Hari Pasaran Jawa Dan Asal Usul Penanggalan Jawa

Summary

The transcript explores the history and structure of the Javanese calendar, initially used by the Mataram Sultanate under Sultan Agung (1613–1645). It details how this calendar harmonizes Islamic, Hindu, and Western influences, combining the solar-based Saka system with lunar Islamic cycles. The video explains the calendar's unique time divisions, including the seven-day Saptawara, five-day Pancawara, and 12 months, each linked to cultural rituals and daily life. It highlights how the calendar guides ceremonies, market days, and astrology, emphasizing its sacred and cultural significance. The Javanese calendar remains vital for determining auspicious days for weddings, rituals, and community events.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Javanese calendar, also called the Sultan Agung calendar, was created by Sultan Agung of the Mataram Sultanate (1613–1645) to align traditional ceremonies with Islamic holidays.
• 😀 The calendar is a combination of the Saka calendar (from India), the Islamic Hijri calendar, and some aspects of the Julian calendar.
• 😀 The Javanese calendar follows lunar cycles but continues the Saka year count while modifying calculations based on the moon's movement.
• 😀 Before Islam, Javanese society used varying week lengths of 2–10 days, but today the seven-day cycle (Sapta Wara) and five-day market cycle (Pancawara) are still in use.
• 😀 Days in the Sapta Wara and Pancawara have symbolic meanings connected to lunar movement and traditional practices, influencing cultural activities such as markets.
• 😀 The Javanese calendar has 12 months, many derived from Arabic (Hijri) names, some from Sanskrit, and a few from Javanese and Malay origins, each tied to specific traditional observances.
• 😀 Key lunar phases in the Javanese calendar symbolize human life stages: from birth (small moon) to adulthood (full moon) to old age and eventual return to life anew.
• 😀 A Javanese year typically has 354 days, with eight-year cycles called Windu, and special long years of 355 days known as Wuntu, with a 32-year cycle ensuring recurring calendar alignment.
• 😀 The calendar includes a system of 'neptu' values, used to determine auspicious days for events like weddings, circumcision, building homes, and travel.
• 😀 The Javanese calendar maintains cultural and spiritual significance, emphasizing respect, sacredness, and guidance in everyday and ceremonial life, blending Islamic and pre-Islamic traditions.

Q & A

What were the two calendar systems used by the Mataram Sultanate?

The Mataram Sultanate used the Gregorian calendar for administrative purposes and the Javanese calendar, also called the Sultan Agung calendar, for cultural and ceremonial purposes.

Why did Sultan Agung create the Javanese calendar?

Sultan Agung created the Javanese calendar to synchronize traditional Javanese ceremonial events with Islamic religious celebrations, merging the solar-based Saka calendar with the lunar-based Hijri calendar.

How does the Javanese calendar differ from the Islamic calendar in determining days and months?

In the Javanese calendar, a day changes at sunset, and the month cycle follows the moon, unlike the Islamic calendar, where months are determined by sighting the Hilal (crescent moon).

What are Sapta Wara and Pancawara in the Javanese calendar?

Sapta Wara is a 7-day week cycle, and Pancawara is a 5-day market cycle. These cycles are used for traditional activities, ceremonial timing, and naming markets.

What are some examples of Pancawara days and their symbolic meanings?

Kliwon symbolizes standing, Legi symbolizes turning backward, Pahing symbolizes facing forward, Pon symbolizes sleeping, and Wage symbolizes sitting.

How are the months named in the Javanese calendar?

The months are named from Arabic, Sanskrit, Javanese, and Malay origins, with names like Suro, Safar, Mulud, Jumadil Awal, Rajab, Ruwah, Pasa, Syawal, and Besar, some corresponding to Islamic months and some reflecting local traditions.

What is the purpose of the 'neptu' in the Javanese calendar?

Neptu assigns numerical values to days in the Sapta Wara and Pancawara cycles, used to determine the auspiciousness of days and to predict personality traits or fate based on birth days.

What is the significance of the Windu and the 8-year cycle in the Javanese calendar?

A Windu is an 8-year cycle, with each year named and categorized as either a long year (355 days) or a short year (354 days). Four Windu make a 32-year cycle, after which dates, days, and months repeat in a pattern called 'tumbuk keempat Windu.'

How did the Javanese calendar help Islam integrate with Javanese culture?

By synchronizing Islamic holidays with traditional ceremonies, the Javanese calendar allowed cultural rituals like Garebeg to continue while supporting Islamic observances, promoting a harmonious blend of traditions and religion.

Why is the Javanese calendar considered sacred?

The calendar is considered sacred because it guides important life events, influences rituals, is highly respected, and is believed to carry spiritual and cultural power, including rules for auspicious days and moral guidance.

How does the Javanese calendar track the moon's phases?

The calendar marks the new moon on day 1, the full moon on day 14, the waning moon on day 15, and subsequent phases on days 20, 25, and 26, representing stages of life from birth to old age and spiritual renewal.

Which regions did not adopt the Sultan Agung calendar?

Banten, Batavia, and Blambangan were not under Sultan Agung’s control and did not adopt the calendar, nor did Bali and Palembang, despite cultural influence from Java.