 as well okay why

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would you help the t-cell toxic to kill

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foreigners and cancers how do you help

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your brother i help the t regulatory

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cell formerly the t suppressor cell

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suppress my own immunity a little bit so

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that i do not attack my own cells so

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that i gain tolerance to the self

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otherwise i will get autoimmune diseases

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how do you help your neighbor i will

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help my neighbor the bay lymphocyte to

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mature and grow the french toast up so

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that it can become memory cell to

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remember the same bacteria when she

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comes again next time or to become

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plasma cells to secrete antibodies into

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the fluids of my body let's activate the

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t cell what's that the antigen

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presenting cell presenting what the

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antigen or the food to the t lymphocyte

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and what's the tray on which you put the

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food mhc okay

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if we are activating

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cd8 we will use mhc class 1 but if we

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are activating cd4 t lymphocytes we will

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use mhc2 so that the product is always

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8. mhc class 1

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will activate cd8 t cells and mhc class

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2 will activate cd4 cells the result is

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8. okay so now i know that the mhc major

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histocompatibility complex will interact

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with the t cell receptor which is a

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receptor on the t lymphocyte imagine my

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shock but why did we call it major

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histocompatibility complex major because

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it's a major group of proteins and there

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is another group called minor complex

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because it's more than one protein

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histocompatible i love it compatible

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with my own tissue and that's why when i

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saw the bacteria this was not compatible

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oh it's about compatibility then you got

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it what's that this is the id of the

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lymphocyte i could be cd4 or cd8 whether

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i'm cd4 or cd8 i'll also have the cd3 id

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this is the first signal the second

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signal is cd 8086 from the antigen

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presenting cell with cd 28 from the t

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lymphocyte everything here is eight 80

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86 28. they will interact together so

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here is signal number one and here is

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signal number two that's why we call

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this signal and co signal or co

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stimulation

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cd8086 has another name b7 protein why

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b7 the way i remember it is that the

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antigen presenting cell could be a b

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lymphocyte right yeah it's easy to

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remember 7 28 8086 what is acquired

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immunodeficiency syndrome or aids it's a

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syndrome which means more than one

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symptom affecting the same person

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immunodeficiency my immune system is

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weak deficient acquired because it's not

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inherited it's not congenital i'm not

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born with it most of the time i acquire

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it later in life whether it is through

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inner course parental transmission by

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injections vertical transmission from

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mommy to baby while passing through the

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vaginal canal during delivery or from

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mommy to baby via breastfeeding this is

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the name of the disease and i've just

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told you about the route of transmission

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but what's the cause oh the infectious

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particle is hiv virus which is an rna

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virus there are two types of this or two

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major types hiv-1 and hiv2 which one is

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more common hiv-1 which one is more

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global

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hiv-1 it's gonna attack my cd4

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helper t lymphocytes and therefore i

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cannot help my sister and i cannot help

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my neighbor i cannot kill virus

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virus-infected cells and i cannot

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secrete antibodies that's why my

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immunity is frail another important

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point mom is different from the baby

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their genetic material is different and

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they are immunologically different and

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that's why the placenta is so important

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the placenta acts as a barrier between

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the mother and the fetus to prevent the

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mixing of blood between the maternal and

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the fetal sides and in order for mommy

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not to attack her baby the pregnancy

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will induce a state of

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immunodeficiency which is protective for

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the survival of the fetus that's why we

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do not give pregnant women live

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attenuated vaccines because their

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immunity is already weak and live

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attenuated vaccines contain the live

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microorganism or the life agent this

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could be dangerous during pregnancy

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moreover the placenta secretes human

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leukocytic antigen g have you ever heard

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of g no i've heard of hla a b c which

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are part of mhc1 and hlad which is part

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of mhc2 i've never heard of hlag yup

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this is unique to pregnancy and g stands

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for gestation do you want your immune

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system to attack and destroy foreign

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invaders abso freaking lootly do you

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want your immune system to attack your

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own cells oh heck no if my immune system

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attacks my own cells i will get an

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autoimmune disease which is horrible

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then how come normally speaking your

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immune system does not attack your own

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cells how did the immune system tell the

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difference between the self and the

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non-self jazillion mechanisms i'll just

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give you three number one colonel energy

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those two lymphocytes that might get

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crazy and attack my own cells will just

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make them weak will weaken them and no

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energy from energy like no energy all

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the t lymphocytes will be stupid and

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lazy so that they do not attack my own

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antigens how about the one that are

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super strong against my own cells delete

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them destroy them wipe them out where

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did the t lymphocyte mature in the

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thymus okay i will destroy it there also

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the t regulatory cells formally t

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suppressor cells will suppress my own

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immunity just a little now what if i

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fail to do all of this your immune

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system is gonna attack your own cells

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creating auto antibodies and this is

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called an autoimmune disease such as

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type 1 diabetes where you have

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antibodies attacking your own pancreas

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especially the beta cells which make

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insulin myasthenia gravis you have

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antibodies attacking your own nicotinic

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sub m receptor on the skeletal muscle

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that's why these patients are weak we

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also have celiac disease which is auto

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antibodies against tissue

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transglutaminase iga in the small

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intestine

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rheumatoid lupus and others there are

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other topics that you need to know when

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it comes to the physiology of the blood

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and the immune system and this is the

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incompatibility and the rh

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incompatibility they were discussed in

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great detail in my hematology playlist

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right here on youtube let's talk about

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tissue transplant okay here is adam's

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kidney right adam is donating a kidney

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to sarah because sarah needs a kidney as

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you might have noticed adam is different

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from sarah well no duh adam has a

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different mhc than sarah yeah its major

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h2 compatibility of course was

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compatible with adam might not be the

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same as what's compatible with sarah

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thank you captain obvious can this be a

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problem absolutely adam gave his kidney

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to sarah but sarah recognized the kidney

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as foreign to her and started attacking

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the kidney and destroying the kidney

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after the transplant surgery i don't

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recognize this kidney this is just some

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caring behavior right there hey

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mithicosis why are you attacking

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patients so much why don't you have some

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respect for yourself yes ma'am i was

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just joking so how do we prevent this

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how do we prevent this organ rejection

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well before surgery we have to do some

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stuff and after surgery we have to do

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some stuff before surgery match the

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donor with the recipient how do i do it

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groups make sure they match our age

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groups make sure that they match and hla

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matching and then you prepare the

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patient by suppressing the patient's

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immunity so that the patient's immune

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system does not attack the new kidney

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and immunosuppressants include

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glucocorticoids or steroids cyclosporine

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cyrolimus tacrolimus

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antithymocyte globulins etc if it is so

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severe total lymphoid irradiation we

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will destroy sarah's lymphoid organs so

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that they do not secrete crazy

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lymphocytes that attack the new kidney

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these medications are not the same they

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have different indications different

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side effects etc and this was discussed

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in my course called anti-cancer

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pharmacology available to download on my

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website medicosisperfectsnation.com

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blood

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same concept applies before you give

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blood from a donor to a recipient match

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them make sure they are compatible with

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each other because if they are not

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compatible bad things can happen antigen

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antibody reaction destroying the red

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blood cell too it's gonna rupture

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causing hemolysis and hemolytic anemia

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also these complexes can clog vessels

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causing ischemia and pain historically

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before we used plastic bags for blood we

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used to use glass bottles the blood will

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run out and then air bubbles will go

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from the bottle to the patient's blood

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causing air embolism but now the plastic

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bags they will just recoil after the

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last drop of blood preventing air

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embolism this is huge if you gave the

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patient some dirty blood you might

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introduce infections that's why before

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you give any blood you need to screen it

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make sure that it's healthy and clean

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and does not contain hiv hepatitis b

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hepatitis c and others back to hemolysis

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what are the complications of hemolysis

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remember that this is a red blood cell

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right red blood cell so like any cell it

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has lots of potassium because potassium

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is more abundant intracellularly than

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extracellularly it has phosphate

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remember atp

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and the membrane has what

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phospholipid okay and hemoglobin that's

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in the red blood cell so when the red

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blood cell bursts it will release tons

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of potassium and phosphate and

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hemoglobin into the blood causing

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hyperkalemia hyperphosphatemia

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phosphate and calcium like hate each

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other there is an inverse relationship

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between them we call this the solubility

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product so whenever phosphate goes up

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usually calcium goes down hemoglobin

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lots of hemoglobin in the blood is

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called hemoglobin anemia eventually it's

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going to end up in the kidney hemoglobin

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area hemoglobin can destroy your kidney

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kidney failure and hemosiderin auria

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cetera means iron as you know hemoglobin

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is made of heme and globin and the heme

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is made of iron and protoporphyrin these

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two doofuses are toxic to the kidney if

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mitochosis has helped you this year

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please consider buying me a coffee go to

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buymeacoffee.com

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you can get my anti-cancer pharmacology

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course my endocrine pharmacology course

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on my website medicosisperfixnet.com

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and you can get a 40 discount by using

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promo code kidney at checkout thank you

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for watching please subscribe hit the

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bell and click on the join button you

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can support me here or here go to my

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website to download my premium courses

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be safe stay happy study hard this is

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mitochosis perfect snails where medicine

play16:45

makes perfect sense

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Related Tags
ImmunologyCellular ImmunityT-LymphocytesB-LymphocytesAntibodiesCytokinesAutoimmunityHIV/AIDSTransplant RejectionHemolysisImmune System