Parallelism. Lesson 2

Summary

En este fascinante segundo lección sobre paralelismo, se enfatiza la importancia de entender y aplicar correctamente la estructura paralela en inglés para mejorar la claridad y efectividad en la comunicación. Se discuten ejemplos de listas, comparaciones e incluso correlative conjunctions como 'not only... but also', para ilustrar cómo la igualdad en la estructura de ambos lados de una conjunción es crucial para una comunicación efectiva y persuasiva. El video invita a la audiencia a continuar aprendiendo sobre paralelismo en la lección 3, prometiendo mejorar su estilo y uso del inglés académico.

Takeaways

• 📚 La lección 2 se centra en el paralelismo, un tema difícil pero interesante que ayuda a clarificar el inglés y mejorar las comparaciones y conjunciones.
• 🧐 Se recomienda ver la lección 1 antes de la lección 2 para comprender mejor el concepto de paralelismo.
• 🔍 En una lista, los elementos deben estar en paralelo, es decir, tener la misma estructura gramatical, ya sea sustantivos, adverbios, cláusulas, frases preposicionales o participiales.
• ⚖️ La comparación debe ser igual en ambos lados de una conjunción; si no lo están, suena extraño y es más persuasivo cuando son iguales.
• 🏊‍♂️ Un ejemplo de comparación incorrecta es 'I'd rather go swimming them running', que debe ser corregido a 'I'd rather go swimming than go running'.
• 🤔 La ambigüedad puede surgir en comparaciones como 'I like learning grammar as much as you', que debe ser aclarada para comparar adecuadamente el nivel de disfrute.
• 👦 En comparaciones, 'he is better than any boy in his class' puede ser ilógico si no se añade 'other', comparando al niño consigo mismo.
• 😡 La comparación 'he is more angry than in shock' no es paralela; debe ser 'he is more angry than shocked' o ajustar la estructura para comparar elementos similares.
• 🎨 Ejemplos de oraciones correctas de paralelismo incluyen 'Fred is not only a good cook but also a fine painter', manteniendo la estructura igual en ambos lados de la conjunción.
• 🔄 Con las conjunciones correlativas 'not only... but also', es crucial colocarlas correctamente para que el verbo modifique a ambos elementos, como en 'I ate not only steak but also pork'.
• ❌ Posicionar 'not only' al principio de una oración puede causar confusiones, como en 'Not only Fred is a good cook but also a fine painter', que debe ser reestructurada para mantener el paralelismo.
• 📝 La próxima lección se enfocará en las conjunciones coordinantes y 'but', que se han utilizado en listas pero se explorarán en cláusulas independientes.

Q & A

¿Qué es la parálelismo y por qué es importante en la gramática inglesa?

El parálelismo es la técnica de usar palabras, frases o estructuras gramaticales similares para comparar dos o más elementos en una oración. Es importante porque ayuda a hacer el inglés más claro y efectivo, especialmente en comparaciones y conjunciones.

¿Por qué es necesario que los elementos en una lista sean paralelos?

Los elementos en una lista deben ser paralelos, es decir, de la misma estructura gramatical, para mantener la claridad y la coherencia en la oración.

¿Cómo se debe corregir la oración 'I'd rather go swimming them running' para cumplir con el parálelismo?

Para cumplir con el parálelismo, se debe corregir a 'I'd rather go swimming than go running', asegurándose de que ambos elementos ('go swimming' y 'go running') sean iguales en estructura.

¿Cuál es la diferencia entre 'I like learning grammar as much as you' y 'I like learning grammar as much as you like learning grammar'?

La primera oración puede ser ambigua, ya que no está claro a qué se refiere 'as much as you'. La segunda oración es más clara y paralela, ya que especifica que se compara el gusto por aprender gramática entre ambas partes.

¿Por qué es incorrecta la oración 'He is better than any boy in his class'?

Es incorrecta porque 'he' es un pronombre que se refiere a un 'boy', y compararlo con 'any boy' en su propia clase implica una comparación ilógica con sí mismo. Se debe decir 'He is better than any other boy in his class' para que la comparación sea lógica.

¿Cómo se debe corregir la oración 'He is more angry than in shock' para cumplir con el parálelismo?

Para cumplir con el parálelismo, se debe cambiar a 'He is more angry than shocked', asegurándose de que ambos elementos ('angry' y 'shocked') sean del mismo tipo gramatical, en este caso, adjetivos.

¿Qué son las conjunciones corelativas y cómo se relacionan con el parálelismo?

Las conjunciones corelativas, como 'not only... but also', se usan para unir dos elementos iguales en una oración. El parálelismo es crucial aquí para mantener la estructura y el significado均衡.

¿Por qué es incorrecta la oración 'I not only ate steak' si se sigue con 'then the ate is only modifying the steak'?

Es incorrecta porque la conjunción 'not only' debe ir seguida inmediatamente por el elemento que modifica, y si se interrumpe con 'then', el verbo 'ate' solo modifica 'steak', dejando la oración no paralela.

¿Cómo se debe corregir la oración 'I went with not only a but also with B' para cumplir con el parálelismo?

Para cumplir con el parálelismo, se debe corregir a 'I went with not only A but also B', eliminando la duplicación de la conjunción 'with' y asegurando que 'not only' modifique tanto a 'A' como a 'B'.

¿Qué se debe tener en cuenta al usar conjunciones corelativas con elementos que no son iguales?

Cuando se usan conjunciones corelativas, es fundamental que los elementos que se unen sean del mismo tipo gramatical y estructural para mantener la parálelismo y evitar confusiones en el significado.

¿Por qué la oración 'Fred is not only a good cook but also a fine painter' es correcta en cuanto al parálelismo?

Esta oración es correcta porque 'not only' se refiere a 'Fred', que es el sujeto de ambas partes de la oración, y 'a good cook' y 'a fine painter' son iguales en estructura, cumpliendo así con el parálelismo.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introducción al Paralelismo

En la lección 2, se aborda el tema del paralelismo, un concepto complejo pero interesante que ayuda a clarificar el inglés. Se enfatiza la importancia de que los elementos en una lista o una comparación sean de la misma estructura, como sustantivos, adverbios, cláusulas o frases preposicionales. Se ejemplifica con frases como 'I'd rather go swimming than running', destacando la necesidad de que los elementos comparados sean iguales para que la oración suene natural y persuasiva. También se discute la importancia de los verbos auxiliares en las comparaciones y cómo corregir oraciones que no siguen el principio del paralelismo.

05:01

🔍 Análisis de Ejemplos de Paralelismo

Se continúa la exploración del paralelismo con ejemplos específicos. Se muestra cómo las comparaciones deben ser lógicas y coherentes, como en 'he is more angry than shocked', donde se debe mantener la consistencia en la estructura de las palabras comparadas. Se discute también el uso de correlatives como 'not only X but also Y', destacando la confusión que pueden generar si no se usan correctamente. Se proporciona una corrección para oraciones incorrectas y se enfatiza la necesidad de que los elementos modificados por las conjunciones sean iguales, como en 'I ate not only steak but also pork'. Además, se sugiere la importancia de mantener una estructura igualitaria en las oraciones para evitar confusiones y mejorar la claridad del lenguaje.

10:03

👋 Despedida y Invitación a la Siguiente Lección

El script concluye con un mensaje de despedida y una invitación a los espectadores a seguir aprendiendo sobre el paralelismo en la lección 3. Se enfatiza la importancia de comprender y aplicar el paralelismo para mejorar el estilo académico del inglés y se alude a la utilidad de este conocimiento para hablar y escribir con claridad y precisión. Se invita a los espectadores a hacer preguntas y a unirse a futuras lecciones para profundizar en este tema.

Keywords

💡Parallelismo

El parallelismo es una técnica gramatical que se utiliza para expresar ideas relacionadas de manera coherente y estructurada. En el video, se destaca como un tema central, ya que ayuda a clarificar el inglés y a mejorar la claridad en la escritura y el habla. Por ejemplo, el script menciona que en una lista, los elementos deben ser paralelos, es decir, de la misma estructura gramatical, para mantener la coherencia.

💡Conjunciones

Las conjunciones son palabras que unen palabras, frases o oraciones. En el contexto del video, se enfatiza la importancia de que los elementos unidos por conjunciones, como 'I'd rather' o 'as much as', sean iguales en estructura para mantener el parallelismo. Un ejemplo del script es 'I'd rather go swimming than go running', donde 'go' se repite para equilibrar la estructura.

💡Comparaciones

Las comparaciones son fundamentales en el video para ilustrar el uso del parallelismo. Se establece que para que una comparación sea efectiva, los elementos comparados deben ser del mismo tipo gramatical. Por ejemplo, 'he is more angry than shocked' se corrrige a 'he is more angry than he is shocked' para mantener la comparabilidad.

💡Gerundios

Un gerundio es una forma verbal que funciona como sustantivo, terminando generalmente en '-ing'. En el video, se menciona que los gerundios deben ser comparables con otros gerundios para mantener el parallelismo, como en 'I like learning grammar as much as you like learning grammar'.

💡Infinitivos

Los infinitivos son formas verbales que expresan una acción en general, generalmente precedidas por 'to'. El script destaca que los infinitivos deben ser iguales en estructura a otros infinitivos en una comparación para mantener el parallelismo, como en 'I'd rather go swimming than run', donde 'go' se añade para equilibrar 'swimming' y 'running'.

💡Verbos auxiliares

Los verbos auxiliares son verbos que se utilizan para formar tiempos compuestos, aspectos o modalidades. En el video, se muestra cómo los verbos auxiliares son necesarios para mantener el parallelismo en oraciones comparativas, como en 'I like learning grammar as much as you like learning grammar', donde 'like' se repite como verbo auxiliar.

💡Correlativos

Los correlativos son una pareja de conjunciones que se utilizan para conectar elementos iguales en estructura. En el video, se discuten correlativos como 'not only... but also...' y cómo su posición afecta la estructura paralela, como en 'I went with not only a but also B', que se corrige a 'I went with not only a but also B' para mantener la coherencia.

💡Inversión

La inversión es un patrón gramatical en el que el verbo auxiliar se coloca antes del sujeto. En el video, se menciona la inversión después de 'not only', que es necesaria para mantener la estructura gramatical correcta, como en 'Not only is Fred a good cook but also a fine painter'.

💡Estructuras gramaticales

Las estructuras gramaticales son los patrones de palabras que forman oraciones coherentes. El video se centra en las estructuras paralelas, donde los elementos de una oración deben ser del mismo tipo gramatical para ser comparables y mantener la claridad, como se ve en las listas y comparaciones presentadas.

💡Académico

El término 'académico' se refiere a un estilo de lenguaje formal y estructurado, apropiado para el entorno educativo. El video sugiere que el entendimiento del parallelismo mejora el estilo académico del inglés, permitiendo una comunicación más clara y persuasiva.

💡Clases gramaticales

Las clases gramaticales son categorías de palabras que comparten características similares, como sustantivos, adjetivos y verbos. El video enfatiza la importancia de que las palabras de las mismas clases gramaticales se utilicen en comparaciones para mantener el parallelismo, como cuando se comparan 'a good cook' y 'a fine painter'.

Highlights

Lesson 2 emphasizes the importance of parallelism in English for clarity and effectiveness.

Parallelism ensures that items in a list are of the same kind of structure, such as nouns, adverbs, clauses, etc.

In comparisons, the elements on both sides of a conjunction must be equal for clarity.

Examples given illustrate the incorrect use of gerunds and infinitives in comparisons.

The transcript corrects the mistake by adding 'go' to maintain parallelism in the comparison.

The importance of auxiliary verbs in maintaining parallelism in sentences is discussed.

Ambiguity in comparisons is highlighted, and the need for clarity is emphasized.

The transcript explains the correct use of 'as much as' with an auxiliary verb for parallelism.

Pronouns can affect the logic of comparisons, as shown in the example with 'he' and 'any boy in his class'.

The necessity of the word 'other' in comparisons to avoid illogical self-comparison is pointed out.

Adjectives and prepositional phrases must be parallel to maintain sentence coherence.

The transcript provides a method to correct non-parallel adjectives and prepositional phrases.

Correlative conjunctions like 'not only... but also...' are discussed for their role in parallelism.

Examples demonstrate correct and incorrect use of 'not only... but also...' with verbs.

The transcript explains the correct placement of 'not only' to avoid partial modification.

The importance of inversion after 'not only' when used with negative adverbials is highlighted.

The transcript suggests a preference for brevity when correcting sentences with 'not only... but also...'.

The transcript concludes with a teaser for the next lesson on coordinating conjunctions and 'but'.

The value of parallelism in improving academic English style is emphasized for the next lesson.

Transcripts

today we're looking again at parallelism

this is lesson 2 and I strongly

recommend that you watch lesson 1 before

you watch lesson 2 it's a very difficult

topic this but interesting and it helps

you make your English much clearer and

yeah it will help you with your

comparisons your conjunctions last

lesson we looked at lists lists have to

be well items in a list have to be in

parallel which means they have to be of

the same kind of structure may be a list

of nouns a list of adverbs a list of

clauses a list of prepositional phrases

a list of participial phrases all sorts

of things it could be now have a look at

the first one I'd rather go swimming

them running now you might think that go

is being used with swimming and it's

modifying running however and when we

have a comparison the X and the y should

be equal you should think of that that's

really the main reason it's the main

thing that parallelism is about you're

trying to make the two elements on both

sides of a conjunction equal when

they're unequal when one's a gerund and

one's an infinitive or one's an adverb

and one's an adjective or a noun it

sounds weird and it sounds much more

beautiful and persuasive when you use

two elements of elements on both sides

which are equal so I would actually add

the going here sorry the go I'd rather

go swimming then go running and you know

it kind of makes sense because if you

say I'd rather go swimming than running

around the park I think anyone could see

that that sounds wrong I'd rather go

swimming them running around the park no

I'd rather go swimming

then go running around the park and it's

just because you've got X must equal Y

yeah they must be of the same they must

be of the same class in order to make a

comparison and so they must both be

nouns or both be adjectives or both be

verb phrases go swimming then go running

okay have a look at the next one I

like learning grammar as much as here's

our kind of like van that the part in

the middle of the scales which weighs up

both sides and this side should equal

this side

Eilert like learning grammar as much as

you and this is really ambiguous when

you think hard long and hard about it we

could actually be making a different

comparison than perhaps I am if I say I

like learning grammar as much as you

then you might think that I like I like

this learning grammar what's cool at a

as much as this you now that sounds like

yeah I like learning grammar just as

much as I like you which is a little bit

odd that's not really the intended

meaning here what I mean is I like

learning grammar as much as you like

learning grammar now we don't have to

write all of that we can replace it with

an auxiliary verb and we do we just like

do I like learning grammar as much as

you like learning grammar and the like

learning grammar is represented by that

auxiliary verb so we need that auxiliary

verb because it's present simple I like

its present simple over here you do yeah

if it was I liked learning grammar as

much as you did then that would still

all be parallel there did would Rick

correspond to the liked and it would

represent the learning grammar still I

liked learning grammar at a boy as much

as you liked learning grammar as a child

yeah so as much as you did okay so we

really have to have that auxiliary verb

I hope that's clear look at the next

sentence he is better than any boy in

his class this is a little odd and it's

maybe not connected to power lism

parallelism but maybe it is if we say he

is better than any boy in the class that

means we're comparing him with himself

because he is a boy we can see that from

the pronoun and folk

we actually need to add a word here than

any other boy in his class and then

we're comparing him to all the other

boys in his class and the comparison it

works it's not illogical and so we

really need that other in this one but I

think it's a little bit different from

the other parallel structures we're

looking at I have a look at more exilim

Y now he is more angry than in shock now

I hope you can see perhaps from the last

lesson where we looked at the fact that

these have to be similar words this is

an adjective

this is a prepositional phrase

preposition and noun and so really we

should just change this to shocked he is

more angry than shocked but of course we

could have a clause here he is more

angry with me than shocked by my

behavior angry with than shocked by and

then that would still be parallel we'd

have a clause he is more angry with me

than shocked by my behavior okay and we

just got to make sure that it's equal on

both sides that these are comparable

that they are only nouns are comparable

with nouns you know nouns are only sorry

nouns are only compatible with nouns and

Germans are only comparable with other

Jones and so keep the words the same ok

correlative conjunctions I'm just going

to look at not only X but also Y because

I hope to show you that this is actually

very confusing and they certainly test

lists in a number of different exams ok

let's keep things simple

I ate not only steak but also pork I'm

pleased to say that this is correct

because this verb here modifies both

steak and pork if we use it on this side

of the not only okay if it's on this

side of the not only it's all okay and

we get a correct however if we say I not

only ate steak then the ate is only

modifying the steak and so here we need

to say but also I ate pork here I not

only ate steak but also ate pork you'd

need to put the verb in again

here because it's not it's it's not

referring to pork here now that it's

after if only okay so this one is wrong

but we could make it right by saying

that but also a pie not only a at stake

but also ate pork and I hope you can see

that net now we have not only ate steak

but also ate pork

it looks very equal like we've got

everything on the right sides of the

conjunction okay

fred is not only a good cook but also a

fine painter just remind you that's

correct okay not only a good cook but

also a fine painter now this is correct

because we've got Fred on this side of

the not only and so fred is refers to a

good cook and it refers to a fine

painter all good yeah that's all

excellent however if we look at the next

one we've put the not only at the start

and so now Fred only refers to a good

cook by the way please remember the

inversion that's necessary after not

only after negative adverbials

so it only modifies a good cook now Fred

and to make this one correct we'd have

to say not only is Fred a good cook but

also fred is a fine painter but of

course it's very wordy and I actually

prefer always if it's possible this one

fred is not only a good cook but also a

fine painter it sounds much better look

at the last example and I'm just going

to use a and B to try and make it

clearer I think it helps to think of

things almost algebraically but I went

not only with a but also B this is

incorrect and to make it correct we can

do a couple of different things but I'm

just going to show you one thing the

reason why it's wrong is because the

whiff only modifies a and you want the

whiff to modify B as well and so to make

it correct just get rid of it there and

put it over here I went with not only a

but also B and then

you can see that it's equal it's not

only a but also B and then we've made

that one correct look at the next one

which is also wrong I went with not only

a but also with B so we've got two

whiffs but we don't need to whiffs in

this one because the width is in the

right place to modify a and B here so if

we just get rid of that one we make this

one correct

I win we've not only Ava also B you can

see that it's the same then as a top one

so you must change those kinds of

sentences now I'm going to continue in

the next lesson not with correlative

conjunctions but with coordinating

conjunctions and buts or you've already

seen them used in lists earlier but I

want to show them in independent clauses

in the next lesson so please come back

to to study some more about parallelism

in lesson 3 it will help your style and

yeah I think it helps people speak with

a nice kind of loyal academic form of

English and so if you're interested in

that please come back for lesson 3

thanks for watching if you have any

questions put them under the video and I

hope to see you all soon