Meteorology part 1

Summary

El guion ofrece una explicación detallada sobre la relación entre la dirección del viento y las áreas de alta y baja presión, así como el concepto de frentes fríos y cálidos en meteorología. Se discuten los tipos de nubes y sus alturas aproximadas, y se profundiza en el proceso de convección, desde el desarrollo de termales hasta la interpretación de diagramas teóricos y su aplicación práctica. El presentador planea sesiones adicionales para profundizar en estos temas, destacando la importancia de comprender estos conceptos para la navegación y el vuelo.

Takeaways

• 🌪️ La relación entre la dirección del viento y las áreas de presión alta y baja es fundamental en meteorología: el aire fluye hacia las áreas de baja presión y se aleja de las de alta presión.
• 🔄 En el hemisferio norte, los vientos giran de manera horaria alrededor de las áreas de alta presión y antihoraria alrededor de las de baja presión debido a la fuerza de Coriolis.
• 📉 El aire que se eleva crea áreas de baja presión, mientras que el aire descendente genera áreas de alta presión, lo que es básico en física.
• 🌬️ La dirección del viento en un mapa sinóptico se ve afectada por la fricción terrestre, especialmente cerca del suelo, lo que puede cambiar la dirección del viento en relación a las isobars.
• 🌦️ Los frentes fríos y cálidos son fenómenos importantes en la meteorología que conllevan cambios en las condiciones climáticas, incluyendo la nubosidad, la presión y el viento.
• ❄️ Los frentes fríos son caracterizados por una masa de aire frío que avanza y empuja el aire cálido por encima, suele haber un aumento en la velocidad del viento y activity convectiva.
• 🔥 Los frentes cálidos indican que el aire cálido avanza sobre el aire frío, suelen presentarse con una progresión lenta y un aumento en las nubes y la precipitación.
• 🌤️ Las nubes son clasificadas según su altura y tipo, desde las altas como cirro o cirrocumulus hasta las bajas como stratus o cumulus.
• ♨️ La convección es el proceso por el cual el aire cálido se eleva y puede formar termales, que son esferas de aire cálido que se elevan desde la superficie terrestre.
• 📊 Los lapsos adiabáticos, tanto secos como saturados, son medidas de la tasa a la que el aire se enfría mientras se eleva; son claves para entender el desarrollo de las nubes y los termales.
• 🌡️ La estabilidad y la inestabilidad del aire son condiciones que afectan el desarrollo de las nubes y los termales; la inestabilidad puede llevar a la formación de cumulus y nubes de precipitación.

Q & A

¿Qué es la relación básica entre la dirección del viento y las áreas de presión alta y baja?

El aire fluye hacia las áreas de baja presión y se aleja de las áreas de alta presión. En el hemisferio norte, los vientos giran en sentido horario alrededor de las áreas de alta presión y en sentido antihorario alrededor de las áreas de baja presión debido a la fuerza de Coriolis.

¿Cómo afecta la fricción terrestre la dirección del viento en el nivel del suelo?

La fricción terrestre cambia la dirección del viento. Alrededor de sistemas de baja presión, el viento se curva aproximadamente 30 grados hacia fuera del centro, mientras que alrededor de sistemas de alta presión, el viento se curva hacia adentro.

¿Qué son los frentes y cómo se relacionan con los cambios en las condiciones climáticas?

Los frentes son demarcaciones entre dos masas de aire de diferente densidad y temperatura. Los frentes fríos y cálidos son importantes ya que causan cambios en la nubosidad, la presión, las condiciones del viento y a menudo traen precipitación.

¿Cuáles son las características de un frente frío?

Un frente frío se caracteriza por el aire frío que avanza y empuja el aire cálido por encima de él, lo que puede causar rápidas precipitaciones y un aumento en la velocidad del viento. Después de su paso, se puede esperar cielo claro y condiciones más frescas.

¿Cómo se identifican los frentes fríos en un mapa sinóptico?

En un mapa sinóptico, los frentes fríos se representan con una línea azul con puntas hacia arriba. Indican que el aire frío está avanzando y empujando bajo el aire cálido.

¿Cuáles son las características de un frente cálido?

Un frente cálido se caracteriza por el aire cálido que avanza y sube sobre el aire frío más denso. Esto puede llevar a una progresiva construcción de nubes y eventualmente a precipitaciones持续性降雨。

¿Cómo se identifican los frentes cálidos en un mapa sinóptico?

En un mapa sinóptico, los frentes cálidos se representan con una línea con ondas o undulaciones. Significan que el aire cálido está avanzando y subiendo sobre el aire frío.

¿Qué es la convección y cómo está relacionada con la formación de termales?

La convección es el proceso por el cual el aire caliente se eleva debido a que es menos denso que el aire frío circundante. La formación de termales es un resultado de la convección, donde el aire caliente se levanta desde la superficie terrestre, a menudo en respuesta a la radiación solar durante el día.

¿Qué es la tasa de caída adiabática seca y cómo se relaciona con la formación de nubes?

La tasa de caída adiabática seca es la cantidad de enfriamiento que experimenta un paquete de aire seco al ascender en la atmósfera sin la presencia de humedad. Se cae a un ritmo de 3 grados Celsius por cada 1000 pies de altura. La formación de nubes ocurre cuando el aire se vuelve saturado y las gotas de agua condensan, generalmente cuando el aire alcanza su punto de condensación al ascender.

¿Cómo se relaciona la tasa de caída con la estabilidad y la inestabilidad del aire?

La tasa de caída se relaciona con la estabilidad del aire en el sentido de que una tasa de caída adiabática seca alta puede indicar que el aire es estable y no favorece la convección, mientras que una tasa de caída adiabática seca baja o una diferencia grande entre la tasa de caída adiabática seca y la tasa de caída ambiental puede indicar inestabilidad y favorecer la formación de termales y nubes.

¿Qué es un diagrama tephigram y cómo se utiliza para entender la convección y la formación de nubes?

Un diagrama tephigram es una herramienta utilizada para representar la evolución de un paquete de aire a medida que se calienta o enfriá, y se eleva o se desplaza. Muestra las tasas de caída adiabáticas tanto secas como saturadas, lo que permite a los meteorólogos y pilotos de avión predictivos visualizar cómo se comportará el aire y cuándo es probable que se forme la convección y las nubes.

Outlines

00:00

🌐 Introducción a la Relación entre Dirección del Viento y Presiones Atmosféricas

El primer párrafo presenta una introducción a la relación entre la dirección del viento y las áreas de alta y baja presión. Se discute cómo el aire fluye hacia las áreas de baja presión y se aleja de las de alta presión. En el hemisferio norte, los vientos giran en sentido horario alrededor de las áreas de alta presión y en sentido antihorario alrededor de las de baja presión, debido a la fuerza de Coriolis. Se ilustra este concepto con un diagrama que muestra cómo el aire se mueve en relación con las áreas de presión alta y baja, destacando la importancia de entender estos principios básicos en la meteorología.

05:02

🌀 Comprender las Fronteras Atmosféricas y sus Características

Este párrafo se enfoca en la importancia de entender las fronteras en la meteorología, describiendo detalladamente las fronteras frías y cálidas, sus nubes, condiciones, cambios de presión y cambios de viento. Se mencionan los símbolos utilizados en los mapas sinópticos para representar estas fronteras y se discuten las condiciones que se pueden esperar cuando una frontera se aproxima, como el aumento de la velocidad del viento y la formación de un frente de rafaga. También se explora la idea de que las condiciones después de una frontera fría pueden ser ideales para la navegación aérea en paracaidismo.

10:05

🌤️ Diferencias entre Fronteras Frías y Cálidas en el Comportamiento del Viento

El tercer párrafo compara y contrasta las fronteras frías y cálidas, destacando cómo el aire se comporta de manera diferente alrededor de cada tipo de frontera. Se describe cómo las fronteras frías tienen un impacto más rápido y pueden causar tormentas, mientras que las fronteras cálidas se mueven más lentamente y pueden traer consigo una serie de nubes y precipitación. Se discuten las nubes asociadas con cada tipo de frontera y cómo los pilotos de avión pueden utilizar esta información para planificar vuelos de navegación aérea.

15:06

🌦️ Identificar y Comprender los Diferentes Tipos de Nubes

Este párrafo se centra en la identificación y comprensión de los diferentes tipos de nubes, desde las de alta altitud como el cirro hasta las de baja altitud como el estratus. Se proporciona una tabla que muestra los tipos de nubes, sus alturas aproximadas y si producen precipitación. Se enfatiza la importancia de distinguir entre los tipos de nubes para comprender mejor las condiciones meteorológicas.

20:07

🌡️ Conocimiento de la Conversión y Desarrollo de Calores Térmicos

El quinto párrafo explora el concepto de convicción y el desarrollo de los llamados 'calentamientos térmicos', que son esferas de aire cálido que se elevan desde la superficie debido a su menor densidad. Se discuten los términos clave como estabilidad e inestabilidad, y se explica cómo la tasa de caída adiabática se relaciona con el comportamiento de los calores térmicos. Se presentan diagramas para ilustrar cómo el aire se冷却 y se forma la nube cuando el aire se convierte de seco a saturado.

25:07

📊 Análisis de Tasas de Caída Adiabática y su Aplicación en la Meteorología

Este párrafo se enfoca en el análisis de las tasas de caída adiabática, que son fundamentales para entender cómo el aire se冷却 al elevarse y cómo esto afecta la formación de nubes y el comportamiento del viento. Se explica cómo la tasa de caída adiabática difiere para el aire seco y saturado y cómo estas tasas se relacionan con la estabilidad del aire. Se utilizan gráficos para ilustrar cómo los calores térmicos se comportan en diferentes condiciones de caída adiabática.

30:07

🌅 Comprender las Inversiones de Temperatura y su Relación con las Nubes

El séptimo párrafo describe cómo las inversiones de temperatura, donde la temperatura del aire aumenta con la altitud, afectan el comportamiento de los calores térmicos y la formación de nubes. Se discute cómo la inversión puede detener el ascenso de un calentamiento térmico y se ilustra cómo la base y la cima de las nubes se relacionan con la caída adiabática y la inversión. Se enfatiza la importancia de comprender estas condiciones para la predicción del tiempo y la navegación aérea.

35:08

⏱️ Conclusión y Planificación de la Siguiente Sesión

El último párrafo resume la información presentada y anuncia un descanso breve antes de continuar con la siguiente sesión. Se menciona la intención de abordar más temas relacionados con la meteorología y se invita a los participantes a unirse a una nueva reunión en breve. Se destaca la rapidez con la que se desarrolla el contenido y se sugiere la posibilidad de realizar una encuesta para ajustar el ritmo y el contenido de las futuras sesiones.

Keywords

💡Coriolis

El efecto de Coriolis es una fuerza que influye en el movimiento de los objetos en la Tierra debido a la rotación de nuestro planeta. En el video, se relaciona con la dirección del viento, explicando cómo este se desvía debido a la fuerza de Coriolis, causando que los vientos en el hemisferio norte giren en sentido horario alrededor de áreas de alta presión y en sentido antihorario alrededor de áreas de baja presión.

💡Presión atmosférica

La presión atmosférica es la fuerza con la que el aire pesa sobre la superficie de la Tierra. En el video, se discute cómo el viento fluye desde áreas de alta presión hacia áreas de baja presión, y cómo esta diferencia de presión influye en la dirección y la fuerza del viento.

💡Frentes

Las frentes son boundaries entre masas de aire de diferente temperatura, humedad y presión. El video detalla cómo se forman y se comportan los frentes fríos y cálidos, y cómo afectan al tiempo, con ejemplos de cambios de presión, nubosidad y viento asociados a su paso.

💡Nubosidad

La nubosidad se refiere a la presencia de nubes en el cielo. El guion menciona varios tipos de nubes, como cirro, altostratus y nimbostratus, asociadas con frentes cálidos y fríos, y cómo estas pueden indicar el tipo de frente que se aproxima.

💡Termal

Un termal es una masa de aire cálido que se eleva desde la superficie de la Tierra. En el video, se explica cómo los termales se desarrollan debido a la convección, y cómo se pueden utilizar para predecir el comportamiento del viento y la formación de nubes.

💡Lapse rate

El lapse rate, o tasa de disminución de temperatura, se refiere a la cantidad de caída de temperatura a medida que el aire se eleva. Es fundamental para entender la convección y la formación de termales, como se discute en el video.

💡Convección

La convección es el proceso por el cual el aire caliente se eleva y el aire frío se desplaza hacia la superficie. Es clave para entender cómo se forman los termales y cómo estos pueden llevar a la formación de nubes y cambios en el tiempo.

💡Estabilidad

La estabilidad del aire se refiere a la tendencia del aire a resistirse o no a la formación de termales y nubes. En el video, se menciona cómo la estabilidad afecta la capacidad del aire para ascender y formarse en nubes.

💡Inversión

Una inversión es una situación en la que la temperatura del aire aumenta con la altura, lo que inhibe la convección. En el video, se describe cómo una inversión puede detener el ascenso de un termal.

💡Diagrama de sounding

Un diagrama de sounding es una representación gráfica de la temperatura, la humedad y la presión a diferentes alturas en el aire. En el video, se utiliza para ilustrar cómo se pueden predecir las condiciones del termal y la formación de nubes.

Highlights

Introduction to the basic cover of the pilot exam syllabus.

Importance of understanding the relationship between wind direction and areas of high and low pressure.

Air flows towards low pressure and away from high pressure.

In the northern hemisphere, wind blows clockwise around highs and anti-clockwise around lows due to Coriolis force.

Basic concept of air rising in low pressure areas and descending in high pressure areas.

Explanation of how Coriolis force affects wind direction.

Local Buys Balance Law and its application in understanding wind direction.

Difference in wind direction at different altitudes, especially the effect of ground friction.

Understanding fronts, specifically cold fronts and warm fronts, and their typical conditions.

Description of a cold front, including its impact on wind, temperature, and precipitation.

Characteristics of warm fronts, including cloud development and slow movement.

Introduction to occluded fronts and their appearance on synoptic charts.

Identification of common high, medium, and low cloud types and their approximate heights.

Explanation of convection, birth, and development of thermals.

Understanding lapse rates and their role in thermal development.

Difference between dry adiabatic lapse rate and environmental lapse rate.

Demonstration of how a thermal rises and cools at different rates depending on whether it is dry or saturated.

Identification of cloud base and cloud top in relation to thermal development.

Practical application of understanding thermals for cross-country pilots.

Invitation for participants to join a follow-up session for further discussion.

Transcripts

okay so I'm going to switch you to you

just gonna meet everybody I'm just going

to flip over to the shared screen

and okay so we had a basic cover the

[Music]

then

section of the pilot exam if you don't

have a copy of the syllabus download it

but they see I'm in a pretty much of

organized like talk they easily pretty

much follow the steps of the syllabus so

we'll see how much we get through sent

to me or 45 minutes if I can open up the

Mike's for questions at some point I

will but I'm not going to try and do all

this and 45 defecates spread over a

couple of weeks and we can also have

like after that a question-and-answer

session as well so let's go to the other

one

all right so I've got basic I have a

PowerPoint which I'm going to is the

basis of the talk and anyone who wants

it if you drop I'll drop it on to

telegram or contact me directly and I'll

send you a copy of it anyway so first

point is to understand the relationship

between wind direction and areas of high

and low pressure and the key points this

are the air flows towards low pressure

and away from high pressure in northern

hemisphere wind blows knee lock wise

direction around highs and anti

clockwise around loads so this diagram

basically should illustrate it here so

you've got the area of low pressure

okay listen disjoining so here we've got

the red arrows going up which is the

area of low pressure so this is rising

air descending air the base your warmer

air reason it's red is piglets will rear

so Rises it goes up the descending air

gives you high pressure and it's just a

very basic concept if air is going up

you have low pressure air is descending

you get high pressure and as the and the

air will flow from regions of high

pressure to low pressure that's just

it's just basic physics but air flows in

that way and so it will go from high

pressure to low pressure and because of

Coriolis force it will then turn as it

goes and then you then get this motion

of around high pressure you get

clockwise direction winds and around low

pressure you get anti-clockwise so that

message of your basic principle I've

thrown this diagram in that you don't

need to know this for the exam I've just

basically put it in some people waiting

in

okay two more people just joining so yes

it's there for information and to

illustrate how Coriolis works but you

don't have to understand how Coriolis

works for the purpose of the actual exam

itself next diagram on here two more

trying to join this let min here we go

so we just those just joined

we're basically still on the first step

here which is looking at this principle

of reference book this one the air flows

from high pressure to low pressure and

low pressure is where they are going up

high pressure is there when you make

them and you basically this basic

concept which is high pressure here on

the on the left hand side going to low

pressure on the right and the difference

in the precious creates this sort of

gray force which drives the wind because

of Coriolis with your spins doesn't go

in a straight line

it ends up curving away and see then

you'll start to see this pattern where

it goes from high to low starts to curve

down now it's gonna get anti clockwise

around lows and it's gonna go clockwise

around high that's basically all you

need to know on that there is a little

local buys by balance law which if you

in northern hemisphere is person not

coming sorry someone called Steve who

keeps trying to keep letting him in he

keeps bouncing back out again for some

reason so in northern hemisphere the

person standing with his back to the

wind will have high pressure high

pressure to its right and low pressure

to his left and ie you can remember is

low on your left

[Music]

and it's quite interesting actually do

it they stop you on the hill and the

winds blowing you'll get you can

actually find give this yourself back to

the wind and you'll see the high

pressure on the high pressure trees

right hand side and low pressure to

let's see okay

so great it wins so again this is basic

idea wind blows from high pressure to

low pressure

if you when you are mentally isobars on

here it's talking about on a synoptic

chart when you're above a thousand

meters so you're way away from ground

effect wind direction will follow the

Patna part will will blow parallel to

isobars as you get closer to the ground

and when you're actually down at ground

level ground friction will change the

direction of the wind so it's when winds

going around a low-pressure system it

doesn't go if you look at the isobars it

will

it'll lets you Bend about 30 degrees

away from that in towards the center so

just waiting and we'll look at that a

little bit later look at synoptic shots

later we'll see that effect on there but

when you're asked to look at wind

direction on a chart you have to bear in

mind it's you look at the isobars and

then you you add a factor about 30

degrees to get the actual wind direction

okay Smith okay stop Howard joining cool

okay this is all to do with this first

point which is just understand the

relationship between wind direction and

areas of high and low pressure I think

that's fairly it's fairly

straightforward let's get on to the next

bit

so the next chunk on this is to

understand fronts on the syllabus it's

to be able to describe in detail a cold

front and a warm front typical clouds

conditions pressure changes and wind

changes and you should and what your

final this is you do need to know this

in a reason Matt of detail you will get

typically there are questions on it

where it will describe certain

conditions and it stays as a cold

brimmer's wolfram this is again the

first minutes is like a bit of trivia

you don't need to know this guy with the

first person who named it but it's where

the word front comes from basically oh

and I named 1919 and it was born on for

the first world war and the idea was

this battle going on your trunks and

that's that's where they came from so

there's a three main types of weather

front needs a strain on synoptic charts

in case you don't know the words he

knocked it sin not dick simply means a

summary of the current situation nothing

more fancy than that then weather turns

it's the pressure pattern front wind

direction speed etc so cold fronts so

cold fronts have bit so here we you can

see the cold air coming in from the left

hand side and and so the cold front is

meeting warning so it's cold cold air is

coming in it's gonna drive the warm air

up over the top of it and and some of

the you'll get soaked device called

after warm air they move quickly if

you've been I didn't have anything

actually been on the hill and you looked

at a day when there's a front coming

through and and the culprits think they

arrived fast they don't take long time

to get there and I've seen I've seen

pilots get caught out by this where what

they what they forget about as well as

this point here which is expect expect

to school as the front passes just ahead

of the front so you've got this

fast-moving air driving into this warmer

and you get this gust front ahead of it

and you'll notice that if you get if

you're on a hill and a Whizzer give a

good job you're having a front is going

to get out if you can time it you'll

notice the increase in wind speed just

before the front comes through and I say

it it if you get caught by that you're

in really shitty air it's not good at

all so that's so a quick look on a

synoptic charcoal practice you is this

blue line with the spikes on it

so the presence of colder front means

colder is advancing pushing underneath

warmer air both one rate the the massive

colder is heavier or more dense so it

if the warmer air goes over top so these

are your lane points

and again this is sort of thing after

this to go through take a look at and

get to grips with it you know just sort

of test yourself and whether you can

remember these factors or not the main

point that conference did by cold air

from warm air ahead they have

significant tile development cumulus

Nimbus few Harbinger though is you don't

get a lot of predictions on it they they

just hit they move quickly

they passed a matter of hours you can

expect to squall the wind will be r as

the front passes so back birra means

it's going away from zero so it go like

from zero to fifteen twenty thirty

degrees back means even if you're thirty

degrees it will go right back to zero so

so beer is going in a clockwise

direction back is in an anti-clockwise

direction for these opposed looking at

it

precipitation is likely as the front

passes very likely but you then get this

clear fan as the ground warms and dries

in the build-up of cumulus with sniffing

risk of odor moment due to unstable

moist air but this this factor here if

they're often on you'll see a lot of

cross country pilots looking for cold

fronts Oh Damon a cold fronts coming

through because on the day afterwards

you get really you will normally get

like really good cross-country

conditions yes a bit unstable you've got

humorless clouds it's good climbs it's

it's it's good it's good cross-country

weather so you'll often see on forums

different things people - oh it's a

culprit committee brilliant and then

it's it's a good it's one of those

classic days for going up to like 10 is

value going like Cancun back down to the

coast because you never see the wind

swung around it's gone onto a Northwest

lines up nicely your great conditions

then you can go up and fly ok don't need

to know that period Sam but it's just

beautiful oak for actual being on the

hill using that data ok warm prints so

warm France symbolized by this line so

the presence of a warm front means the

warm air is advancing and so the one

that will now rise over the cold air

same principle the cold air drives

underneath on the front that warm air

will go over the top exactly the same

principle so here we see like a warm

front coming through and what so what

you'll often see in advance of that is

the high cirrus so you get a day you

look up and see lots of Cirrus coming

through then it's usually sort of a fair

prediction that a warm front is on its

way then you get this buildup of power

layers of a warm front it starts with

the Cirrus then you

cirrostratus altostratus nimbostratus

seriously you're getting this blanket of

cloud with rain that follows on with it

they're very different from a cold front

so it divides warm up and cold has

significant hardik Harbinger it is

something that tells you something's

coming so with warm fronts you get high

cirrus halos around the Sun Stratus

cloud lowering cloud based rain and as

completely different from conference

they moved slowly so a warm front can

take days to pass through and that's

those missions you get where you've got

great layout no cloud-based drizzly

horrible

crappy weather warm front that's come

through so again these are use neaten

however you learn things sort of run

through these I don't know how many of

you memorize stuff just get used to

looking at the diagrams going through

where it takes writing them I'm going to

mention these it's not on the pilot exam

but just for completeness so the other

fronts you get are occluded fronts again

no not part of the exam Service Vice

included for completeness on fronts so

it's particularly when you start looking

at synoptic charts this you'll see this

a lot on a synoptic jog you'll see this

mixture of colder wall front which is an

occluded front and it's basically where

the cold front catches up with a warm

front not as warm air it's you've got a

warm front going cold fronts no faster

so it's quite common to get clued in

front of it they'll catch up with them

and then you get this phenomena Oh

here's your this is your sort of line of

the warm front cold front what it comes

to catches it basically forms this area

of warm moist air in between them

there okay this one next point is beer

to identify some common high medium and

low cloud types and give their

approximate hunt I do have a separate

chart on this which I meant to cut on

the screen which I don't know but I will

send it out to you guys if you want it

but basically the different cloud types

you got Cirrus which is your high level

cloud and again so it's made of ice

crystals you get no precipitation from

cirrus clouds all all the serious ones

are basically too high for precipitation

to return you're not going to get rain

at twenty-five to thirty thousand feet

it doesn't happen those particularly

cumulus your mid-level mid low level

convection clouds now will persons to

join okay and not to spend too long

clouds there's so much covered that I'm

gonna quickly see there would be one

second I'm just gonna quickly copy over

one place to another

[Music]

yeah doing it but we want certain to

drop the this

just pop this open well this is just a

quick diagram

all right here we go okay so this is

this from the met as you can see it

basically gives you everything the basic

stuff de Tabac files so here we've got

down the right-hand side approximate

height in meters the high level you've

got your cirrus cirrocumulus or a

Stratus you can see your venue Nimbus

which starts here for a very low level

and Cameron all the way up to eighteen

twenty twenty-five thousand feet okay so

I'm not gonna spend well too much on

that summit you can take a look at its

even up to find information on and it's

easier to have a look at which ones have

rain which ones don't

it's not too technical so we'll leave

after one time so next bit yeah clouds

okay so this thing I'm gonna spend a bit

more time on which is these two sections

here which is we understand convection

birth and development of thermal through

to plotting the progress of a thermal

given the environmental lapse rate

understanding and be able to use terms

such as stability instability beer back

you'll cut what those are now so um

lapse rates so lapse rates are just to

do with how changed in temperature in

air in different conditions bouncing

them do the change in temperature and

I'm just gonna jump a bit between this

and how clouds work so but the basic

principle is that air will rise because

it's warmer than the surrounding air

that's like the fundamental basic

concept which underlies thermic activity

cloud structure and everything else and

and they were then and basically a

parcel of it if you imagine a pass where

they leave on the ground it's at ground

level it's considered to be dry and

you'll come across this term which is

dry adiabatic lapse rate eggy back is

just means no ID to removed heat it's a

contained system so we have this

theoretical pasture there and and it's

it's called dry because it's not

saturated not it doesn't have moisture

in and that

Rises and as it rises it will cool when

it's temperature drops to dew point then

the air will the moisture in it then

will condense and form water droplets

and at that point it's considered

saturated so it's in one or two states

either dry or it's saturated as

technical terms and when you come across

this there is no in-between stage it

goes it's dry saturated that's it

as long as it's dry it then cools this

rate of three degrees C per thousand

feet if you a metric convert it but the

stick with these unit once it becomes

saturated in other words watering it has

condensed it's now saturated your water

droplet it now cools it half that rate n

equals one half degrees C for every

thousand feet environmental lapse rate

on average is 2 degrees C per thousand

feet but it says that there is widely so

with environmental lapse rate what you

want you what you actually get is like a

set of stickers or a line where it says

at this height the environment

temperature is this at this height it's

that and this height is this and you'll

get the grass which I'll just have a

look at now but I'm just going before we

go on there I'm just know very quickly

you should be able to Cohen's got any

questions on this at this point you

should get a mute yourselves and ask

it's just this is quite key thing FAMAS

not quite grasping it let me know try to

crank on for the next bit think you can

no I'm just gonna quick I'm gonna do a

mute you all very briefly to your voice

I can hear all the cockiness fluttering

so today was going quick questions far

away at this coin oh hi John I have a

quick one yeah can you hear me yes I can

brilliant

so we got I'm just trying to get this

the three degrees drum every through

every thousand feet yes

right adiabatic lapse rate can be a

little sound to working there all right

we're assuming that that occurs anyway

within the two degree drop I'm guessing

because you can be Sam it's getting you

everybody then unmute you don't get all

the background of everyone right okay

you want muted down so that way you can

talk really get where else in the

background thanks John yeah it's step by

the way I don't think I've failed my

iPhone I'm just trying to get the idea

with this so the rising air cools at

three degrees with that correct for eat

and it's assumed it does that it just

called three degrees per thousand feet

literally what's going on it cool to

three degrees for that air around it in

two degrees yes let me go on let me on I

think I'm going onto it and assuming

yeah yeah I didn't hear that but I'm

assuming that the difference in

temperature occurs because of a because

of the rising air cooling because it's

expanding and then why do it

we can get into the particle physics of

it but I'm not going to just for now

keep it simple and just take yes it

doesn't cool at three degrees C we can

get into the physics of how FAR's the

particles are going on why you know this

speed that it's this temperature at this

speed it's that time to know that you

don't need to know that keep it simple

just take it there it will cool at three

degrees C for every thousand feet it

goes up by all means read both effects

okay keep it simple for now

I like to

you dancing yeah I'm not I don't one of

things on this is it's very easy to get

sidetracked into stuff that you actually

don't really need to know and isn't

actually going to help you if you if you

want to find out about do but it's not

essential so just go onto this next one

all right so basically this that the

blue line on here represents the

environmental lapse rate represents the

temperatures at different heights is

purely demonstrative it's not don't take

it out let well look at some actual ones

if I get time in a minute so a thermal

rises because it is warmer and thus so

after question less dense than the

surrounding air the greater the

difference the faster the rate of ascent

shall I explain in a second so anything

will continue to rise if it's

temperature is equal to that of the

surrounding air

so yeah it's rising and it rises it

cools as long as it as long as it's

warmer than the surrounding area it will

continue to rise once the two

temperatures met balance it will it will

stop rising at that

so we got a rut artist okay Lou Brad

Silas so we're gonna only get 40 minutes

on this one if you guys want to do a bit

more on this this evening we can I can

give I can quickly drop onto the to chat

groups the next log on let me just

quickly get a quick quick survey of what

you want I think we could do a bit more

on this I'm just gonna need you quick

quick show that you guys want to do a

bit more like once it's this bit so once

this wraps up a bit give us 10 minutes

I'll drop something on to the coaching

group and three telegram groups log back

in again okay thanks yeah good it's

amazing how fast this goes so but this

is a key area so here we've got I'm just

going to take a look at this in a bit

more detail so here on the blue line is

our environmental temperature the red

line is gonna be our parcel of air

rising desire theoretical thermal so in

this case we've got here at the third

trigger temperature of 21 then will

trigger temperatures vary depending

attica we're taking it there in between

19 20 to 21 degrees it's gonna be at

that temperature it's gonna release and

then it's gonna rise until it's

temperatures dropping as it rises here

it meets the environmental temperature

so now it stops rising and it's another

diagram again this environmental right

here so here's our thermal rising and

it's cooling at this three degrees four

thousand feet and in this case the the

- the distance between the environmental

rate and this line the gap is thermal

strength so the wider this gap the

stronger thermal this is a very unusual

situation when we look at some real

diagram to see it's nothing like this

it's usually the other way around it's

actually down at the bottom and actually

span gets stronger as you go up this

would be like insanely strong thermal

near the ground that suddenly drops off

and gets weaker to go up not gonna

happen but it's just the demonstration

purposes it works so again here pack a

bear leaves the ground it will keep

rising just this is the inversion and it

tips it here that'll stop rising at this

point now here it goes on fast further

and again very strong lick here we can

weaker weaker similar weak weak weak

weak weak the web's atop let's say this

is that's highly theoretical but you

almost never ever get that it's just for

the purpose of this diagram but that but

that's the basic principle of that so

this is Plains it a bit more a bit more

detail the last one so at room

temperature of 26 degrees it's it's

what's we're here is that this if that's

actually your ground temperature it's

rare that you need a trigger temperature

that much higher level to release it's

normally much closer to the ground

temperature which again I'll bring up

some actual diagram in a minute and

we'll take a look at those that's just a

second I'm just gonna

now we look at a real diagram so this is

this is called a techie Graham or a

scooty chart whatever you want to

they're basically much the same thing

and and

the way these are laid out so in this

case is to clear it up the red line is

the environmental lapse rate so this is

basically where the the met different

areas they actually say they take

soundings beep send instruments up

they'll measure at different levels what

the actual environmental temperature is

but what the actual air temperature is

and on basis of that they'll predict for

the next coming days what it's going to

be at different times so what you'll

then get is this environmental rate the

be the blue line is the environmental

dew point don't worry too much about

that our main interest here is this red

line which is our environmental lapse

and I'm gonna just be the various lines

on here give us our saturated dry

adiabatic that we were talking about and

the dotted line you see here is a

thermal that's being released now this

is a much more realistic example of what

actually occurs and I've got sueb into

it in a second have a look at that in

detail but here you see that the

difference being the dotted line and the

red line lower down is quite small and

then as we get towards this area near

the inversion it expands and you get

that what's those clouds suck you're

getting close to clowns suddenly it

opens up you get you get this lift but

this is this is way more realistic way

it's like yeah looking for we're looking

for fill you know you crank your way up

start to get high and suddenly it kicks

in a bit so go to this one so this is

like zooming into that so here we have

the red line again environmental lapse

rate the dotted line is predicted

thermal so releases from the ground here

it then this these lines you see go 45

degrees from right to left this is our

lines of dry adiabatic so these these

are the temperature drops associated

with that so this line is following it

it releases it will now follow that

cooling so if you took temperature

you'll find this is dropping a 3 degrees

C 4000 feet so it will continue to rise

on the dry adiabatic until it's

temperature drops to dew point which is

what this line here is giving us the dew

point line at that point it becomes

saturated and it will now rise at the

cooling rate of one-and-a-half degrees C

so it's now the saturated line so that's

just one okay

so that's got nothing to do with

inversions or anything else it's purely

that it rises it saturates it now rises

on the saturated line so this is dry

rising saturated rising but about 2

minutes left of this meeting

so I'm not going to go to another slide

at this point but that's what will pick

up at this point but this so where it

switches from dry to saturate it's cloud

base ok so at this point it's condensing

since the air is blowing a dry droplets

droplets are faces of clouds so you see

cloud base the cloud base is the point

where it saturates the cloud top is

where so it'll still rise it's at this

point it's still cooler so it's still

warmer than the surrounding air

temperature so it's gonna keep rising

keep rising keep rising until its

temperature becomes the same as the

surrounding air so now it will stop

rising

so that's your cloud top all right so

now base rate saturates

top is where the saturated air has now

the 10

it's basically cooling and now the same

temperature of the surrounding air so it

can't lies and basic physics it's no

longer all that it can't keep rising

okay we've got one minute left

this will suddenly cut out to run out

I'm gonna end it create a new meeting if

you just quickly jump on to telegram

you'll get the new ID and password I'll

drop it on to coaching group Red Ribbon

group and the chat group okay

I'll but don't rush you can go grab a

cup of tea or summit of the all times at

now about 8:40 so we'll start getting 10

minutes at 8:00 8:15 all right I'll see

you in 10 minutes

you

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anything