Perjalanan Kerajaan Mataram Islam Hingga Muncul Mangkunegaran dan Pakualaman

Summary

The Islamic Mataram Kingdom, founded in 1586, experienced a dynamic history filled with political intrigue, territorial expansion, and internal conflicts. From its early days in Kotagede under Panembahan Senopati, it grew under rulers like Sultan Agung, who expanded its reach across Java. The kingdom faced internal revolts and external pressures, leading to the division of power in the 18th century. By the time of British interference in 1811, Mataram had split into Surakarta, Yogyakarta, and smaller principalities like Mangkunegaran and Pakualaman. This historical journey highlights Mataram's evolution from a single kingdom to a collection of influential Javanese states.

Takeaways

• 😀 Mataram Islam was a significant kingdom on Java, founded in 1586, with a resilient historical journey.
• 😀 The kingdom's origin began in Kotagede, Yogyakarta, after Sultan Hadiwijaya of Pajang gave land to Ki Ageng Pemanahan and his son, Danang Sutawijaya.
• 😀 Danang Sutawijaya, the first ruler of Mataram, expanded the area and established the kingdom, later named Panembahan Senopati.
• 😀 Panembahan Senopati's efforts were pivotal in replacing the Pajang Sultanate and extending Mataram’s influence, though his expansion into East Java was challenging.
• 😀 After Panembahan Senopati's death in 1601, his son, Hanyokrowati (also known as Sultan Hanyokrowati), became the second king and faced rebellions from his brothers.
• 😀 The first rebellion was from Pangeran Puger, who was eventually exiled after being defeated in 1605, followed by a second rebellion from Pangeran Joyo Rogo, which was quickly suppressed.
• 😀 Upon Hanyokrowati’s death in 1613, his son, Raden Mas Suriah, briefly ruled before his brother Raden Mas Jatnika ascended the throne as Sultan Agung.
• 😀 Sultan Agung moved the Mataram capital from Kotagede to Kerto (modern-day Bantul) in 1614, which marked Mataram’s golden age, including significant territorial expansion.
• 😀 Sultan Agung’s death in 1645 led to the reign of his son, Amangkurat I, who faced attacks from external forces and eventually fled during an invasion in 1677.
• 😀 The kingdom split in 1755 with the Giyanti Agreement, leading to the formation of two separate realms: Kasunanan Surakarta (under Pakubuwono I) and the Sultanate of Yogyakarta (under Hamengkubuwono I).

Q & A

What is the historical significance of Mataram Islamic Kingdom?

The Mataram Islamic Kingdom was a major kingdom in Java, with a rich and dynamic history. Its resilience allowed it to survive from 1586 to the modern era, influencing the development of several regions including Yogyakarta and Surakarta.

How did Mataram begin?

Mataram began as a gift of land from Sultan Hadiwijaya of Pajang to Ki Ageng Pemanahan and his son, Danang Sutawijaya. This land, in the area now known as Kotagede, was given in recognition of their success in a mission to eliminate Arya Penangsang of Jipang.

Who was the first ruler of Mataram Islamic Kingdom?

Danang Sutawijaya became the first ruler of Mataram with the title Panembahan Senopati, marking the official founding of the kingdom in 1586.

What were the major challenges during the reign of Panembahan Senopati?

Panembahan Senopati faced difficulties in expanding Mataram's influence into East Java, but despite this, he successfully consolidated power, eventually replacing the declining Kingdom of Pajang.

What was the result of the rebellions against Hanyokrowati, the second ruler of Mataram?

Hanyokrowati, the second king of Mataram, faced two major rebellions from his brothers, Pangeran Puger and Pangeran Joyo Rogo. Pangeran Puger’s rebellion lasted from 1602 to 1605 before it was suppressed, while Pangeran Joyo Rogo’s rebellion was quelled much more easily.

What marked the height of Mataram's power under Sultan Agung?

Under Sultan Agung (reigned 1613–1645), Mataram reached its zenith, expanding to control nearly all of Java, excluding Banten and Batavia, and extending influence to Palembang, Jambi, and parts of Kalimantan.

What event caused the fall of the Keraton Pleret?

In 1677, the Keraton Pleret was attacked by forces led by Raden Trunojoyo of Madura and Pangeran Kajoran with assistance from Makassar forces. The palace was overtaken and later burned down.

What happened after Amangkurat I’s death?

After Amangkurat I's death in 1645, his son, Raden Mas Sayidin, took the throne as Amangkurat II. However, Amangkurat II's reign saw further instability, including an attack on Keraton Pleret in 1677, leading to the kingdom's eventual relocation to Kartosuro.

How did Mataram divide into two separate kingdoms?

Mataram was divided into two kingdoms after the signing of the 1755 Giyanti Agreement, where Pangeran Mangkubumi established the Kingdom of Yogyakarta, and Pakubuwono III continued the Kasunanan Surakarta, the two regions separated by political conflict.

What was the impact of the Giyanti Agreement in 1755?

The Giyanti Agreement in 1755 split the Mataram Kingdom into two: the Sultanate of Yogyakarta under Pangeran Mangkubumi (now Hamengkubuwono I) and the Sultanate of Surakarta under Pakubuwono III, creating the foundation for modern Yogyakarta and Surakarta.