Archeology 1 (1/3)
Summary
TLDRThe video script details the Neolithic period in the Philippines, spanning from 7,000 to 2,000 years ago, marked by advanced stone tools and early agriculture. It features Dr. Robert Fox, an authority on Philippine prehistory, who discusses the discovery of various stone and shell tools, including a gouge for carving boats and an axe for clearing land. The script also covers the excavation of Tabon Cave, where over 200 burial jars and Stone Age tools were found, indicating continuous human habitation for thousands of years. The Tagbanua people, indigenous to Palawan, assisted in the excavation, potentially unearthing artifacts from their own ancestors.
Takeaways
- 🗺️ The period from 7,000 to 2,000 years ago in the Philippines is known as the Neolithic period.
- 🚣♂️ During this era, people sailed to the islands, practiced agriculture, and had advanced stone technology.
- 🛠️ The late Professor H Utley's collection includes various Neolithic tools like gouges and axes, indicating the craftsmanship of the time.
- 🌊 Shell tools found suggest that early inhabitants may have migrated from Asia through the Philippines into the Pacific islands.
- 👕 Bark cloth beaters, with grooves for making tree bark clothing, were among the artifacts discovered.
- 🏺 Beautiful nephrite jade tools, estimated at over 5,000, were excavated, showcasing the aesthetic and technical skills of the Stone Age people.
- 🛑 The Stone Age in the Philippines lasted over 50,000 years, ending around 2,000 years ago with the introduction of metals.
- 🔨 The introduction of metals like copper, bronze, iron, and gold marked a significant social and technological shift.
- 🏞️ Dr. Robert Fox, an authority on Philippine prehistory, discusses the long-lasting cultural patterns that persist in some areas.
- 🔍 The search for a Stone Age site in Palawan, an island near Borneo, led to the discovery of Tabon Cave, a significant archaeological site.
- ⚔️ Excavations at Tabon Cave revealed stone tools and burial jars, indicating the site was used for habitation and funeral practices over thousands of years.
Q & A
What period is referred to as the New Stone Age or Neolithic in the Philippines?
-The period from about 7,000 years ago to 2,000 years ago is referred to as the New Stone Age or Neolithic in the Philippines.
What significant changes occurred during the Neolithic period in the Philippines?
-During the Neolithic period, man sailed into the islands, practiced agriculture, and had vastly improved stone technology.
What is a gouge and what was it likely used for?
-A gouge is a type of tool made of stone, believed to have been used to carve boats that man sailed through the islands.
What is the significance of the shell tools found in the Tabon caves?
-The shell tools found in the Tabon caves suggest that the man came out of Asia through the Philippines into the Pacific islands.
What material were the bark cloth beaters made from?
-The bark cloth beaters were made from the hinge area of the giant clam, which looks like stone but is actually shell.
What type of stone tools were particularly beautiful and made of nephrite?
-The most beautiful stone tools recovered in the Philippines are the ground and highly polished adzes made of nephrite, a type of true jade.
How long did the Stone Age last in the Philippines?
-The Stone Age in the Philippines lasted for more than 50,000 years and continued until only 2,000 years ago when metals appeared.
What metals marked the end of the Stone Age in the Philippines?
-The appearance of copper, bronze, iron, and even gold marked the end of the Stone Age in the Philippines.
Why was the island of Palawan chosen for the search for a Stone Age site?
-Palawan was chosen because it almost joins the coastline of Borneo, where remains of Stone Age man had been discovered in the great limestone cave of Niah.
Who are the Tagbanua people and how did they assist in the excavation at Tabon Cave?
-The Tagbanua are a minority that has inhabited Palawan for as long as anyone knows. They assisted in the excavation by being skilled in handling local materials like rattan and bamboo, which they still use in their daily lives.
What challenges did the archaeologists face during the excavation at Tabon Cave?
-The archaeologists faced challenges due to the floor of the cave being disturbed by the digging of megapodes, which caused confusion in the layers of the floor and made it difficult to determine the stratification.
Outlines
🏞️ Neolithic Life in the Philippines
This paragraph discusses the Neolithic period in the Philippines, dating from approximately 7,000 to 2,000 years ago. It describes the lifestyle of the people during this era, including their advanced stone technology, agriculture, and seafaring. The collection of late Professor H Utley is highlighted, which is rich in Neolithic materials. Various stone tools, such as gouges for carving boats, axes for cutting trees, and shell tools made from giant clams, are mentioned as evidence of the people's activities and origins. The paragraph also touches on the debate over the migration patterns of early humans through the Philippines into the Pacific islands. Additionally, it describes the discovery of nephrite tools, a type of true jade, and the social and technological changes that occurred with the introduction of metals like copper, bronze, iron, and gold, which marked the end of the Stone Age in the Philippines.
🔍 Excavation of Tabon Cave
The second paragraph details the archaeological excavation of Tabon Cave in Palawan, led by Dr. Fox and his team. The cave was chosen for exploration due to its potential as a Stone Age site, similar to the limestone caves of Sarawak where remains of Stone Age man were previously discovered. The team faced challenges such as clearing vegetation and recruiting local Tagbanua people, who were skilled with local materials and whose lifestyle and appearance were distinct from the mainstream Filipinos. The excavation revealed over 200 burial jars dating back 2,000 years, indicating a practice of placing the bones of the dead in jars and hiding them in high caves. The presence of stone tools on the surface suggested that the cave was inhabited by ancient man thousands of years before the jar burial people. The paragraph also describes the challenges of excavation due to the disturbance of the cave floor by megapodes, which complicated the stratification necessary for dating the site. The importance of using accurate and scientific methods during the excavation is emphasized, with a focus on delicate exploratory work using ice picks and brushes.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Neolithic
💡Land Bridges
💡Agriculture
💡Stone Technology
💡Gouge
💡Axe
💡Shell Tools
💡Tabon Cave
💡Nephrite
💡Metals
💡Stratification
Highlights
The period from 7,000 to 2,000 years ago in the Philippines was the Neolithic era, where significant advancements in stone technology and agriculture were made.
Man sailed into the islands during the Neolithic period using boats carved with stone tools like gouges.
Agriculture was practiced, and land was cleared with stone axes for planting rice and root crops.
Shell tools made from giant clam shells were used, suggesting a connection with Asia.
The collection of late Professor H Utley is rich in Neolithic materials, showcasing the variety of stone tools used.
Bark cloth beaters with longitudinal grooves were used for making clothing from tree bark.
Over 5,000 nephrite tools, a type of true jade, have been excavated in the Philippines.
The Stone Age in the Philippines lasted over 50,000 years, ending around 2,000 years ago with the introduction of metals.
The introduction of metals like copper, bronze, iron, and gold marked a period of great social and technological change.
Basic material culture and life patterns of the people were developed during this era, some of which persist in isolated areas.
Dr. Robert Fox, a leading authority, discusses the prehistory of the Philippines and the search for Stone Age sites.
Tabon Cave on Palawan Island is a significant Stone Age site with evidence of human habitation.
The Tagbanua people, a minority group in Palawan, assisted in the excavation, possibly unearthing their ancestors' past.
Over 200 burial jars were found in Tabon Cave, indicating a practice of jar burial for the dead.
Stone tools were found on the surface of Tabon Cave, suggesting ancient man's presence thousands of years before the jar burial people.
The cave's conditions, such as being dry and bug-free, made it an ideal habitation site for ancient man.
The excavation at Tabon Cave was a significant scientific endeavor, requiring careful and accurate methods.
The use of delicate tools like ice picks and brushes was crucial for the exploratory work in the cave.
Transcripts
the period from about 7,000 years ago to
2,000 years ago was the new Stone Age or
Neolithic in the Philippines during the
new Stone Age man sailed into the island
the land bridges had disappeared he
practiced agriculture and he had a
vastly improved stone technology the
collection of the late Professor H Utley
buyer is particularly wealthy in
neolithic materials this is a gouge a
type of tool made of stone which we
believe was used to carve the boats that
man sailed through the islands this much
larger stone tool is an axe used to cut
trees in the forest where he planted his
agricultural clearings of rice and root
crops another type of tool which was
recovered in the table own caves looks
like stone but is actually shell made
from the hinge area of the giant clam
this is one of the many evidences which
would suggest the man came out of Asia
through the Philippines into the Pacific
island
despite the opinions of the people who
work with the cone Tiki expedition
this is still another type of stone tool
a bark cloth beater with longitudinal
grooves on its face clothing at that
time was made from the bark of trees the
most beautiful of the stone tools
recovered in the Philippines are these
ground and highly polished accident
adzes made of nephrite a type of true
jade is estimated that more than 5000
nephrite tools have been excavated or
collected in the Philippines the Stone
Age in the Philippines lasted for more
than 50,000 years and continued until
only 2,000 years ago when the metals
appeared copper bronze iron even gold
there was a period of great social and
technological change when the basic
material culture of the people here was
developed and the basic patterns of
their life some of which exist
in isolated areas of the Philippines
even today that was dr. Robert Fox a
leading authority on the prehistory of
the Philippines the Philippines that
chain of islands stretching a thousand
miles between the Pacific and the South
China Sea in the extreme southwest of
the archipelago on the island of Palawan
stands the rocky outcrop of lafawn point
densely forested and sparsely inhabited
a search is in progress along the plowin
coast for a likely Stone Age site all
the stone poles he that - encountered
had come from casual finds that been no
scientific excavations in the
Philippines a places where Stone Age man
might actually have lived dr. parks
remembers well the feeling of excitement
as he and the party from the Philippine
National Museum waded ashore for the
first time in 1963 he already knew from
evidence in other parts of Southeast
Asia that Stone Age man had lived in
limestone caves this might well be the
place they were looking for allow an
island had been chosen because it almost
joins the coastline of Borneo where a
few years earlier and the great
limestone cave of Mia in the state of
Sarawak remains of Stone Age man had
been discovered dr. Fox and his team
were right and now several years later
they're revisiting Tabon cave site of
their own successful excavation when
they first arrived the cave mouth was
covered with a screen of fees that had
to be filled before work could begin
beside museum staff a number of local
people had to be recruited to help most
of Filipinos / to fill them were tagged
wanna a minority that is inhabited
palawan for as long as anyone knows and
that still lives there in small groups
today and this man Peto is a tag wanna
they are skilled in handling the local
materials Retton and bamboo and so they
should be but these are the materials
they still use in their daily lives this
man
Tomoko is another member of the tag
wanna people in way of life and in
appearance that quite distinct from the
filipinos they may well have been
helping to unearth their own people's
past when they started working on this
excavation with the National Museum and
dr. Foxx when we first climbed into
table on cave in 1963 there was like
stepping into the path along this wall
bathes in the afternoon sunlight were
jars large burial jar
some 2,000 years ago as we already knew
there was a practice throughout the
Philippines to place the bones of the
dead in jars and then to hide the jars
in high caves overlooking the sea where
they formed a majestic resting place for
the dead more than 200 jars were found
in table and cave some were broken some
had collapsed and some were almost
perfect resting there in this condition
for nearly 2,000 years we were far more
excited in the first exploration of
Table one cave to find tools of stone
lying on the surface indicating that
ancient man might have been in this cave
thousands and thousands of years before
the jar burial people appeared this cave
forms a perfect habitation site for man
there are no bugs it is dry the sea
living this perfect condition it is high
on the face of a cliff protected from
the elements it is a beautiful home
utilized for thousands of years by man
and carved by nature so from the start
they had good indication that Stone Age
man had inhabited this cave some of his
stone tools were lying right on the
surface alongside the burial jars there
was a problem the floor had already been
disturbed by the digging of a bird
locally known as the table or bird and
elsewhere is the mega poo which there is
its eggs deep in the loose soil where
they're left to hatch
these digging by the megapodes had
caused considerable confusion in the
levels of the floor for what the
archeologist seeks is good
stratification as he goes down through
layers of foil so he is going down
through layers of time the different
strata may correspond to thousands of
years of history loose earth can be
removed with a trowel but the actual
excavation must be done with a small I
speak this was one of the first major
excavations at the National Museum it
was most important that accurate and
scientific methods should be used the
ice pick and the brush are employed for
really delicate exploratory work
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