MK Biologi Molekuler - Regulasi Ekspresi Gen Eukariota

FMIPA Universitas Brawijaya
28 Nov 202316:59

Summary

TLDRThe video script delves into gene expression regulation in eukaryotic cells, contrasting it with prokaryotes. It highlights the variability of gene expression depending on cell type and function, even with the same genome. The script explains the role of chromatin modification, transcription control, alternative splicing, mRNA degradation, and post-translational modifications in regulating gene expression. It also touches on the impact of these processes on an organism's response to environmental changes.

Takeaways

  • 🧬 Eukaryotic organisms are multicellular and have a different gene expression regulation compared to prokaryotes.
  • 🌟 Despite having the same genome, different cells within an organism can express genes differently based on their specific needs and functions.
  • 🔍 Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated by the type of cell, which can influence processes like development, growth, cell differentiation, and metabolism.
  • 🧵 Eukaryotic genes consist of exons, introns, enhancers, and promoters, which play a role in the regulation of gene expression.
  • 🔑 Chromatin modification, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, is crucial for gene expression as it affects the accessibility of DNA for transcription.
  • 🔄 Transcription control involves various factors and elements like enhancers and silencers that can either increase or decrease gene expression.
  • 🔗 Transcription factors are proteins that bind to DNA and play a significant role in the initiation of transcription.
  • ✂️ Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce different proteins by selectively removing introns and combining exons in various ways.
  • 📉 Degradation of mRNA and control of translation are post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate gene expression by determining which mRNAs are degraded or blocked from translation.
  • 🛑 Post-translational control of gene expression includes protein processing, transport, and regulation of enzyme activity, as well as protein degradation through the proteasome.

Q & A

  • What is the main topic discussed in the script?

    -The main topic discussed in the script is the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes, highlighting the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene expression.

  • How does gene expression vary in eukaryotic cells?

    -Gene expression in eukaryotic cells varies depending on the cell type, even though all cells contain the same genome. The expression differs based on the needs or functions of each cell type.

  • What is the role of cell differentiation in gene expression?

    -Cell differentiation plays a role in gene expression by allowing cells, despite having the same genetic material, to specialize and perform different functions, thus leading to differential gene expression.

  • What are the key components of a eukaryotic gene structure?

    -The key components of a eukaryotic gene structure include exons, introns, enhancers, proximal control elements, and promoters, which are regulatory sequences that play a role in gene expression.

  • How does chromatin modification regulate gene expression?

    -Chromatin modification regulates gene expression by altering the tightness of the DNA packaging. Methylation of DNA tends to condense chromatin, making it less accessible for transcription, while acetylation of histones loosens chromatin, allowing for transcription to occur.

  • What is the significance of transcription factors in gene expression control?

    -Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the initiation of transcription. They can act as activators or repressors, influencing whether a gene is transcribed or not.

  • Can you explain the concept of alternative splicing in eukaryotes?

    -Alternative splicing is a process in eukaryotes where different combinations of exons and introns are removed from pre-mRNA, leading to the production of different mRNA and protein isoforms from the same gene.

  • What is the role of RNA degradation in gene expression regulation?

    -RNA degradation plays a role in gene expression regulation by determining which mRNA molecules are broken down, thus controlling the availability of mRNA for translation into proteins.

  • How does post-translational control affect gene expression?

    -Post-translational control affects gene expression by modifying proteins after they have been synthesized. This can involve protein folding, modification by enzymes, transport to specific cellular locations, and regulation of enzyme activity through effectors and inhibitors.

  • What is the function of proteasomes in gene expression regulation?

    -Proteasomes function in gene expression regulation by degrading unneeded or damaged proteins. Proteins targeted for degradation are ubiquitinated and then recognized and broken down by proteasomes, which helps in maintaining cellular protein homeostasis.

  • How does the lifespan of mRNA differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    -In prokaryotes, mRNA has a short lifespan, often degrading within seconds after fulfilling its function, allowing for rapid response to environmental changes. In contrast, eukaryotic mRNA can remain active for hours or even weeks, contributing to a more stable internal environment.

Outlines

00:00

🧬 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

This paragraph introduces the topic of gene expression regulation in eukaryotes, contrasting it with prokaryotes. It explains that eukaryotic organisms are multicellular and have a more complex gene expression process due to the presence of introns and exons in their genes. The expression of genes varies depending on the cell type and its function, even though all cells in an organism share the same genome. The paragraph also touches on the role of different cell functions in development, growth, and metabolism. It describes the structure of eukaryotic genes, including exons, introns, enhancers, promoters, and proximal control elements, and how these elements are involved in the regulation of gene expression.

05:01

🔬 Chromatin Modification and Transcription Control

This paragraph delves into the first level of gene expression regulation, which involves chromatin modification. It explains that for transcription to occur, the tightly packed chromatin needs to be loosened. DNA methylation and histone acetylation are key processes that affect chromatin structure, with the former condensing chromatin and the latter loosening it. The paragraph also discusses the role of transcription factors in binding to DNA and initiating transcription, as well as the concept of eukromatin and heterochromatin. Additionally, it mentions how enhancers and silencers, which are non-coding DNA sequences, can influence gene expression from a distance.

10:02

🌐 Complex Regulation of Transcription and Alternative Splicing

The third paragraph continues the discussion on gene expression by focusing on the transcription initiation complex, which is formed by the interaction of transcription factors, enhancers, and RNA polymerase II. It explains how activators and repressors can either enhance or inhibit transcription. The paragraph also introduces the concept of alternative splicing, where different combinations of exons and introns can be spliced to produce different proteins from the same gene. This process allows for a single gene to code for multiple proteins, adding another layer of complexity to gene expression regulation in eukaryotes.

15:06

🛡 Post-Transcriptional and Post-Translational Control of Gene Expression

The final paragraph covers post-transcriptional and post-translational controls of gene expression. It discusses how mRNA degradation and translational blockage can regulate gene expression after transcription. The paragraph explains the role of small RNA molecules, such as siRNA and miRNA, in degrading specific mRNAs and controlling gene expression. It also touches on post-translational modifications, including protein processing, transport, and the regulation of enzyme activity through effectors and inhibitors. The paragraph concludes with a discussion on protein degradation by the proteasome, which is another way to control gene expression at the protein level.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Eukaryota

Eukaryota refers to a domain of organisms whose cells contain a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope. This is a key concept in the video as it sets the stage for understanding gene expression differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Eukaryotes are generally multicellular organisms, and their gene expression varies depending on the cell type, which is essential for their diverse functions.

💡Gene Expression

Gene expression is the process by which the information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. It is central to the video's theme as it discusses how gene expression differs in eukaryotes compared to prokaryotes. The video explains that even though all cells in a eukaryotic organism have the same genome, the expression of genes can vary greatly depending on the cell's needs and functions.

💡Cell Differentiation

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. The video uses this concept to explain how gene expression is regulated differently in various cell types to achieve specific functions. For example, a cell may differentiate into a nerve cell or an epithelial cell, and the gene expression in these specialized cells will differ to meet their unique roles.

💡Chromatin

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The video discusses how chromatin modification is a crucial step in gene regulation. It can be tightly packed (heterochromatin) or loosely packed (euchromatin), and this packing state influences whether genes can be transcribed.

💡Transcription

Transcription is the first step of gene expression where the information from a gene is copied into mRNA. The video explains that the control of transcription is a key regulatory process in eukaryotes, involving various transcription factors and regulatory elements like enhancers and silencers that can either promote or inhibit the process.

💡Introns and Exons

Introns are non-coding sequences within a gene that are removed during the processing of pre-mRNA, while exons are the coding sequences that are retained. The video highlights the importance of introns and exons in eukaryotic gene expression, as they contribute to the complexity of gene regulation and the diversity of protein products that can be generated from a single gene.

💡Alternative Splicing

Alternative splicing is a process where different combinations of exons are joined together to produce different mRNA transcripts from the same gene. This is mentioned in the video as a mechanism that allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins, contributing to the diversity of cellular functions in eukaryotes.

💡RNA Degradation

RNA degradation is the process by which RNA molecules, including mRNA, are broken down. The video discusses how the degradation of mRNA is a regulatory mechanism that controls gene expression by determining which mRNA molecules are available for translation into proteins.

💡Translation

Translation is the process by which the information in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. The video touches on translation as a step that can also be regulated in eukaryotes, for example, through the blocking of translation initiation or the degradation of mRNA before it can be translated.

💡Post-translational Modifications

Post-translational modifications refer to changes made to proteins after they have been synthesized. The video mentions that these modifications can alter protein function, stability, or localization, and they are part of the broader gene expression regulation in eukaryotic cells.

💡Proteasome

The proteasome is a cellular complex that degrades unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis. The video explains that the proteasome plays a role in the final stage of gene expression regulation by degrading proteins that are no longer required, thus maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Highlights

Eukaryotic gene expression regulation is complex due to multicellularity and the need for cell-specific functions.

All cells of an organism contain the same genome, yet gene expression varies based on cell type and function.

Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated by the cell type, which determines when and which genes are expressed.

Eukaryotic genes consist of exons and introns, with regulatory sequences like enhancers and promoters controlling expression.

Chromatin modification, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, plays a crucial role in gene expression regulation.

DNA methylation condenses chromatin, inhibiting transcription, while histone acetylation relaxes it, allowing transcription.

Transcription factors bind to DNA to regulate the rate of transcription and can form transcription initiation complexes with RNA polymerase II.

Enhancers and silencers are non-coding DNA sequences that can modulate gene expression from a distance.

Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce different proteins by selectively including or excluding exons.

RNA degradation and translational control are mechanisms that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally.

Eukaryotic mRNA has a longer lifespan compared to prokaryotic mRNA, influencing the organism's response to environmental changes.

Small RNA molecules, such as siRNA and miRNA, are involved in the degradation of specific mRNAs, controlling gene expression.

Post-translational control of gene expression includes protein processing, transport, and regulation of enzyme activity.

Protein degradation via the proteasome is a key mechanism for controlling gene expression at the protein level.

The process of ubiquitination targets proteins for degradation by the proteasome, recycling them for future use.

Gene expression regulation in eukaryotes is a multi-layered process involving chromatin structure, transcription factors, and post-transcriptional mechanisms.

Transcripts

play00:00

[Musik]

play00:13

asalamualaikum warahmatullahi

play00:15

wabarakatuh Selamat pagi salam sejahtera

play00:18

buat kita semua topik hari ini adalah

play00:21

regulasi ekspresi Gin pada

play00:26

eukariot eukariota adalah e organisme

play00:30

umumnya adalah organisme multiseluler

play00:32

sehingga ekspresinya akan berbeda proses

play00:35

ekspresinya atau regulasi ekspresinya

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akan berbeda dengan pada

play00:41

prokaryiota pada eukariot

play00:44

ekspresi Gin itu bervariasi tergantung

play00:47

tipe selnya meskipun semuanya mempunyai

play00:51

genom yang sama jadi setiap sel

play00:53

sebenarnya mempunyai genom yang sama

play00:55

tetapi ekspresinya bisa berbeda-beda

play00:58

tergantung kebutuhan atau fungsi dari

play01:01

masing-masing selbut tersebut jadi Gen

play01:05

Mana yang akan diekspresikan dan kapan

play01:08

akan diekspresikan itu sangat tergantung

play01:11

dengan jenis selnya jadi fungsi sel itu

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kita tahu ada bermacam-macam bisa jadi

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berfungsi dalam proses perkembangan

play01:20

eh organisme atau

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perembungankkembangan tumbuhan ee

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berfungsi pada diferensiasi sel atau

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bisa juga berfungs

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pada

play01:32

metabolisme apa diferensiasi sel itu

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adalah spesialisasi sel jadi tadi sudah

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saya katakan meskipun setiap sel

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mengandung gen yang sama kalau mempunyai

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fungsi yang berbeda maka yang

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diekspresikan akan berbeda-beda pula

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jadi gambar di sini ditunjukkan sel satu

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ada satu sel mengalami mitosis kemudian

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berdiferensiasi yang satu menjadi sel

play02:00

saraf yang satu menjadi sel epitelial

play02:03

maka ekspresi pada sel saraf maupun akan

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berbeda dengan ekspresi pada sel

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epitelial karena fungsinya

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berbeda nah secara umum eh gen dari

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eukariot itu tersusun atas yang seperti

play02:21

terlihat di sini jadi yang paling

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penting itu yang kanan itu ada ekson

play02:25

intron ekson intron itu adalah bagian

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dari gen struktural sebelah kiri itu ada

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enhasser ada proximal control Element

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promoter itu adalah regulatory sequence

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atau sequens-squuen yang berperanan

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untuk meregulasi

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ekspresi jadi berbeda dengan pada

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prokariot tadi Jada prokariot tidak ada

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intron pada eukariot itu ada intron Nah

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selanjutnya eh terjadi proses-proses

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yang berkaitan

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dengan

play03:00

ekspresi dari suatu gen- gen struktural

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ini menjadi

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protein kontrol dari ekspresi gen itu

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melalui beberapa atau ada beberapa tahap

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yaitu melalui pertama kromatin

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modification atau modifikasi kromatin

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yang melibatkan metilasi DNA atau

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asetilasi

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histon yang kedua pengontrolan pada

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proses

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transkripsi yang ketiga itu alternatif

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splicing keempat degradasi dari MrNa

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setelah selesai diekspresikan kelima

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adalah memblok translasi jadi translasi

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dihentikan ee di sini kita lihat Eh

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bagaimana DNA dipek atau disusun di

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dalam kromosom jadi yang bagian atas E

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maaf dari bawah dulu itu adarom rosom

play04:00

jadi kromosom dalam

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ee fase metafase Nah kalau diuraikan

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kita lihat kromosom ini tersusun atas

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kromatin jadi benang kromatin ya jadi

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benang kromatin dan kalau dilihat lebih

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dalam lagi itu kromatin tersusun atas

play04:21

nukleosom-nukleosom yang dihubungkan

play04:23

dengan DNA

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lingker nukleosom itu tersusun atas inti

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yang berubah molekul histon atau protein

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histon dan ada semacam pengancingnya

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yang disebut sebagai atau merupakan

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histon

play04:39

H1 Nah kalau DNA sendiri diuraikan DNA

play04:43

linkernya tadi diuraikan akan terlihat

play04:46

sebagai eh yang paling atas itu

play04:49

merupakan DNA Doel Helix yang tersusun

play04:52

atas nukleotida

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nukleotida jadi seperti itu packing dari

play04:57

DNA pada eukariot

play05:00

Nah sekarang berkaitan dengan regulasi

play05:03

ekspresi genin tadi saya Sebutkan yang

play05:05

pertama adalah modifikasi kromatin

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Mengapa perlu dilakukan modifikasi

play05:10

kromatin karena seperti kita lihat tadi

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kalau kromatin dalam bentuk terpek dalam

play05:16

packing Yang rapat maka tidak bisa

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terjadi transkripsi jadi harus diuraikan

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dulu agar kemudian transkripsi terjadi

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ya jadi di sini regulasi tadi dengan eh

play05:29

metilasi DNA itu DNA metilasi atau

play05:33

metilasi DNA itu berfungsi untuk membuat

play05:35

menjadi erat jadi menjadi kompek gitu

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kromatinnya tapi kebalikannya asetilasi

play05:42

histon itu menyebabkan eh kromatin itu

play05:46

menjadi longgar Lus sehingga bisa

play05:48

dna-nya itu ditranskripsi nah eh

play05:53

kromosom atau kromatin yang longgar itu

play05:56

disebut sebagai e kromatin sementara

play05:59

yang yang kompek itu

play06:01

heterokromatin nah jadi ketika dia

play06:04

longgar seperti gambar yang di kanan itu

play06:06

ya Yang biru itu maka RNA polimerase itu

play06:11

akan bisa berikatan dengan operator

play06:13

seperti yang terjadi pada ee prokariot

play06:16

dan kemudian menyebabkan transkripsi

play06:19

terjadi

play06:21

Eh ini lebih detail mengenai regulasi

play06:25

kromatin jadi histon asetilasi histon

play06:28

itu menyeb

play06:30

transcription ftor atau faktor

play06:33

transkripsi faktor yang menyebabkan

play06:35

transkripsi bisa terjadi dapat berikatan

play06:38

dengan DNA menyebabkan transkripsi

play06:41

terjadi sehingga terbentuk eukromatin

play06:43

tadi ya jadi dengan histon asetilasi itu

play06:47

kromatin menjadi longgar sedangkan

play06:50

metilasi histon sebaliknya kebalikan

play06:53

dari histon asetilasi itu terjadi

play06:56

setelah sintesis DNA selesai ber sudah

play07:00

dilakukan ini

play07:02

menyebabkan laju transkripsi akan

play07:05

menurun dan

play07:07

eh kemudian transkripsi itu bisa juga

play07:11

berhenti jadi dua hal ini regulasi

play07:14

kromatin itu memungkinkan atau mengatur

play07:18

Apakah transkripsi bisa terjadi atau

play07:20

tidak jadi ini regulasi yang awal

play07:24

selanjutnya adalah kontrol transkripsi

play07:27

jadi pengontrolan pada proses

play07:29

transkripsi ini melibatkan beberapa eh

play07:33

Faktor atau elemen ada kontrol elemen

play07:36

yang berupa DNA eh yang biasanya

play07:39

dikelompokkan sebagai enhancer dan

play07:42

silencer jadi enhance dari katanya

play07:44

enhancer itu akan meningkatkan sementara

play07:48

kebalikannya silencer itu menyebabkan

play07:51

penurunan

play07:53

ekspresi selanjutnya adalah

play07:55

transcription Factor atau faktor

play07:57

transkripsi itu bisa dikelomp menjadi

play08:00

dua aktivator dan

play08:02

represor transcription Factor ini berupa

play08:05

protein jumlahnya banyak jadi banyak

play08:07

sekali transcription Factor yang bisa

play08:10

jadi satu transcription Factor itu

play08:12

mengatur ekspresi dari satu genin atau

play08:15

beberapa bisa mengatur

play08:17

eh ekspresi dari suatu gen atau

play08:20

transkripsi dari suatu

play08:22

gen nah yang ketiga adalah coordinate

play08:25

control of gen Vi simil control elem

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jadi ee

play08:31

ada kontrol secara bersama-sama dari

play08:35

beberapa gen melalui elemen-elemen yang

play08:37

sudah disebutkan di atas jadi bisa jadi

play08:40

genin yang berbeda dikontrol oleh

play08:42

transcription Factor atau kontrol elemen

play08:44

yang

play08:47

sama regulasi transkripsi itu melibatkan

play08:51

RNA polimerasio 2 dan faktor-faktor

play08:54

transkripsi tadi sudah disebutkan faktor

play08:57

transkripsi itu meny menyebabkan

play09:01

atauembat DNA tahu bahwa akan atau perlu

play09:04

dilakukan transkripsi jadi RNA

play09:07

polimerase 2 ini akan menempel pada

play09:10

promoter khususnya pada bagian yang

play09:13

disebut sebagai tat box untuk memulai

play09:16

terjadinya

play09:18

transkripsi selanjutnya elemen kontrol

play09:21

tadi

play09:21

Eh yang enhancer atau silencer itu

play09:25

merupakan noncoding sequen dari DNA mana

play09:28

transkrips faktor itu bisa

play09:32

berikatan selanjutnya

play09:35

eh hal yang perlu diketahui mengenai

play09:38

regulasi transkripsi adalah bahwa

play09:40

enhancer tadi yaitu kontrol elemen tadi

play09:43

posisinya biasanya jauh dari gen atau

play09:46

intron jadi posisinya bisa jauh jadi

play09:49

tidak harus berdekatan dengan

play09:52

operator sedangkan aktivator bind to

play09:56

enhance to the non transcription of CH

play09:58

jadi biasanya dia akan berikatan ee

play10:01

dengan

play10:03

ee bagian yang menyebabkan terjadi

play10:06

transkripsi dari suatu gen nah kompleks

play10:10

dari transcription Factor

play10:13

enhancertivor aktivator dan RNA

play10:15

polimerase 2 ini disebut sebagai

play10:18

transcription initiation complex nah ini

play10:22

harus ada harus terjadi Kompleks ini

play10:25

agar transcription bisa terjadi nah n

play10:29

kebalikan dari aktivator ada represor

play10:32

Jadi kalau aktivator itu meng-enhance

play10:35

jadi membuat atau terjadinya suatu

play10:38

transkripsi represor ini menghambat

play10:41

ekspresi dari suatu gen dengan

play10:45

menghentikan transkripsi atau memblok

play10:49

atau menghalangi

play10:51

aktivator berikatan dengan

play10:55

enhancer jadi seperti itu yang terjadi

play10:57

ini jadi gambarannya seperti ini jadi

play11:00

tadi dikatakan enhancer itu berada jauh

play11:03

dari genin jadi disebut sebagai distal

play11:07

control elemen jadi karena jauh letaknya

play11:09

nah bagaimana dia bisa mempengaruhi Nah

play11:12

di sini seperti ditunjukkan di bagian du

play11:15

gambar 2 itu terjadi pelengkungan

play11:19

sehingga posisi enhancer yang jauh ini

play11:22

bisa kemudian mendekat ke bagian

play11:26

promoter dan menyebatkan seperti yang

play11:29

terjadi di gambar tig ikatan antara

play11:34

enhancer

play11:36

kemudian eh mediator protein itu bisa

play11:39

jadi transcription Factor RNA polimerase

play11:42

dan eh transcription Factor yang lain

play11:44

mungkin yang bisa ber eh berikatan

play11:47

dengan RNA polimerase maupun enhancer

play11:50

sehingga membentuk transcription

play11:52

initiation

play11:55

kompleks selanjutnya yang ketiga untuk

play11:59

ekspresi gen itu ada alternatif spliing

play12:05

RNA atau sering dikatakan juga editing

play12:08

Nah kita tahu bahwa pada eh eukariot itu

play12:12

ada beberapa

play12:14

ekson maupun

play12:16

intron jadi bagian yang berperan sebagai

play12:19

intron atau ekson yang ada beberapa pada

play12:23

eukariot ini tidak selalu semuanya

play12:27

diliing tidak selalu semuanya juga

play12:31

dibiarkan jadi alternatif mana intron

play12:34

atau ekson yang akan Maaf intron mana

play12:38

intron yang diplicing dihilangkan dan

play12:41

mana Ekon yang ditinggalkan itu

play12:44

menentukan nanti hasil transkripsi jadi

play12:48

Protein apa yang dihasilkan sehingga

play12:50

pada

play12:51

eukariot alternative splicing itu bisa

play12:54

menyebabkan satu DNA yang sama

play12:56

menghasilkan protein yang berbeda

play12:59

beda

play13:01

selanjutnya kontrol dari ekspresi Gin

play13:04

adalah degradasi of MrNa jadi degradasi

play13:07

RNA dan blockate of translation jadi ini

play13:11

ketika sudah saya transkripsi maka RNA

play13:15

MrNa tadi yang membentuk atau mengontrol

play13:18

pembentukan protein yang tertentu itu

play13:20

akan didegradasi di sini ada yang

play13:24

namanya si s RNA dan m RNA di mana ini

play13:30

mempengaruhi atau menentukan mana MrNa

play13:32

yang akan

play13:34

didegradasi Nah selanjutnya juga

play13:37

menentukan blokade atau penghentian

play13:42

translasi nah ini

play13:45

eh perbandingan degradasi MrNa pada

play13:48

prokariot dan

play13:50

eukariot Jadi kalau pada prokariot

play13:53

umumnya MrNa itu waktu hidupnya itu

play13:56

pendek jadi dalam hit hungan hanya

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second detik Ya hanya detik saja itu

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akan terdegradasi begitu sudah selesai

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menjalankan fungsinya sehingga

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menyebabkan pada prokariot itu

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Eh cepat sekali responnya terhadap per

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perubahan lingkungan nah berbeda dengan

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eukariot eh MrNa itu bisa Survive bisa

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tetap aktif selama berjam-jam bahkan

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berminggu-minggu sehingga menyebabkan

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kondisi internal dari suatu organisme

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bisa konstan dan tidak Mudah terpengaruh

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oleh perubahan lingkungan

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nah ini adalah eh en RNA yang bisa yang

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terdiri dari m RNA atau mikro RNA atau

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dan yang kedua short interfering RNA

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atau S RNA ini adalah bagaimana caranya

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tadi m RNA maupun

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sna itu menyebabkan degradasi dari MrNa

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tertentu yang sudah tidak diperlukan

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lagi Eh

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selanjutnya kontrol ekspresi Gin itu

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adalah melalui posst translasi jadi

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Sudah translasi sudah ber eh terjadi

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terbentuk polipeptida maka

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kemudian terjadi Processing protein dan

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transport jadi transport pemindahan

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protein dari tempat produksinya tadi ke

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eh daerah-daerah yang

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diperlukan kemudian terjadi juga kontrol

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enzim Aktivitas enzim melalui efektor

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dan inhibitor juga ada

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degradasi dengan menggunakan proteasom

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eh

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eh yang terjadi pada akhir dari proses e

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kontrol dari ekspresi Gin

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ini Jadi ini degradasi protein oleh

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proteasom Jadi terlihat di sini ada

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protein yang perlu

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didegradasi kemudian ada ubi kuitin yang

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akan berikatan dengan protein yang perlu

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didegradasi tadi dan juga ada proteasom

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jadi ketika protein sudah

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terubikuitinate jadi Sudah berikatan

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dengan obikuitin maka proteasum akan

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mengenali dan kemudian

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meop jadi

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membungkus protein yang perlu

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didegradasi ini kemudian di degradasi

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dan kemudian di

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recycle jadi demikian eh e hal-hal yang

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berkaitan dengan proses regulasi

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ekspresi genin pada EU kar Terima kasih

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wasalamualaikum warahmatullahi

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[Musik]

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[Musik]

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wabarakatuh m

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相关标签
Gene ExpressionEukaryotesChromatinTranscriptionRegulationBiologyCell FunctionMolecular GeneticsRNA ProcessingProtein Synthesis
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