Sejarah Singkat Kerajaan Mataram Islam

Summary

The Mataram Islamic Kingdom, founded by Panembahan Senopati in 1586, played a key role in the spread of Islam in Java and famously resisted Dutch colonial forces under Sultan Agung (1613-1645). At its peak, it thrived with strong agricultural economics and cultural development. However, after Sultan Agung's death, internal conflicts and alliances with the VOC weakened the kingdom. The Wars of Succession in the 18th century led to the division of Mataram in 1755, creating the Sultanates of Surakarta and Yogyakarta, marking the end of the once-mighty Mataram Islamic Kingdom.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Mataram Islamic Kingdom was founded by Panembahan Senopati in 1582, following assistance in a civil war in the Kingdom of Demak.
• 😀 Sultan Hadiwijaya rewarded Ki Ageng Pemanahan by granting land that later became the heart of Mataram's power.
• 😀 The kingdom's peak occurred under Sultan Agung's rule (1613-1645), who expanded Mataram's reach and initiated multiple attacks on Batavia against the VOC.
• 😀 Sultan Agung also made significant contributions to the Islamic faith by building grand mosques and spreading Islamic teachings throughout the kingdom.
• 😀 After Sultan Agung's death in 1645, his successor, Amangkurat I, aligned with the VOC, which led to the kingdom's gradual decline.
• 😀 The Mataram Kingdom's capital moved several times, from Kota Gede to Kerto, reflecting the political and economic shifts during Sultan Agung's reign.
• 😀 The kingdom relied heavily on agriculture, particularly rice production, which became a core part of its economic strength.
• 😀 The division within the royal family led to internal conflict, most notably the 'War of the Javanese Thrones' (1747-1757).
• 😀 The War of the Javanese Thrones saw key figures like Pakubuwono II, Pangeran Mangkubumi, and Raden Mas Said battling for control.
• 😀 In 1755, the Gianti Agreement resulted in the formal division of the Mataram Kingdom into the Sultanates of Surakarta and Yogyakarta, marking the end of Mataram Islam as a unified power.

Q & A

What was the initial role of Panembahan Senopati in the establishment of the Mataram Islamic Kingdom?

Panembahan Senopati, also known as Udang Sutawijaya, played a key role in the establishment of the Mataram Islamic Kingdom by helping Sultan Hadiwijaya win the civil war in Demak. This earned him land in the Mentau forest, which became the foundation for the kingdom.

How did Sultan Hadiwijaya reward Ki Ageng Pemanahan after the civil war in Demak?

Sultan Hadiwijaya rewarded Ki Ageng Pemanahan with land in the Mentau forest (now part of Yogyakarta), which Ki Ageng Pemanahan developed into a fief under the Pajang Kingdom.

What significant event occurred in 1586 in the Mataram Islamic Kingdom?

In 1586, Danang Sutawijaya, son of Ki Ageng Pemanahan, founded the Mataram Islamic Kingdom after the decline of the Pajang Kingdom and became the first ruler of Mataram, taking the title Panembahan Senopati.

Why did Mataram's capital move from Kota Gede to Kerto under Sultan Agung?

The capital was moved to Kerto during Sultan Agung's reign to improve the kingdom's security and centralize political, social, and economic activities. This move also marked the height of Mataram's prosperity.

What were some key contributions of Sultan Agung during his reign?

Sultan Agung's key contributions included military expansions, two attacks on Batavia to challenge the VOC, promoting Islam by building mosques, and boosting the agricultural economy through rice production.

What factors led to the decline of the Mataram Islamic Kingdom?

The decline of Mataram began after Sultan Agung's death in 1645, as his successor, Amangkurat I, aligned with the VOC, leading to internal conflict, external influence from the Dutch, and the weakening of royal authority.

How did the War of the Three Thrones affect the Mataram Kingdom?

The War of the Three Thrones (1747-1757) was a conflict among the royal family members, including Pakubuwono II, Pangeran Mangkubumi, and Raden Mas Said. It destabilized the kingdom, leading to its eventual division into two parts after the Treaty of Gianti in 1755.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Gianti in 1755?

The Treaty of Gianti in 1755 resulted in the division of the Mataram Islamic Kingdom into two separate entities: the Sultanate of Surakarta under Pakubuwono III and the Sultanate of Yogyakarta under Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, marking the end of the unified Mataram Kingdom.

What role did the VOC play in the collapse of the Mataram Islamic Kingdom?

The VOC played a significant role in the collapse of the Mataram Kingdom by exploiting internal conflicts among the royal family and by influencing key decisions, such as the Treaty of Gianti, which led to the kingdom's division and its weakening.

What was the role of agriculture in Mataram's economy under Sultan Agung?

Agriculture, especially rice cultivation, was the backbone of Mataram's economy. Sultan Agung's policies helped develop the agricultural sector, which in turn supported the kingdom's growth and economic stability.