The 100 year history of faking photos | If You’re Listening
Summary
TLDRこのビデオスクリプトでは、偽造された写真や映像が社会に与える影響とその歴史について触れています。過去には政治家が写真を操作して敵を消したり、身長を変更するなどしていたと紹介されています。特に注目されるのは、1950年代にアメリカのジョー・マッカーシー議員が偽造写真を用いて政敵を非難し、選挙に影響を与えた出来事です。また、デジタル技術の発展とAdobe Photoshopの登場により、誰もが簡単に写真を改変できるようになり、その信頼性は低下しています。近年では人工知能(AI)を用いた写真生成技術が進歩し、偽造された写真や映像がインターネット上に蔓延していますが、人間はそれと戦う方法を模索しています。
Takeaways
- 👸 ケイト・ミドルトンは今年初めに公の場にほとんど姿を見せず、1月に腹部手術を行い、その後がんと診断され、治療を受けていた。
- 🤔 インターネットではケイトが顔の整形手術を受けたかもしれないという説や、彼女がマックスシンガーであるという理不尽な理論が広がっている。
- 📸 ケイトが診断を公表する前に家族との写真を公開し、その写真が改ざんされたことが明らかになり、ニュースエージェンシーがその写真を撤回した。
- 🧐 AIによって生成された偽の画像がインターネット上に広がり、人々が現実と虚偽を区別する能力が問われている。
- 🎨 過去100年間、写真を改ざんする技術と人々の懐疑心は競争しており、現在ではAIがその改ざんをさらに容易にしている。
- 🕊 政治的リーダーたちは過去に写真を編集して敵を排除したり、自分自身を高めたりして、国民を騙してきた。
- 📰 メディアは写真を報道することで、選挙の結果や政治的状況に影響を与えることができた。
- 🖼️ 1984年にPolaroidが開発した技術は、写真を操作し、細かい変更を加えることを可能にした。
- 💻 1990年代にはAdobe Photoshopが登場し、誰もが簡単に写真を改ざんできるようになった。
- 🌐 インターネット上に流通するAI生成の画像が増え、その中には有害なものも存在する。
- 🔍 2022年の研究によると、人々は写真が改ざんされたかどうかを60%程度の確率で判断できるが、具体的な改ざん点はほとんどわからない。
- 🛠️ 技術企業は偽の画像を特定するためのAIツールも開発しているが、それらもAIを利用している。
Q & A
ケイト・ミドルトンはなぜ数ヶ月間公の場に姿を見せずにいましたか?
-ケイト・ミドルトンは1月に計画的な腹部手術を行い、その後家族と休息していました。手術後にがんと診断され、化学療法を必要とし、現在は回復中です。
ケイト・ミドルトンが手術後にがんと診断されたことについて、なぜ彼女は公にしていなかったのですか?
-彼女ががんと診断されたことについて公にしていなかった理由は、それまでの腹部手術後にがんが発覚したため、治療に専念する必要があったからです。
ケイト・ミドルトンが子供たちとの写真を公開する前に何をしたと言われていますか?
-彼女は公開する前に写真を少し編集し、フォトショッピングを行っていました。
なぜケイト・ミドルトンの写真はいくつかの通信社によって拒否されたのですか?
-通信社はその写真が編集基準に合わないと判断し、そのため拒否しました。
AIが進化する中で、私たちは偽造された写真を検出する能力を失う可能性はありますか?
-AIによって偽造された写真が増えている一方で、人間の認識能力も進化していますが、偽造写真を検出することができるかどうかは未定です。
ジョセフ・スターリンはどのようにして写真を改ざんしましたか?
-スターリンはチームを組織して顔のニキビをぼやけさせたり身長を変更したりして写真を改ざんさせました。
ジョー・マッカーシーはどのようにして人々に共産主義者を示唆しましたか?
-マッカーシーはリストを振り回し、人々を追及して彼らが共産主義者でないことを証明させました。
マッカーシーが選挙前に公開した写真はどのようにして偽造されたのですか?
-マッカーシーのチームは2つの異なる写真をカットアウトし、一緒に貼り付け、合成写真を撮影して偽造を行いました。
1970年代のオーストラリアでの反戦デモで何が起こりましたか?
-ジョン・ゴートン首相はデモを撮影させ、反戦デモでビエトコンの旗を掲げるゴーフ・ウィトラムの合成写真を公開しましたが、後にオリジナルの写真が発見され、改ざんが露見しました。
1984年にPolaroidが開発した新しいプロセスとは何でしたか?
-Polaroidはオリジナルの画像をTV画面に表示し、それを操作して変更することができる新しいプロセスを開発しました。
2006年にReutersが配布したベイルートの写真はどのようにして改ざんされたのですか?
-実際には煙をコピーして貼り付けて、写真全体に煙が多かったように見せかけた改ざんがありました。
2017年の研究によると、人々はどの程度の写真の改ざんを検出できるでしょうか?
-2017年の研究によると、人々は改ざんされた写真を約60%の時に検出できますが、具体的な問題点を指摘できる人はさらに少ないと報告されています。
AIによって生成された画像はどのようにして人々を騙することができるのですか?
-AIによって生成された画像は非常にリアルに見えるため、多くの人々がそれらを本物と誤解して騙されます。
テクノロジー企業はどのようにして偽造された画像を特定するツールを開発していますか?
-テクノロジー企業はAIを利用して偽造された画像を特定するツールを開発しており、将来的にはそれらのツールを使って偽造画像を検出できるようになるかもしれません。
2022年の雪梨大学の研究によると、人々はどのようにして本物と偽物を見分けることができるのでしょうか?
-2022年の雪梨大学の研究によると、人々は意識していないが、本物と偽物を見分けることができるとされています。
Outlines
📸 偽造された写真の歴史と現代の問題
この段落では、Kate Middletonが公の場に姿を現さない理由として、網膜の外科手術後にがんが発見され、化学療法が必要になったとされる出来事から始まります。その後、彼女が子供たちとの写真を公開し、それが少し修正されていたことが話題になりました。これは、偽造された写真がインターネット上で広まることについての議論を引き起こしました。写真の改ざんは長い歴史があり、特に20世紀の政治指導者たちがその力を使っていたことが触れられています。また、US senator Joe McCarthyが共产主义者を非難し、偽の写真を用いて敵を作り出し、それが選挙に影響を与えたことも紹介されています。
📷 過去の政治陰謀とメディアの役割
この段落では、写真の力が政治的なものにも影響を与えた過去の出来事が2つの例で紹介されています。まず、1950年代のアメリカで、Senator Millard Tydingsが共産主義者と関わっていると非難された際、Joe McCarthyが偽の写真を用いて彼を攻撃し、選挙に影響を与えました。次に、1970年代のオーストラリアでは、反戦運動を非難するため、政府は実際には異なる場所にいたウィトラム首相をベトコンの旗の下に見せかける偽の写真を公開しました。これらの出来事は、写真が人々の認識を変える力を持っていることを示しています。
🖼️ AIと写真改ざん技術の進歩
最後の段落では、写真改ざん技術が進歩し、人々の判断力を試すことが議論されています。1984年にはPolaroidが新しい画像処理技術を開発し、1990年代にはAdobe Photoshopが登場しました。この技術は広告やファッション業界で広く使われるようになりました。2006年には、Reutersが実際には改ざんされた煙を多くした写真を配信し、多くのメディアがそれを報道してしまいました。2017年の研究によると、人々は60%の時に改ざんされた写真を見抜くことができたが、具体的な問題点を指摘できるのは少数でした。AI技術が進歩し、誰でも簡単に写真を生成できるようになり、偽造された写真がインターネット上で広がるようになりました。2022年の研究では、人々が意識的ではないが、本物と偽物を見分ける能力があることが示されています。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡ケイト・ミドルトン
💡偽造写真
💡人工知能
💡ジョセフ・スターリン
💡ジョー・マッカーシー
💡フォトショップ
💡ルイ・インディアン纳・ポール
💡リュータース
💡AI生成画像
💡ファクチェック
Highlights
Kate Middleton's public absence sparked various theories, including a facelift and cancer diagnosis.
After abdominal surgery, Kate Middleton was diagnosed with cancer requiring chemotherapy.
Kate Middleton admitted to photoshopping a family photo before releasing it to the media.
The manipulation of images raises questions about the authenticity of visual content in the digital age.
Photo manipulation has a long history, with political leaders like Joseph Stalin editing images to their advantage.
US Senator Joe McCarthy used a doctored photo as a political weapon against his rival, leading to widespread belief despite its flaws.
In 1970, Australian opposition leader Gough Whitlam was falsely implicated through a doctored photo, affecting public perception.
The advent of digital technology in 1984 marked a significant shift in the ease of photo manipulation.
Photoshop made photo manipulation accessible to the masses, challenging the reliability of visual evidence.
In 2006, a Reuters photo was found to be manipulated, raising concerns about the integrity of news images.
AI-generated images are becoming increasingly prevalent and sophisticated, blurring the line between reality and fiction.
A 2017 study revealed that people can only identify photoshopped images about 60% of the time.
AI-generated images have been used to create fake news and explicit content without consent, raising ethical concerns.
Tech companies are developing tools to identify fake images, using AI to combat the issue it helped create.
A 2022 study suggests that people may subconsciously detect AI-generated images, offering some hope for discerning authenticity.
The human ability to discern real from fake images is being tested as AI technology advances.
Transcripts
earlier this year you might recall Kate
Middleton had barely been seen in public
for months what is going on with Kate
Middleton I rounded up all of the Kate
Middleton as missing theories on the
internet where is Kate Middleton Kate
Middleton had a planned abdominal
surgery in January she is resting with
her family did she have a facelift
people think that she's on the mass
singer we now know that the reason she
hadn't been seen was because following
that abdominal surgery doctors diagnosed
her with cancer which would require her
to have
chemotherapy she's in recovery but one
aspect of this Saga that got me thinking
was the photo that she put out of her
and her kids before revealing Her
diagnosis the internet went into a
frenzy open after Distributing it to
news outlets around the world the news
agencies like the Associated Press had
to withdraw the picture saying it didn't
meet their editorial standards several
agencies have rejected this Photograph
it's called a kill notification then the
princess admitted that she had had a
little bit of a twiddle with it
photoshopping it a little before sending
it out potentially manipulated image of
the Princess of Wales but fake images
are everywhere now it's harmless fun
when it's in a Tik Tok slideshow but
what if it's naked photos of a celebrity
what if it's fake photos from an
election what if it's you in the image
can whatever spidey sense we have for
detecting what's real real and what's
not stand up to the barrage of fake
images that artificial intelligence is
going to throw us in the coming years
there's a long history of people
doctoring photos it's been a constant
race between technology and human
skepticism but is a Time coming where we
won't be able to tell the
difference where did you come from the
the future obviously okay uh is that for
me uh sure but I can't hand it to you
the graphics are too expensive I'll pop
it down here on the table
okay I'm Matt
Biv and this is if you're
[Music]
listening photo manipulation seems like
a distinctly modern conundrum but it
history goes back to the invention of
the camera and in the mid 20th century
there were a number of political leaders
who took full advantage of our
gullibility and our belief that the
camera never lies communist leaders like
Joseph Stalin and Ma adong loved editing
photos to remove former friends who had
become enemies Stalin had a team of guys
who were tasked with blurring out the
pock marks on his face or making him
seemed taller than his actual height of
5'5 but the first time the public was
completely fooled and a scandal erupted
was via the biggest conspiracy theorist
of the 1950s
US senator Joe
McCarthy Joe McCarthy was a Republican
and a veteran of World War II dive ball
missions he went from relative obscurity
to Global Fame in 1950 when he said that
there was a secret communist conspiracy
to infiltrate the top levels of us
Society I think we've got a much more
serious situation now in communist
infiltration of the CIA disturbs me
beyond words he was the Oprah Winfrey of
calling people a communist he saw
Communists everywhere communist
communist communist communist
communistic communist in the early 50s
McCarthy ran around waving lists and
demanding that people prove they weren't
Communists he thought that Communists
were Rife in government universities and
Hollywood he was also hunting for
homosexuals early on in his Rampage a
rival Senator named Millard Tidings
accused McCarthy of making it all up
that the Communists he was hunting were
a morale
McCarthy responded by circulating a
photograph of Senator Tidings chatting
conspiratorially with the head of the
American Communist party just before an
election
gotcha but in fact the two men had never
met McCarthy's team had taken two
separate photos cut them out with
scissors stuck them together and then
photographed the cut together picture
they'd done a pretty bad job the picture
of Tidings had been taken 12 years
earlier and he'd at aged a lot since
then plus there was a big black shadow
over the middle of the picture to cover
the Stitch but it worked no matter how
hard Tidings insisted that the photo was
fake he couldn't shake the accusation
that he was connected to Communists
newspapers reported that it was a fake
one of them even published a picture
showing McCarthy deep in conversation
with a gorilla as an example of how
composite photography was done but it
was no use people believed what they saw
with their own two eyes they saw no
reason not to a Picture Tells a thousand
words this was the power of Photography
at the
time Tidings lost the election and
McCarthy became Untouchable from
Maryland comes the upset of the day
Republican John Marshall Butler a lawyer
running for his first office defeats
Miller Tidings who rejected Senator
McCarthy's charges of Communism in
government don't mess with tail Gunner
Jo McCarthy you'll lose your
job this even happened in
Australia in 1970 opposition to the
Vietnam War was extremely high Federal
opposition leader gof whitlam was
critical of Australia's involvement in
the war and opposed conscription he went
to speak to a large protest outside
Parliament House and it will bear out
for everybody looking at it in Australia
how orderly and dedicated your protest
is against conscription and Australian
involvement in Vietnam at the time the
federal government had its own news
agency which the Prime Minister could
control the Prime Minister John Gorton
sent them to photograph the protest the
following day a damning photograph was
tabled in Parliament a photo of whitlam
speaking to the crowd standing under the
flag of the Viet Kong Gorton and his
government used this to their full
advantage he was prepared to go and
talked to these people who were flying
the flags of our enemies whitlam denied
standing anywhere near a Viet Kong flag
there was a Road between me and the
people with the flag it's the lot of any
leader of the labor party to have this
personal assault on him and of course
the newspapers avidly collaborate in
this effort he was attacked in
Parliament and in the Press but then
that pesky original print of the photo
emerged anybody seeing the the flag
photos would see that they had been
doctored when people saw the original it
was clear that it had been cropped
delicately to make it look like whitlam
was standing under a flag that was in
fact hundreds of feet behind him the
public had been
fooled I think that the McCarthy and
Gorton examples show something really
interesting there was a time when people
could be smeared maligned damaged
politically by a single photograph
photographs had the power to change
people's perception of a war or a
government or of an individual person a
picture may still be worth a thousand
words but what about that old saying the
camera never lies which made it all the
more disturbing when altering a photo
started getting much much
easier in 1984 which shockingly was 40
years ago ABC reporter Ian Finley
visited the headquarters of the film
company Polaroid which was developing
something new the process involves
taking an original image or picture
putting it up on a TV screen and then
beginning to play around with it and
modify it the Polaroid researchers
showed in a picture of a woman at a pool
and then zoomed in and changed the color
of a single Pixel making it look like
she had a black dot on one of her teeth
and then if I pull the magnification
back again you can see what a difference
that one black Square makes Ian Finley
was being shown the beginnings of what
would eventually be known as
photoshopping operators say they can
take a group photograph for instance and
rearrange the people's heads on
different shoulders in such perfect
detail it would be impossible to tell a
change had been made the advertising and
fashion magazine Industries jumped on
this technology first but by 1990 tech
company Adobe made it available to
anyone who wanted it you can do this for
$800 now it used to cost a million 2
years ago so anybody can do it the
Macintosh and Photoshop that's all you
need now everyone had technology at
their fingertips that could potentially
fool the most Savvy news consumer
everyone including news
editors in July 2006 clouds of smoke
were a constant sight around the
Lebanese Capital Beirut Israel said it
would intensify its attacks in Lebanon
and this was the result in the southern
suburbs of Beirut Hezbollah has also
stepped up its attacks on Israel
Hezbollah and Israel were at War and the
world's media descended capturing videos
and photos of the destruction a series
of photos of smoke Rising above Beirut
was distributed by the newswire service
Reuters the photos were everywhere
editors around the world including here
at the Abc posted the image on their
websites but something wasn't right with
this
picture real patches of smoke had been
copied and then pasted all over the
place to make it look like there was
much more smoke than in the original
picture smoke had been added to the
image probably using a Photoshop clone
tool it looks like the work of a kid who
has never used Photoshop before that
anyone could look at this picture and go
Yep looks pretty smoky in Beirut instead
of yo what's going on here is
astonishing to me with nearly 20 years
of hindsight but there you go almost
everyone was
fooled that was back in 2006 and as we
all know Photoshop has gotten a lot
better since then the question is has
our ability to tell real from fake being
able to keep up a study in 2017 found
that people can only tell when
something's been photoshopped about 60%
of the time and even fewer can tell you
what's actually wrong with a picture so
the big question is what's going to
happen now that we've got artificial
intelligence to help us do whatever we
want with the picture with basically no
skills required will our ability to tell
what's real and what's fake drop to
[Music]
zero in March last year a lot of
journalists around the world were
killing time waiting for a really big
news event we may be about to see an
extraordinary moment in history everyone
was waiting for the first indictment of
Donald Trump are we expecting Trump to
be arrested this week look that's the
question we're obviously all asking
investigative journalist Elliot Higgins
who specializes in factchecking and in
open source intelligence with his
website Belling cat decided to pass the
time while waiting for Trump's arrest by
generating AI pictures of what that
arrest might look like the pictures
started with Trump tussling with police
and then Trump on the run then Trump
crying in court then getting dressed
into orange prison clothes then getting
jacked in the prison gym and then making
a break for Freedom the photos which are
clearly satirical started circulating
through the internet where many thought
at least at least some of them were real
people were Fooled Again in the last
year or so AI generated images have been
flooding the internet some of the images
are harmless and some are not Global pop
icon Taylor Swift spoke out in January
after fake obscene images of her spread
across the web apps are available
everywhere that are helping people make
exploitative images of anyone some using
AI to create explicit images without the
subject's consent
Australia's e safety commission has
started receiving complaints about
school students using it on their peers
so can we actually tell if they're real
or fake lots of people say that the key
is in the hands AI struggles to make
real looking hands so they often have
the wrong number of fingers or the
fingers are bent at weird angles but is
that
it when AI inevitably fixes the hand
thing is it going to be all over for
humans well there is some good news news
a 2022 study by the University of Sydney
asked people to look at some images some
were real and some were fake what the
researchers found was that the subjects
seem to be able to subconsciously tell
the difference between what's real and
what's not even if they couldn't explain
it so there might be some hope if we can
harness that in some way Additionally
the tech companies who are developing AI
tools said that they're also developing
tools tools to help identify fake images
I should be clear those tools will also
be using
AI for the last 100 years humans have
generally trailed behind technology but
we do catch up analog doctor images
worked once but now they don't Photoshop
worked once but now not quite as well AI
is good but is it good enough to trick
the human
brain we'll see
[Music]
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