Kerajaan Mataram Islam - Sejarah dan Perkembangannya

Summary

The script narrates the history of the Mataram Sultanate, starting with its foundation by Panembahan Senopati in the late 16th century. Under Sultan Agung's rule, Mataram reached its golden age, expanding its territory and engaging in military efforts to expel the VOC from Indonesia. The kingdom thrived economically through agriculture and developed a feudal society. The cultural heritage, including arts like Tari Bedoyo Ketawang and religious ceremonies such as Sekaten and Grebeg, reflected the fusion of Islamic and Javanese Hindu traditions. Eventually, Mataram weakened under VOC influence, splitting into Yogyakarta and Surakarta following the Giyanti Agreement.

Takeaways

• 😀 Mataram Sultanate was founded in 1584 by Panembahan Senopati, with Yogyakarta as its capital.
• 😀 Sultan Agung, one of the most notable rulers, expanded the kingdom's territory across Java, including Surabaya, Lasem, Pasuruan, and Tuban.
• 😀 Sultan Agung attempted to expel the VOC (Dutch East India Company) from Indonesia with two military attacks on Batavia in 1628 and 1629.
• 😀 Under Sultan Agung's rule, Mataram became an agrarian kingdom, with vast rice fields and agricultural products such as wood, sugar, and coconut.
• 😀 The social structure of Mataram was feudal, with the king as the owner of the land and its inhabitants.
• 😀 Sultan Agung was highly respected as the 'penatagama,' or the one who regulated religious life, which further elevated his status among the people.
• 😀 A famous cultural aspect during Sultan Agung's reign was the Bedoyo Ketawang dance, which blended Islamic and Hindu-Javanese culture.
• 😀 The Sekaten festival was established to celebrate the birth of Prophet Muhammad, featuring traditional gamelan music.
• 😀 Sultan Agung created the Grebeg ceremony, where offerings were made as a sign of gratitude and loyalty to the king, with food and agricultural products shaped into mountains.
• 😀 Sultan Agung developed the Javanese calendar, a combination of the Saka and Hijri years, to standardize the kingdom's timekeeping.
• 😀 Mataram's decline occurred due to the increasing influence of the VOC, eventually splitting into two regions: Yogyakarta and Surakarta, following the Giyanti Agreement.

Q & A

Who founded the Mataram Sultanate and when was it established?

The Mataram Sultanate was founded by Panembahan Senopati in 1584. It was established in the 16th century in Yogyakarta.

What was the political significance of Sultan Agung's reign?

Sultan Agung's reign is considered the golden age of the Mataram Sultanate. He expanded its territory to various parts of Java, including Surabaya, Lasem, Pasuruan, and Tuban, and attempted to expel the Dutch East India Company (VOC) from the Indonesian archipelago.

How did Sultan Agung's political strategy affect the Mataram Sultanate?

Sultan Agung's political strategy greatly expanded the territory of the Mataram Sultanate. His military campaigns aimed at uniting Java under Mataram's control and pushing out the VOC helped consolidate his power.

What was the significance of the two Mataram attacks on Batavia?

The two Mataram attacks on Batavia, in 1628 and 1629, were part of Sultan Agung's efforts to expel the VOC from the Indonesian archipelago and to assert Mataram's dominance in the region.

What role did agriculture play in Mataram's economy?

Mataram's economy was primarily agrarian, with rice being the main crop. The kingdom developed vast rice fields and also produced wood, sugar, coconut, cotton, and other crops.

What was the social structure in Mataram society?

Mataram society had a feudal structure. There were several social groups, including the king and his descendants, nobility, and the common people, known as Kawula, who served the kingdom. The king had control over the land and its people.

How did Sultan Agung influence religion and culture in Mataram?

Sultan Agung played a significant role in religious and cultural life in Mataram. He was seen as the religious leader (penatagama), and he combined Islamic and Hindu-Javanese elements in cultural practices. This was evident in the Sekaten festival, which celebrated the birth of the Prophet Muhammad, and the Grebeg ceremony.

What is the Sekaten festival and how was it celebrated during Sultan Agung's reign?

The Sekaten festival was a celebration of the Prophet Muhammad's birthday. During Sultan Agung's reign, it involved the playing of traditional gamelan instruments, Kiai Nawawie Laga and Kyai Guntur Madu, symbolizing the fusion of Islamic and Javanese cultures.

What was the purpose of the Grebeg ceremony?

The Grebeg ceremony, held three times a year, was a form of thanksgiving and a demonstration of the king's gratitude to God. It involved a procession of 'gunungan' (mountain-shaped offerings) filled with food and agricultural produce, symbolizing the kingdom's prosperity.

How did Sultan Agung contribute to the development of Javanese literature?

Sultan Agung contributed to Javanese literature by writing a philosophical book known as 'Kitab Sastra Gending', which combined elements of Javanese and Islamic thought.