PRIMEIRA REPÚBLICA: O QUE CAI NO VESTIBULAR? | HISTÓRIA | QUER QUE DESENHE?

Summary

In this video, the host breaks down the history of Brazil's First Republic, focusing on key moments such as the transition from monarchy to republic, the influence of military figures like Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, and the political and social challenges that followed. The script covers crucial events like economic crises, military revolts, and the rise of the 'coffee with milk' politics. It also explores the rise of Getúlio Vargas, the Revolution of 1930, and the end of the First Republic, giving viewers a concise yet thorough look at this turbulent period in Brazilian history.

Takeaways

• 😀 The first Brazilian Republic began in 1889 after the monarchy ended, ushering in a military-led government under Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca.
• 😀 The transition from monarchy to republic highlighted deep social issues, with the population fighting for better living conditions while the rural elite sought more power.
• 😀 The provisional government under Marshal Deodoro introduced reforms like the secularization of the state, large-scale naturalization of foreigners, and the creation of national symbols such as the flag.
• 😀 Deodoro's government faced economic turmoil due to excessive borrowing, which led to inflation and a printing of excessive paper money, known as the 'Encilhamento' crisis.
• 😀 The 1891 Constitution granted universal male suffrage but excluded illiterates, soldiers, and clergy from voting. This sparked discontent among various groups, leading to military revolts.
• 😀 In 1891, the first revolt of the navy (Revolta da Armada) broke out, threatening to bomb Rio de Janeiro if Deodoro did not resign.
• 😀 Deodoro eventually resigned in 1891, and his vice president, Marshal Floriano Peixoto, took over, focusing on economic recovery and public housing while reducing the cost of living.
• 😀 Despite a legitimate challenge to his rule due to constitutional issues, Floriano Peixoto stayed in power, quelling further uprisings such as the second revolt of the navy in 1893.
• 😀 The 'coffee with milk' republic, marked by alternating power between São Paulo and Minas Gerais elites, dominated Brazil's political system until the early 20th century.
• 😀 The political system of the time, characterized by 'coronelismo,' 'voto de cabresto,' and the 'politics of governors,' led to widespread corruption and unrest, with revolts such as the Canudos War and the Revolta da Vacina.
• 😀 Getúlio Vargas came to power in 1930 after a revolution, marking the end of the First Republic and beginning a new era of government, setting the stage for his long rule.

Q & A

What was the Republic of the Swords, and how did it come about?

The Republic of the Swords was the initial phase of Brazil's transition from an empire to a republic after the monarchy ended. It started with military leadership, with Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca assuming control. This period was marked by social unrest and the military seeking more political influence.

What were some key measures introduced by Marshal Deodoro's provisional government?

Deodoro's government introduced several significant measures, such as the secularization of the state, the naturalization of foreigners, and the creation of republican symbols like the national flag.

What caused the economic crisis during Deodoro's government?

The economic crisis was driven by extensive government borrowing, which led to excessive printing of paper money, triggering high inflation. This policy, known as 'encilhamento,' worsened the economic situation.

What were the key characteristics of the government of Marshal Floriano Peixoto?

Floriano Peixoto's government focused on controlling the economic crisis and implementing measures to reduce basic living costs, such as housing and food prices. However, his rule was considered illegitimate due to the constitutional issues surrounding his presidency.

Why was the 1891 constitution important for Floriano Peixoto's rule?

The 1891 constitution stated that a vice president could only serve until new elections were called. Floriano Peixoto, however, never called new elections, which led to significant political unrest and was one of the reasons behind the second Revolt of the Navy.

What was the 'café com leite' republic, and what characterized it?

The 'café com leite' republic, starting with the election of Prudente de Morais in 1894, was characterized by a political system dominated by two elite factions from São Paulo and Minas Gerais. These factions alternated control of the presidency through fraudulent means, often manipulating elections and ensuring political dominance.

What were some of the social and political rebellions during the early years of the republic?

During the early years of the republic, Brazil saw numerous social and political rebellions, including the War of Canudos, the War of Contestado, the Revolt of the Vaccine, and the general strike of 1917. These events reflected widespread dissatisfaction with the political and social systems.

What was the Tenente Movement, and what sparked it?

The Tenente Movement was a response by young military officers to the corrupt and fraudulent political system of the time. It was fueled by frustration with the status quo, particularly after events like the Revolt of the Chibata, which was a protest against the mistreatment of sailors.

How did the crisis of 1930 lead to Getúlio Vargas' rise to power?

In 1930, Brazil faced both an economic crisis and a political divide between the São Paulo and Minas Gerais oligarchies. This division led to the 1930 revolution, in which Getúlio Vargas, despite losing the elections, overthrew the government and took power, marking the beginning of his 15-year rule.

How did the first republic come to an end?

The first republic ended with the 1930 revolution, which saw Getúlio Vargas take power after a coup that prevented Júlio Prestes from assuming the presidency. Vargas' rise marked the start of a new political era in Brazil.