El origen de los incas
Summary
TLDREl guion narra la mitología y la historia de los incas, desde su origen en la cultura Tiahuanaco hasta la formación del imperio. Se describe el exilio de los Taipicalas, la emergencia de Manco Cápac y la fundación de Cusco. Se relata la leyenda de los hermanos Ayar y su búsqueda de tierras fértiles, así como la expansión y la organización social que sentarían las bases del imperio inca. El guion también aborda la sucesión de líderes y la transformación del estado de curacazgo en un vasto imperio bajo Pachacútec, marcando el inicio de la expansión prehispánica más grande de América.
Takeaways
- 🌟 La cultura inca tiene orígenes mixtos de mitología e historia, con influencias de la cultura Tiahuanaco en los altiplanos bolivianos cerca del Lago Titicaca.
- 🏃♂️ Los primeros incas, conocidos como Taipicalas, se exiliaron del lago Titicaca debido a la invasión aymara y buscaron nuevas tierras fértiles hacia el norte.
- 👑 Manco Cápac emergió como líder de este grupo étnico y es central en dos leyendas importantes sobre los orígenes de la civilización inca.
- 🌞 Según la leyenda de Manco Cápac y Mama Ocllo, ambos fueron enviados por el dios sol Inti para civilizar a la humanidad y fundar un gran imperio, utilizando un cetro dorado para encontrar el lugar adecuado.
- 🏠 Manco Cápac enseñó a los hombres a cultivar granos y construir casas, mientras que Mama Ocllo enseñó a las mujeres a hilar y tejer.
- 📍 El cetro dorado se hundió en la colina Huanacaure, cerca de Cusco, donde se fundó la capital del imperio inca.
- 👬 La leyenda de los hermanos Ayar narra que estos partieron de cuevas en el cerro Tambutoco con la misión de sembrar el maíz en tierras fértiles.
- 🔨 Ayar Manco, líder de los hermanos, encontró el lugar ideal en la colina Huanacaure, donde se transformó en piedra y se convirtió en objeto de culto.
- 🤝 Después de la llegada a Cusco, los incas se mezclaron con tribus locales, forjando alianzas y expandiendo su dominio.
- 🛕 Manco Cápac estableció el culto al sol e inició la construcción del templo Inticancha, hoy conocido como Coricancha.
- 🏛 La organización social y espacial de Cusco se dividió en Hanan Cusco y Hurin Cusco, con la nobleza y gobernantes elegidos de estas divisiones.
Q & A
¿De qué cultura provienen los primeros incas según el relato mitológico?
-Los primeros incas provienen de la cultura Tiahuanaco que vivía en las altas planicies bolivianas, en las orillas del Lago Titicaca.
¿Cuál fue la razón por la cual el grupo étnico conocido como Taipicalas tuvo que emprender un exilio?
-El grupo Taipicalas tuvo que emprender un exilio debido a la invasión Aymara de sus tierras, buscando estabilidad y tierras fértiles al norte.
¿Quiénes son los hermanos Ayar en la mitología inca y qué misión les fue encomendada por el dios creador Wiracocha?
-Los hermanos Ayar son cuatro pares de hermanos, hijos de Wiracocha, a quienes se les encomendó encontrar tierras fértiles para sembrar el maíz, el regalo que les había dado.
¿Cómo se llama la mujer que acompañó a Manco Cápac según la leyenda de Manco Cápac y Mama Ocllo?
-La mujer que acompañó a Manco Cápac es Mama Ocllo, según la leyenda de la misma denominación.
¿Qué herramienta divina recibieron Manco Cápac y Mama Ocllo para encontrar el lugar adecuado para fundar su capital?
-Manco Cápac y Mama Ocllo recibieron un bastón de oro de su padre, el dios Inti, que se hundiría en el lugar propicio para fundar su capital.
¿En qué lugar finalmente se hundió el bastón de oro y se fundó la capital inca?
-El bastón de oro se hundió en la colina de Huanacaure, en las cercanías de lo que hoy es Cusco, donde se fundó su capital.
¿Cómo contribuyó Manco Cápac al desarrollo de la sociedad inca en términos de enseñanza y cultivo?
-Manco Cápac enseñó a los hombres a cultivar maíz y trigo, así como a construir casas, mientras que Mama Ocllo enseñó a las mujeres a hilar y tejer telas de lana y algodón.
¿Qué evento significativo ocurrió cuando Ayar Uchu se sentó en una estatua de piedra sagrada durante su viaje?
-Cuando Ayar Uchu se sentó en la estatua de piedra sagrada, se petrificó y se convirtió en un objeto de culto, prometiendo interceder con su padre para traer buen clima a sus hermanos.
¿Cómo se resolvió la lucha de poder entre la dinastía Hurin Cusco y la dinastía Hanan Cusco después del reinado de Cápac Yupanqui?
-Después del reinado de Cápac Yupanqui, se estableció un acuerdo entre las dos panacas, donde Hurin Cusco retuvo el poder religioso y Hanan Cusco se quedó con el poder político y militar.
¿Quién fue el primer gobernante que utilizó el título de Inca y cuáles fueron sus logros durante su mandato?
-Inca Roca fue el primer gobernante que utilizó el título de Inca. Durante su mandato, conquistó territorios cercanos a Cusco, contuvo a sus enemigos chancas y estableció su palacio en Paucartambo.
¿Cómo cambió la dinastía de gobernantes incas después del reinado de Huiracocha Inca?
-Después del reinado de Huiracocha Inca, la dinastía de gobernantes incas cambió de Hurin Cusco a Hanan Cusco, que continuó hasta la conquista española.
¿Qué evento marcó el inicio de la expansión territorial del Estado Inca y quién fue el líder de ese cambio?
-El inicio de la expansión territorial del Estado Inca se marcó con la derrota de los Chancas y bajo el mando de Pachacútec, quien transformó su pequeño reino en el imperio más grande de América precolombina.
Outlines
🌟 Origen mitológico e histórico de los Incas
El primer párrafo narra la mezcla de mitología e historia en el origen de los Incas, provenientes de la cultura Tiahuanaco y su exilio por la invasión Aymara. Se describe el exodo de los Taipicalas, la emergencia de Manco Cápac como líder y la narración de dos leyendas fundamentales sobre el origen de la civilización Inca: la del Manco Cápac y Mama Ocllo, y la de los hermanos Ayar. La primera, difundida por Garcilaso de la Vega, relata que Inti envió a sus hijos para fundar un imperio, mientras que la segunda, compilada por cronistas, narra la historia de los hermanos Ayar y su búsqueda de tierras fértiles.
🏙️ Consolidación y expansión de la civilización Inca
El segundo párrafo detalla la consolidación de los Incas tras su establecimiento en Cusco en el siglo XIII, incluyendo la mezcla con tribus locales, la formación de alianzas y la organización social de la ciudad. Se menciona la construcción del templo Inticancha y la división de la nobleza en Hanan Cusco y Hurin Cusco. La narración sigue con la sucesión de varios Incas, desde Sinchi Roca hasta Capac Yupanqui, y su papel en la expansión y fortalecimiento del dominio Inca, así como las intrigas y conflictos que enfrentaron.
🛡️ Transformación del estado Inca en un imperio
El tercer párrafo cubre la transformación del estado Inca de un poderoso curacazgo en un vasto imperio, liderado por Pachacútec tras su victoria sobre los Chancas. Se describe el ascenso de Huiracocha Inca, su expansión imperialista y las mejoras en la agricultura e infraestructura. La sección también relata la crisis de sucesión y la eventual victoria de Pachacútec, quien estableció el fundamento para el imperio Inca que se extendería en América precolombina.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Incas
💡Tiahuanaco
💡Aymara
💡Manco Cápac
💡Inti
💡Cusco
💡Ayar
💡Wiracocha
💡Pachacútec
💡Chancas
💡Hurin Cusco y Hanan Cusco
Highlights
El origen de los Incas mezcla mitología e historia, con los primeros Incas provenientes de la cultura Tiahuanaco.
La invasión aymara forzó a los Taipicalas a huir y vivir como una tribu seminómada.
Manco Cápac emergió como líder y consolidó su papel central en las leyendas del origen de la civilización Inca.
La leyenda de Manco Cápac y Mama Ocllo narra que fueron enviados por el dios sol, Inti, para civilizar a los hombres y fundar un gran imperio.
Ambos emergieron de las aguas del lago Titicaca con un cetro de oro y fundaron la capital en el cerro Huanacaure, en los alrededores del Cusco actual.
Manco Cápac enseñó a cultivar maíz y trigo, mientras que Mama Ocllo enseñó a hilar y tejer.
La leyenda de los hermanos Ayar relata que salieron de las cuevas de Tamputoco en busca de tierras fértiles.
Ayar Manco, conocido posteriormente como Manco Cápac, fue el líder que encontró el lugar ideal para fundar Cusco.
Manco Cápac estableció el culto al sol y construyó el templo Inticancha, actualmente conocido como Coricancha.
La organización social y la distribución de excedentes bajo el mando de Manco Cápac sentaron las bases para la futura expansión territorial inca.
Sinchi Roca, hijo de Manco Cápac, consolidó el asentamiento en el valle y amplió el Inticancha, además de secar los pantanos de la zona.
Lloque Yupanqui, sucesor de Sinchi Roca, ejerció mayor hegemonía sobre los pueblos de Cusco mediante una diplomacia astuta.
Cápac Yupanqui, un gobernante feroz y maquiavélico, fue el primero en perseguir conquistas fuera del valle de Cusco.
Inca Roca, primer gobernante en usar el título de Inca, conquistó territorios alrededor de Cusco y contuvo a sus enemigos Chancas.
Pachacútec, quien sucedió a Huiracocha Inca, transformó el pequeño reino inca en el imperio más grande de la América precolombina.
Transcripts
The origin of the Incas, as in many other cultures, has an explanation that mixes
mythology and history. What is known at the moment is that the first Incas
come from the Tiahuanaco culture that lived in the Bolivian highlands on the shores
of Lake Titicaca. Forced to flee due to the Aymara invasion of these lands, a
group of aristocrats and religious, together with their families, undertook a long exodus
to the north in search of stability and fertile lands. This ethnic group is known
as the Taipicalas. At the beginning, they settled on one
of the islands of the great Andean lake, but the definitive nature of the Aymara invasion
forced them to flee again and live as a semi-nomadic tribe. It is in this context
that Manco Cápac would emerge as the leader of the ethnic group and would consolidate as a
central character of the two most important stories about the origin of the Inca civilization:
The legend of Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo and the legend of the Ayar brothers.
The first and most widespread was made known by the Inca Garcilazo de la Vega and
narrates that the sun god, Inti, sent his children: Manco Cápac and Mama Occllo to earth
to civilize men, teach them their cult and found a great empire. In this
way, both emerged from the waters of Lake Titicaca with a golden scepter given
by their father, which would sink in the propitious site for the foundation of their capital.
In search of this place, Manco Cápac would depart to the north and Mama Ocllo to the south, summoning
and subduing the surrounding inhabitants, who considered them divine beings.
Indeed, Manco Capac taught men to cultivate corn and wheat, as well as
to build houses, while Mama Ocllo taught women
to spin and weave wool and cotton dresses. Finally, after a long journey with his
followers, the scepter would sink in the Huanacaure hill, in the surroundings of present-day
Cusco, where they would lay the foundations of their empire. On the other hand, the legend of the Ayar brothers
was compiled by various chroniclers such as Juan de Betanzos, Pedro Cieza de León, Guamán
Poma de Ayala, among others. This myth tells that the Maras, the Tampus and the Ayar emerged
from the three caves or windows located on the Tamputoco hill. The latter were
made up of four pairs of brothers, children of the creator god Wiracocha, who
had commissioned them to seek fertile lands to sow the gift he had given them:
corn. This is how Ayar Manco and Mama Ocllo, Ayar
Cachi and Mama Huaco, Ayar Uchu and Mama Cora and Ayar Auca and Mama Raua, along with their respective
families, undertook a journey that would last years until they found the ideal place. For
this purpose, Wiracocha had given Ayar Manco a golden rod that, when sunk, would
indicate the land where they would stay. Along the way they momentarily settled
in various places to sow their seeds, but they would withdraw when they realized that
the land was not suitable. During the journey, noting the enormous strength of Ayar Cachi,
but also his unstable character, the other brothers convinced him to return
to Tamputoco to bring some artifacts and seeds that they had left after
his departure. However, the real plan was to lock him there forever, so
a faithful servant was sent to block the entrance with rocks.
After achieving their goal, the seven brothers continued their journey and chose Ayar Manco
as their leader, wandering for years in the regions surrounding present-day Cusco, until they found
the Huanacaure hill. There a sacred stone statue was sighted and Ayar Uchu,
with a jump, sat on it, petrifying and joining it. During the transformation, he
promised to intercede with his father to take care of his brothers and bring good weather,
so he became an object of worship. After this event, the brothers settled
in the foothills of Huanacaure for two years. In this place, Ayar Manco and Mama Ocllo would have
a son whom they named Sinchi Roca. One day, Mama Huaco, a warrior woman, took two sticks
and threw them to the north: the first did not manage to stand, but the second stuck
in the land of present-day Cusco. Discovered the ideal place, there were several attempts
to get there, but they were rejected by the natives of the area. Ayar Manco, determined,
first sent Ayar Auca along with his people to populate the lands. After sprouting
wings and reaching the goldenrod, he turned into stone.
Following the same path, Ayar Manco, along with his four sisters, were stopped by
the Huallas, but they fled when they witnessed the force and barbarism of Mama Huaco. Upon
arriving in Cusco, they were finally received in a good way by the cacique Alcaviza,
as well as by the other regions, and they began to populate the area. As Ayar Manco was
able to communicate with Ayar Auca's sacred stone, he informed him that Wiracocha's will
was for him to change his name to Manco Cápac. Although in the first instance the two stories
may be isolated, recent genetic investigations carried out on the inhabitants of
Lake Titicaca and the surroundings of Cusco show that
both accounts are complementary, since, probably, the first migration came
from the Puno region, settling in Tamputoco for a few decades, and the second
left from there to Cusco, where the Inca civilization would be founded.
After settling in the city, around the 13th century, the taipicalas mixed
with the tribes that lived scattered in the area and expelled others, managing to impose themselves
through alliances with different chiefs or by force. However, there were still
powerful ethnic groups in the same valley as the Ayarmacas and Pinaguas, which formed a
confederate state and opposed the invaders. During his reign, Manco Cápac established
the cult of the sun and built the Inticancha temple, currently known as Coricancha,
in the place where Mama Huaco's rod fell. In the same way, he organized the social and spatial
partition of the city, dividing the nobility into the Hanan Cusco dynasties, who inhabited
the upper part, and Hurin Cusco, who inhabited the lower part, and from which
the rulers would be chosen . Although in this period the Taipicala settlement,
far from being an empire, consisted of a chiefdom, its social organization that favored
communal labor, the collection and redistribution of surpluses, as well as its religious prestige,
would become the basis of its future territorial expansion. Later,
they would be called Incas. There are discrepancies about the period in
which Manco Capac lived and reigned and it is believed that he had a natural death, being mummified
and kept in the Inticancha until the Pachacútec period, who ordered his transfer
to a temple on Lake Titicaca. The first Inca was succeeded by his son Sinchi Roca and it is
said that he was the first to wear the mascaipacha and to name Custo to the city
founded by his father. During his government, he consolidated the settlement in the valley,
expanded the Inticancha, making it his home, and dried up the swamp where
the town was located, channeling the Huatanay and Tullumayo rivers.
The second Inca married Mama Coca, daughter of the curaca of the Saño people, with whom he had
a son whom they called Lloque Yupanqui. This would inherit the throne after the death of
his father, who ruled between 20 to 30 years. Starting with the Lloque government, the Incas
exercised greater hegemony over the peoples of Cusco through a cunning
diplomacy that formed a small Cusco confederation. Taking advantage of a situation of
instability in the Ayarmaca ethnic group, he defeated them in several battles and stopped for
several years their attacks that always constituted a threat to the Inca dominion.
Lloque was succeeded by his son Mayta Cápac, however, given his young age at the death
of his father, his uncle took command until he reached maturity. In his youth,
he stood out in the campaign against the Acllahuiza ethnic group, which ended up being defeated.
When he died, the Inca ceded the throne to his son Tarco Huamán, however, his cousin Capac
Yupanqui would take command from him in a coup.
The latter turned out to be a fierce and Machiavellian ruler and was the first to set out in pursuit
of conquests outside the valley. He subdued the towns of Cuyumarca and Andamarca and also
rejected the Condesuyos who had seized the Huanacaure sanctuary. Although the prestige
of the Incas was increasing, this was still a small dominion compared to
the Ayarmacas, already recovered from the civil wars fomented by Lloque Yupanqui, and
a tiny town with respect to the powerful Chanca state, which was preparing to take over
the entire region. Given the common threat, the curaca of the Ayarmacas
offered Curi Hilpay, his daughter, to Cápac Yupanqui as his wife, so they were able to make
a defense alliance. It is suspected that it was she who apparently poisoned him in
order for their mutual son, Inca Roca, to lead a coup together with the panaca Hanan
Cusco and depose the legitimate heir. With the death of Cápac Yupanqui, who would never
come to face the Chancas, the hegemony of the Hurin Cusco dynasty
as monarchs ended and that of the Hanan began, which would last until the Spanish conquest. After
the coup, both panacas reached an agreement in which the Hurin would retain
religious power, while the Hanan would remain with political and military power.
Inca Roca seized power approximately in the year 1350 and was the first to use
the Inca title. Due to the agreement with the Hurin Cusco, he left the Inticancha so
that they could occupy it as a priestly elite and retired to live in his own palace,
as would do his descendants. During his government he conquered the territories
of the Masca, Quiquijana, Cautomarca and Pinagua ethnic groups, in the surroundings of Cusco, and contained
his Chanca enemies, preventing their expansion. In the same way, he conquered
eastern Cusco, namely Paucartambo. The Inca died in Cusco in 1380, leaving
several descendants, so there is a historical controversy regarding the next
ruler between Inca Yupanqui and Yahuar Huácac, however, the history of the latter is
the best known. His real name is Tito Cusi Hualpa, but
he was named Yahuar Huácac, since the legend says that, as a child, when he was kidnapped
by the Ayarmacas, he cried blood, scaring his captors, who returned him to his
parents. He assumed the reign with only 19 years,
having to face successive internal rebellions, such as those of the curacas of Muyna
and Pinagua, later gaining certain lands from the Condesuyos. Following the Inca
tradition of choosing the fittest son, not the first-born, as heir, Yahuar
Huácac joined Pahuac Hualpa Mayta to his government, but the prince died shortly after, victim
of the intrigues of one of his wives who wanted his son was the co-regent.
The conspiracies reached such an extreme that the Inca himself would be assassinated
along with several of his children. Without designating an heir to the throne, the curacazgo of Cusco
would enter a time of confusion and disorder. The one who rose to the government was Hatun Tópac,
better known as Huiracocha Inca, because he claimed to have had a divine dream
with the creator god. This was not the son of Yahuar Huácac, but he was presented that way, since he
belonged to the same dynasty as his predecessor: the Hanan.
Huiracocha Inca is considered the first ruler with imperialist ambitions, since in his youth
he stood out as a brave warrior and did not hesitate to expand the Cusco chiefdom by subjugating
the surrounding towns and establishing military garrisons on the conquered territories.
He also improved agriculture, infrastructure and textile production.
During his reign he conquered the lordships of Yucay and Calca, where he built his own
palace. This progressive expansion generated the reaction of their neighbors, the Chancas,
settled in the Andahuaylas area, who attacked several Quechua villages until they reached
Cusco itself. The Inca, being an old man, refused to defend the capital and left
it together with his son and successor Inca Urco.
Left the chiefdom to its fate, one of his sons, Cusi Yupanqui, better known as
Pachacútec, would take command of the resistance along with the rest of his brothers and captains
Apo Mayta and Vicaquirao. Thus, he made a general appeal to the neighboring ethnic groups and, after obtaining
allies, he prepared to confront the Chancas in inferior conditions, managing to miraculously
defeat them. Once the threat was eliminated, Huiracocha was invited
by Pachacútec for the celebrations, however, he refused to go stating that the
throne belonged to Inca Urco. Indeed, ready to defend his inheritance, the latter
gathered an army and attacked the new regent, being defeated, captured and dismembered.
This act caused the resentment of Huiracocha, who, after naming Pachacútec as the ninth Inca,
under pressure from the nobles, withdrew to his residence in Calca never to return
to Cusco. In exile, he would die of natural causes, not knowing that the heir he so
resented would become the most celebrated ruler of his dynasty.
From the settlement of Manco Cápac in the southeast of present-day Peru, approximately
in the year 1200, until the coronation of Pachacútec around the year 1438, the Inca State would not
become more than a powerful regional curacazgo.
However, after the defeat of the Chancas and under the command of this new ruler, the
Incas would transform their small kingdom into the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.
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