Fases Desenvolvimento motor - Gallahue

Summary

In this video, Professor Érica explains the process of motor development from birth to adulthood. She details how motor skills evolve from simple reflexive movements to complex, specialized actions through four main stages: reflexive movements, rudimentary movements, fundamental movements, and specialized movements. These stages are influenced by factors such as growth, environment, and task objectives. The video emphasizes the importance of practice and a suitable environment for refining motor skills, ultimately highlighting how individuals build and apply their movement skills throughout their lifetime.

Takeaways

• 😀 Motor development is a continuous process of change in motor behavior throughout the entire life cycle, from simple movements to complex motor skills.
• 😀 The development of motor skills is influenced by an interaction between the individual, environment, and task objectives, which evolve over time.
• 😀 The first stage of motor development involves reflexive movements that are involuntary and controlled by subcortical structures, serving as the foundation for later movements.
• 😀 Reflex movements are observed from the fetal period until around the fourth month after birth, with some of them being replaced by voluntary movements as the child matures.
• 😀 Rudimentary movements occur from birth to two years, where reflexes begin to subside and voluntary movements emerge, although still uncontrolled at first.
• 😀 From around one year, children begin to refine their movements with more precision, learning to balance, manipulate objects, and move around.
• 😀 Fundamental movements, which occur from two to seven years old, involve exploration and discovery of body reactions during movement, with gradual refinement of control and coordination.
• 😀 Many children and even adults may not progress beyond the elementary stage of fundamental movements, which is characterized by basic, uncoordinated movements.
• 😀 The mature stage of motor development is marked by efficient, coordinated, and controlled movements, facilitated by practice and an environment conducive to learning.
• 😀 The specialized movement phase starts around seven years of age, requiring the refinement of fundamental motor skills to handle more complex and demanding tasks.
• 😀 In the transitional stage of specialized movements, children combine and apply fundamental movement patterns, aiming for better precision and control as they engage in various activities, including sports and leadership roles.

Q & A

What is motor development?

Motor development is a continuous process of changes in motor behavior that occurs throughout life, where humans progress from simple to complex motor skills. It involves the interaction of the individual with the environment and is influenced by factors such as growth, maturation, physical capacity, and external conditions.

What factors influence motor development?

Motor development is influenced by various factors, including the individual's growth, maturation, physical capacity, the environment (spaces and surfaces), and the task objectives (rules, equipment).

What is the first phase of motor development according to Gallahue and Ozmun's model?

The first phase is the 'Reflexive Movements' phase, which lasts from birth to around 4 months. During this phase, infants display involuntary reflex movements controlled by subcortical structures of the brain.

What are the stages of the Reflexive Movements phase?

The Reflexive Movements phase is divided into two stages: 'Decoding' (characterized by involuntary motor activity from the fetal period to around the 4th month) and 'Inhibition of Reflexes' (starting around the 4th month, where reflexive movements begin to be replaced by voluntary movements).

What characterizes the 'Rudimentary Movements' phase?

The 'Rudimentary Movements' phase, which occurs from birth to 2 years, marks the development of voluntary movements. Initially, these movements are uncoordinated, but by the end of the phase, children gain more control over movements such as balance, object manipulation, and locomotion.

What are the stages within the 'Rudimentary Movements' phase?

The stages within the 'Rudimentary Movements' phase include 'Inhibition of Reflexes' (where reflexes begin to disappear) and 'Pre-control' (where basic voluntary movements start to emerge).

How do the 'Fundamental Movements' differ from previous stages?

The 'Fundamental Movements' phase, which occurs from 2 to 7 years, focuses on exploring and experimenting with the body’s movements. Movements become more goal-directed and controlled over time, evolving from rough and uncoordinated to synchronized and precise.

What are the key stages in the 'Fundamental Movements' phase?

The key stages in the 'Fundamental Movements' phase include 'Initial Stage' (clumsy movements), 'Elemental Stage' (improvements in synchronization and coordination), and 'Mature Stage' (efficient and controlled movements).

What is the 'Specialized Movements' phase?

The 'Specialized Movements' phase, starting around age 7, builds on the fundamental movements learned earlier. It involves refining motor skills and applying them in increasingly demanding tasks, including sports and daily activities.

What stages are present in the 'Specialized Movements' phase?

The stages in the 'Specialized Movements' phase include the 'Transitional Stage' (combining fundamental movement patterns), 'Application Stage' (seeking participation in activities for success), and 'Permanence Stage' (where motor skills are applied in everyday life and refined through continuous practice).

How does practice influence motor development?

Practice plays a critical role in motor development. It helps individuals refine their movements, transition through the stages, and reach a level of proficiency where skills are efficient, coordinated, and controlled. The right environment and opportunities for practice are key to advancing through the stages.

At what age do individuals enter the 'Permanence Stage' in the 'Specialized Movements' phase?

Individuals typically enter the 'Permanence Stage' at around 14 years of age. In this stage, individuals refine and apply the motor skills they have developed throughout their lives to everyday, recreational, and sports activities.