Masa Transisi Menuju Orde Baru tahun 1966-1967

Summary

This video script explores Indonesia's transition from the leadership of President Soekarno to President Soeharto, focusing on key events like the Tritura (Three People's Demands) and Surat Perintah 11 Maret (March 11th Order). It highlights the political instability and economic crisis that led to widespread protests and the eventual shift in power. The script explains the dual leadership of Soekarno and Soeharto during this period, leading to Soeharto's official assumption of power in 1968. This pivotal moment in Indonesian history sets the stage for the New Order regime under Soeharto.

Takeaways

• 😀 The transition to the New Order (Orde Baru) in Indonesia took place from 1966 to 1967, marking the shift from President Soekarno's leadership to President Soeharto's regime.
• 😀 Tritura (Three Demands of the People) was launched on January 10, 1966, with demands to dissolve the PKI, remove G30S/PKI elements from the government, and improve the economy.
• 😀 The Front Pancasila was a key coalition of Indonesian student, worker, and youth groups that supported Tritura and led protests against Soekarno's government.
• 😀 The Surat Perintah 11 Maret (March 11th Order) in 1966 gave significant powers to Soeharto, facilitating the political transition from Soekarno's government to the New Order.
• 😀 The legitimacy of Surat Perintah 11 Maret has been controversial, with some considering it a military coup tool, while others view it as a necessary step to stabilize the country.
• 😀 Following the March 11th Order, dual leadership between Soekarno and Soeharto persisted for almost a year, as Soeharto gradually took control of governance.
• 😀 The economic crisis and hyperinflation during Soekarno's rule were key factors that fueled public discontent and led to the rise of student and youth movements.
• 😀 The political turmoil of 1966–1967, including student demonstrations and protests, contributed to the eventual resignation of Soekarno on February 22, 1967.
• 😀 The MPRS (People's Consultative Assembly) formally appointed Soeharto as president in 1967, marking the official beginning of the New Order regime.
• 😀 The period of transition was a time of political and social upheaval, with significant challenges in governance, public opinion, and leadership legitimacy, which played a major role in shaping Indonesia's political future.

Q & A

What was the purpose of the 'Tritura' (Three Demands of the People)?

The 'Tritura' was a set of three demands made by various Indonesian groups in January 1966. These were: 1) to dissolve the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 2) to remove elements of the G30S/PKI from the government, and 3) to lower prices and improve the economic situation.

What was the significance of the 'Surat Perintah 11 Maret' (March 11th Order)?

The 'Surat Perintah 11 Maret' (March 11th Order) was a pivotal moment in Indonesian history, marking the transition from Sukarno's Guided Democracy to the New Order under Suharto. It was an official order that empowered General Suharto to take control and initiate the dissolution of PKI and communist-affiliated organizations.

How did the political situation in Indonesia change after the G30S/PKI incident in 1965?

After the G30S/PKI incident, Indonesia's political situation became highly unstable. The event led to the collapse of Sukarno's government and the decline of the PKI's political influence. It also triggered a national economic crisis, with hyperinflation and severe devaluation of the currency.

What role did student and youth organizations play during this period?

Student and youth organizations, such as the Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia (KAMI) and others, played a significant role by leading protests and demonstrations, pushing for political reforms, and calling for the resignation of Sukarno. Their efforts were key in generating momentum for the political changes of the 1960s.

What is the controversy surrounding the 'Surat Perintah 11 Maret'?

The controversy surrounding the 'Surat Perintah 11 Maret' lies in its authenticity and its role as a tool of a coup. While it was considered a formal order for Suharto to assume control, its legitimacy and the absence of the original document have led to ongoing debates about its true nature.

What happened after Soeharto received the 'Surat Perintah 11 Maret'?

After receiving the 'Surat Perintah 11 Maret,' Soeharto began implementing its provisions, including the dissolution of the PKI and its affiliated organizations, and taking steps to stabilize Indonesia's political and economic situation. This marked the beginning of Soeharto's rise to power.

What was the dualism in leadership between Soekarno and Soeharto in 1966?

In 1966, there was a duality in Indonesian leadership. While Soekarno was still president, Soeharto was assigned as the executive of government functions under a shared cabinet, known as the 'Kabinet Ampera.' Soeharto gained increasing political power, which eventually led to Soekarno's resignation.

How did the 'Ketetapan MPRS' (MPRS Decree) contribute to Soeharto's rise?

The 'Ketetapan MPRS' (MPRS Decree) of 1966 solidified Soeharto's position by affirming the 'Surat Perintah 11 Maret' and providing legal backing for Soeharto's leadership. This decree helped end the dual leadership and confirmed Soeharto as the de facto leader of Indonesia.

What was the significance of Soekarno's resignation in 1967?

Soekarno's resignation in 1967 marked the end of the Guided Democracy era and the beginning of the New Order under Soeharto. His resignation came after increasing political pressure and was formalized by the MPRS decree, paving the way for Soeharto to officially become president in 1968.

What was the general atmosphere in Indonesia during the transition from Soekarno to Soeharto?

The transition from Soekarno to Soeharto was marked by political instability, social unrest, and public demonstrations. This period of upheaval was characterized by gejolak (turbulence), with various groups vying for influence, which ultimately led to Soeharto taking full control of the government.