Beyond fake news: how to heal a broken worldview | Jodie Jackson | TEDxLondon
Summary
TLDRこのスクリプトは、ニュースが私たちの心の健康に与える影響と、それをどのように健康的な習慣に変えることができるかを探求しています。ニュースリテラシーの重要性と、誤解を避けるために必要な3つの柱:真実を追求すること、バランスを図ること、自己の認知バイアスに気を配ることについて解説します。ニュースを通じてより良い世界を築くために、私たちは正確な情報を得る必要があり、それを活かして行動を起こす力を高めることが求められます。
Takeaways
- 🔥 「世界は燃え尽き、私たちは皆死ぬ」との感覚は、多くのニュースのフロントページやスマートフォンの通知、そして私が読んだブレイクスニュースのどのバージョンにも反映されています。
- 🔍 ニュースに陥り、それが私たちにどのような影響を与えるかを理解しようと、10年間悩んできました。ニュースへの露出は、ニュース中毒者であろうと避けようと、影響を受けます。
- 😔 ニュースの多くは私たちを世界が非常に暗いと感じさせ、その後の抑うつ状態に陥りますが、これは非常に一般的な現象です。
- 💪 しかし、知的好奇心を満たすために感じる抑うつさは、常に支配的な副作用とは限りません。私たちはニュースを活用して、より強力で、世界とつながり、その中での行動能力を高める方法があります。
- 📰 ニュースを活用する方法を変えることが必要です。ニュースのナビゲーションは実際にはスキルであり、最近それを「ニュースリテラシー」と呼ばれることを学びました。
- 🚫 ニュースリテラシーは伝統的に、私たち自身を誤情報から守ることができるようにすることに重点を置いていますが、これは十分ではありません。
- 🌐 ニュースは「それが出血すればリードする」というニュースルームの文化により、世界的に起こっている最悪の出来事に焦点を当て、解決策、進歩、開発の物語を無視しています。
- 🌟 ニュースリテラシーの第2の柱として、この否定的なバイアスが現実の歪んだイメージを作成し、私たちが世界が実際にあるより危険で悪い場所だと考えるようになる事実に対処する必要があります。
- 📈 ニュースは問題だけでなく、進歩をも真剣に報告し始めることが必要です。これは単なる心を癒やす気分向上の話ではなく、問題がどのように対処されているかを理解するのに役立つ真のジャーナリズムです。
- 🧠 私たちの認知バイアスは、急速なスピードで情報を優先順位付けし、処理するための思考のショートカットであり、これらの誤りは現実を正確に処理する能力を妨げています。
- 🤔 ニュースリテラシーは、私たちが正確に情報を処理するための3つの柱を提供し、誤情報を戦い、真実を追求し、否定的バイアスに対抗し、バランスを図り、自己認知を勘定に入れます。
Q & A
ニュースにどのような影響が私たちに及ぶとスピーチで述べられていますか?
-ニュースは私たちの心的状態に大きな影響を与え、ニュースへの依存や回避によって私たちの情緒が左右されます。ニュースから得られる情報は、私たちが世界をどのように捉え、行動を起こすかに影響を与えるとされています。
スピーチの中でニュースリテラシーとは何に関連していると説明されていますか?
-ニュースリテラシーは、偽情報から自分自身を守ることに関連しており、事実と虚偽を区別し、信頼できる情報を得るためのスキルです。
なぜニュースは「火事が起こっており、私たちは皆死ぬ」と言ったような感覚を私たちに与えるのでしょうか?
-ニュースは世界的に起こっている最も悪い出来事、問題、紛争、暴力を優先的に報道しており、解決策や進歩、開発の物語は無視されるためです。これは私たちが現実の歪んだイメージを持つ原因となります。
スピーチの中で提唱されたニュースリテラシーの3つの柱とは何ですか?
-真実を追求すること、バランスを図ること、自己の認知バイアスを理解することです。これらはそれぞれ、偽情報と戦うこと、否定的なバイアスに対抗すること、そして私たち自身の思考の誤りを認識することに関連しています。
なぜ私たちはニュースから得られる情報に歪みがあると感じるのかを説明してください。
-ニュースは「もしそれが出血すれば、それをリードに」というニュースルームの文化に基づいて、問題や紛争、暴力を優先的に報道しており、解決策や進歩の物語は無視されるためです。
スピーチの中でニュースの負のバイアスが私たちにどのような影響を与えると述べられていますか?
-ニュースの負のバイアスは、私たちが世界が実際にはそれほど危険で悪い場所ではないにもかかわらず、世界が常に悪化していると感じる原因となります。これは人々の不安、憂鬱、恐怖、相互への敵意、そして大規模なグローバル問題に対する無力感につながります。
スピーチの中でニュースをどのように改善し、より良いツールにするために提案されていますか?
-問題だけでなく、解決策についても真剣に報道し、進歩を調査し、問題がどのように対処されているかを理解するような真のジャーナリズムを促進することです。
スピーチの中で認知バイアスとは何であり、なぜそれが重要なのでしょうか?
-認知バイアスは、迅速な情報処理を助けるために発達した思考のショートカットであり、しかしその速さ故に処理エラーが発生し、現実を正確に処理する能力に妨げになります。これらのバイアスを理解することは、私たちが受け取る情報を歪曲する可能性があるため、重要です。
スピーチの中でニュースをどのように利用することで、より強力で結びついている世界に住むことができますか?
-ニュースを通じて、進歩や解決策について学ぶことで、希望、楽観、回復力、つながり、自己赋能を高めることができます。これは問題を否定することではなく、問題の存在の中で何が可能かを見ることで生じる感情です。
スピーチの中でニュースリテラシーの3つの柱をT.B.C.と略される理由は何ですか?
-T.B.C.は「To Be Confirmed」の略で、ニュースを消費する際に必要な努力と批判的思考、認識を促すためのリマインダーとして機能します。
スピーチの最後に述べられた、ニュースに健康的に接するための3つの方法とは何ですか?
-オフラインでニュースを得ること、ニュースチェックを遅らせること、そして積極的に解決策を含むことです。これにより、私たちはより多くの情報を得ることができ、より良い意思決定を下すことができます。
Outlines
📰 ニュースリテラシーの重要性
この段落では、ニュースが私たちの心の健康に与える影響と、なぜそれが重要であるかについて語られています。ニュースは私たちが常に接触しており、それが私たちの感情に大きな影響を与えることがあると指摘されています。しかし、ニュースリテラシーを通じて、ニュースをより建設的に活用する方法を学ぶことができると述べています。ニュースリテラシーは、誤情報を識別し、社会的に混乱を招く情報を除外する手段として伝統的に定義されてきたものの、さらに深い意味を持つ可能性があると主張しています。
🌏 ニュースのネガティブバイアス
この段落では、ニュースメディアが問題や衝突、暴力を優先的に報道することで生じるネガティブバイアスについて触れています。ニュースは世界的に起こる最悪の出来事を報道する傾向があり、解決策や進歩、発展の物語は無視されることが多いです。このバイアスは、現実の歪んだ画像を作り出し、世界が危険で悪い場所であると私たちに思い込ませることができます。しかし、実際には、私たちの歴史の中で最も急速な改善のいくつかを続けてきました。この段落では、ニュースのネガティブバイアスが私たちの感情と行動に与える影響について警告しています。
🔍 認知バイアスとニュースの関係
この段落では、私たちの認知バイアスがニュースの理解と処理にどのように影響を与えるかについて解説しています。利用性バイアスや確認バイアスなど、これらの思考のショートカットは、迅速な情報処理を可能にしますが、誤った評価を生み出すことがあります。これらのバイアスは、私たちが何を関心を持つか、何に行動するか、何に反対するか、何に投票するかに影響を与えます。アルゴリズムが私たちが好むニュースを提供するオンラインニュースの普及により、これらのバイアスはさらに活発になっています。私たちはこれらのバイアスを理解し、それらを制限する戦略を構築する必要があります。
🌱 ニュースとの新しい関係の築き方
最後の段落では、ニュースとの関係を根本的に変革する必要性について話されています。ニュースリテラシーの3つの柱:真実を追求すること、バランスを図ること、自己認知を考慮に入れることに重点を置いています。これらの柱は、私たちがニュースをより建設的に活用する方法を学ぶためのガイドラインを提供します。さらに、ニュースをより深く理解することで、より良い世界を築くために必要なツールとして機能します。この段落では、ニュースの消費に取り組む3つの方法も提案されており、それはオフラインでのニュースの取得、ニュースチェックの遅延、解決策の探求を含んでいます。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡ニュースリテラシー
💡偽情報
💡ネガティブバイアス
💡認知バイアス
💡解決策の報道
💡ホープ
💡自己効力感
💡事実確認
💡バランス
💡認知
Highlights
The world is often perceived as being on fire and heading towards doom due to the prevalence of negative news.
The speaker has been researching the impact of news on mental health and developing healthy news habits for a decade.
News literacy is traditionally about protecting against misinformation, which is designed to sow discord and disrupt society.
A real-life incident in 2016 illustrates the danger of misinformation, where a man shot in a pizza shop due to a false news story.
Only 22% of UK adults can successfully identify false information, highlighting the need for improved news literacy.
News literacy should encompass more than just fact-checking; it should also address the negativity bias in news reporting.
The 'if it bleeds, it leads' culture in newsrooms creates a distorted view of reality, focusing on problems and ignoring solutions.
Despite progress in various areas such as health and technology, people still perceive the world as worse than in the past.
The speaker emphasizes the importance of reporting on solutions alongside problems to provide a balanced view of the world.
Understanding how and why things have improved is crucial for learning and implementing effective actions.
Reporting on progress can shift our mindset, increasing hope, optimism, resilience, and self-empowerment.
There is resistance to reporting on progress due to concerns it might give a false sense of security.
The third pillar of news literacy involves understanding our cognitive biases and how they affect our perception of reality.
Cognitive biases like availability bias and confirmation bias can lead to incorrect assessments and have real-life consequences.
Understanding and accounting for our biases can help limit their exploitation and improve our information processing.
The news is complex, and incorrect use can cause harm; thus, news literacy with three pillars is essential for safe engagement.
The speaker suggests getting news offline, slowing down news consumption, and actively seeking solutions as part of good news habits.
A fundamental shift in our relationship with the news and education about it is necessary for a better-informed society.
Transcripts
Transcriber: 欣慧 姜 Reviewer: Anna Sobota
“The world is on fire and we’re all going to die.”
This sentiment reflects almost every front page news,
every alert that pings on my phone.
Every breaking news story that I read is in some way a version of this,
told in many different ways about many different topics.
I’ve had a decade-long obsession with understanding why this is
and researching what effect this has on us,
especially given how frequently were exposed to it -
and whether you’re a news addict or a news avoider,
you will be affected.
I know I was.
I got to the point where the news made me feel so depressed about the world
that I couldn’t watch it anymore,
and this is incredibly common.
But feeling depressed
doesn’t have to be overriding side effect from being informed.
There are ways we can engage with the news and feel more empowered,
more connected to the world and more capable to act within it.
But to achieve this, we have to change the way we use the news.
Navigating the news is, in fact, a skill.
And it was only recently that i learned that there was a name for it,
that it was called news literacy.
So even though I’d been in this space for the last ten years
researching the impact of news on our mental health
and developing ways to build healthy news habits,
I had never heard this term before.
And this is because news literacy
is traditionally about being able to protect ourselves
against misinformation.
And although this has become a slightly polluted term,
where people claim fake news
to undermine information they disagree with,
it is an actual thing.
And it’s designed to sow discord, disrupt and divide society,
as well as damage our ability to make informed choices.
And it can be harmful.
In 2016, a 28 year-old man entered a pizza shop filled with families
in Washington, D.C.
He took out his rifle and began shooting.
Why?
He believed, because of misinformation,
that this pizza shop was the base for a paedophile sex ring,
involving Hillary Clinton.
Now, this is one of the more well known
fake news stories,
but misinformation is everywhere,
and it’s difficult to identify.
Only 22 % of UK adults have been able to successfully spot false information.
And so, news literacy has grown around this need to help teach us
how to separate fact from fiction
to become reliably informed about the world.
This is the central pillar of news literacy.
But for me, this approach is fundamentally incomplete.
It’s not that it’s not valuable, it’s just not enough.
We are missing something,
because misinformation is not the only thing
that prevents us from being accurately informed.
In fact, we need three pillars.
You see, we have a culture in our newsrooms
that “if it bleeds, it leads”.
The news reports on the worst things happening in the world
at any given moment,
prioritizing problems, conflict and violence
and ignoring stories of solutions, progress and development.
So we need a second pillar within news literacy
to address the fact that this negativity bias
creates an imbalanced and distorted picture of reality.
And it leads us to think
the world is a more dangerous and terrible place
than it actually is.
When in fact, we have achieved and continue to achieve
some of the most rapid improvements in our history.
I’ll never forget a conversation I had with my mother-in-law, Eva,
right after I had my first child.
She said she worried for my daughter
because the world is so much more dangerous and terrible
than when she was young.
Now, bear in mind,
Eva was born in Germany into a World War in 1945,
but she believes the world is much worse today.
But since 1945, globally speaking, we’re more prosperous,
we have fewer people living in extreme levels of poverty,
we have better health,
we are living for longer,
we have better technology.
The technological advances are incredible.
We have more processing power on our smartphones
than the whole of NASA’s had for the moon landing.
We have lower levels of child mortality.
We have fewer deaths from conflict.
We’ve made meaningful progress in our development of renewable energy,
as well as being able to afford better access to it.
And this isn’t to say
that everything has improved for everyone, everywhere, at every moment.
But it’s to highlight that despite significant progress
many of us continue to think the world is getting significantly worse
because that’s the story we’re most often told -
“The world is on fire and we all are going to die.”
So this negativity bias creates a whole different form of misinformation,
it’s misrepresentation.
It is not an accurate reflection of the state of the world
and as a result,we don’t have an accurate understanding of it.
And thinking of the world in this way,
that we’re in a perpetual state of decline,
is not only inaccurate, but it can be harmful.
It can make people feel anxious,
and not necessarily about a particular issue,
just generally anxious, depressed, fearful
hostile towards each other
and helpless in the face of large global issues.
So how do we fix this?
Well, we don’t stop reporting on problems,
but we begin seriously reporting on solutions too.
And I’m not talking about light-hearted, uplifting stories
that just make us feel better.
I’m talking about real journalism that investigates progress
and helps us understand how issues are being dealt with.
And there’s a skill to this,
because it’s not just knowing that things have gotten better,
we need to know how they have and why they have.
This gives us critical information.
By learning from how communities are successfully responding to problems,
it helps us better identify and implement effective action,
especially in areas where these problems aren’t yet solved.
And this does more than just improve our mood,
this shifts our mindset.
This creates new parameters for possibility.
And this has been shown to increase our levels of hope,
optimism, resilience, connection and self-empowerment.
And the thing that is really important to stress about these feelings
is they don’t arise from denying
or shielding ourselves from the world’s problems,
they arise when we allow ourselves to see what’s possible in their presence.
To be clear,
this is not about ignoring problems,
nor is it about redirecting the media lens from here to there.
It’s about widening the lens to see the whole picture.
But there is a huge resistance to this.
With all the terrible things happening in the world,
reporting on progress can be considered insensitive or irresponsible
as if it would give us a false sense of security,
but this is just not true.
And it’s irresponsible not to because without it,
we’re left with a false sense of insecurity
where we believe the world is worse than it actually is.
So we need to expand the definition,
and these first two pillars of news literacy that I’ve spoken about,
seeking truth and striving for balance,
they relate to how information is produced.
But there’s a third pillar,
and this focus is on us and how we process information.
And I’m referring specifically here to our cognitive biases.
So these are our thinking shortcuts,
which have been developed over thousands of years,
and then, fine tuned by our own personal experience.
They exist to help us prioritize and process information quickly.
But because of their rapid speed, they are filled with processing errors
which interfere with us processing reality accurately.
So if I was to ask you to roughly estimate, in the last five years,
how many people have died from commercial plane crashes
versus car accidents?
Just as a rough estimate,
roughly 1200 people have died from commercial plane crashes
versus nearly 6.75 million from car accidents.
And if I was to ask you,
what percentage of the world’s population are currently refugees:
14.5 %, 4.5 % or 0.5 %?
The answer is, in fact, 0.5 %.
And the bias responsible for these often incorrect answers
is known as our availability bias.
This is because the more often we see something,
the more common we believe it to be.
Now these examples may seem abstract,
but these inaccuracies in our assessment can have real life consequences.
They affect what we care about, what we act on,
what we legislate against and what we vote for.
And we need a basic understanding of our cognitive biases, not least of all
because these vulnerabilities in our psychology are exploited
by the very companies that we use to inform us.
It’s our own negativity bias that helps explain why we even have
the “if it bleeds, it leads” news culture -
because we are prone to pay attention to threats in our environment
and news organizations want to get our attention.
And then, there’s our confirmation bias
where we actively seek out and agree with information
that reinforces our existing way of thinking
and we reject or avoid information that challenges it.
And we’re particularly vulnerable to this bias when we get our news online
because the algorithms are designed
to give us news that we like and that we’re primed to engage with.
And considering 73 % of us get our news online,
this bias can often be very busy.
Now, these are just three, but there are many.
And it’s important we understand our cognitive biases
and how they manipulate information
so that we can better protect ourselves against the distortions they create.
But it’s not like a magic trick.
It’s not like once you know what your biases are and how they work,
they stop working.
But it allows us to account for them
and to build strategies to limit the exploitation of them.
Now, what all of this shows us is that the news is complicated.
Our relationship with it is not straightforward,
and if used incorrectly, it has the potential to cause serious harm.
And if this were any other products on the market,
one of two things would happen:
it would be recalled or it would be relabeled,
and it would be given more rules to ensure it was used safely.
Well, news literacy provides us with those rules.
We need these three pillars to support them:
one, to combat misinformation and seek truth;
two, to counter the negativity bias and strive for balance;
and three, to account for our own cognition.
Truth, Balance, Cognition - T. B. C.
And this acronym is better known as to be confirmed.
For me, this is just a perfect summary because it reminds us to pause,
to be critical and aware that the news we consume
is always in some way to be confirmed,
that there is effort needed in our engagement with it.
And this effort is a really important element
because news literacy isn’t something we just learn and have,
it’s something we practise and do.
And at this stage, people always ask me what I do when it comes to the news.
So I’ll share with you three things.
Firstly, I try and get my news offline,
and this can be a physical news product or a news program.
The reason why I like this is because it’s intentional and deliberate.
You are seeking the news rather than the news seeking you.
My second recommendation is just to slow down.
We do not need to be checking in with the news every minute of every day,
the world doesn’t change that quickly.
And even if it did, we would still need time to make sense of its events.
So I prefer a much slower form of journalism:
a weekly newsmagazine or program that has time to fact check
and that takes a longer time frame on an issue.
And finally, include solutions.
If you don’t actively seek them, you will not see them.
And without them,
we psychologically starving ourselves of understanding what we’re capable of
as individuals and as a society.
We’re instead limiting ourselves to learning from failure,
and that can be a slow way to learn.
Now, these three small things can have a big impact,
but we need more.
We need a fundamental and radical shift in our relationship with the news
and our education about the news.
Since having children, I’ve become acutely aware of
how much earlier in life this education needs to begin.
Because the news is everywhere.
It affects everyone.
And we all need better guidance on how to successfully navigate it
in a way that leaves us reliably informed about the world.
But being accurately informed isn’t the end goal, it’s a tool.
Because if we want to build a better world,
we have to understand it better first.
Thank you.
(Applause)
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