Fim da monarquia e início da República | Rioeduca na TV – História - 9º Ano

Summary

This history lesson explores the end of the monarchy and the beginning of the Republic in Brazil. It discusses the dissatisfaction of various social groups with Emperor Dom Pedro II, including coffee farmers and military sectors, leading to the Republic's proclamation in 1889. Key events like the economic instability caused by the 'encilhamento' policy and the political tensions between military leaders, such as Deodoro da Fonseca and Floriano Peixoto, are highlighted. The lesson also covers the first Brazilian constitution of 1891, the challenges of the new Republic, and the rise of state oligarchies, concluding with the election of Brazil's first civilian president.

Takeaways

• 😀 The fall of the monarchy in Brazil was influenced by multiple social groups dissatisfied with Emperor Dom Pedro II's policies, including coffee growers, the military, and intellectuals.
• 😀 The coffee growers of the Vale do Paraíba were particularly upset by the abolition of slavery and the lack of compensation for it.
• 😀 Military sectors were unhappy with Dom Pedro II’s policies, especially after the Paraguayan War, which they believed should have been followed by more support for them.
• 😀 Ideas from positivism and republicanism, especially from Argentina and Uruguay, influenced the shift toward the Republic.
• 😀 A variety of social groups, including civilians and military personnel, played a role in pushing for a political regime change, which culminated in the Proclamation of the Republic.
• 😀 Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca led the coup that resulted in the proclamation of the Republic on November 15, 1889, following the overthrow of the monarchy.
• 😀 The first Republican flag, created by Rui Barbosa, was used for a brief period from November 15 to November 19, 1889.
• 😀 The new Republic adopted the motto 'Order and Progress,' influenced by positivism, while keeping the imperial green and yellow colors to symbolize military victories.
• 😀 The early years of the Republic were marked by military rule, with the first two presidents, Deodoro da Fonseca and Floriano Peixoto, both being military leaders.
• 😀 The economy struggled under Deodoro's rule due to his economic policies, particularly the 'Encilhamento,' which led to speculative financial practices and inflation.
• 😀 The 1891 Constitution established Brazil as a federal republic, with a separation of powers, including a president as the executive, a legislative body to make laws, and an independent judiciary.

Q & A

What were the main social groups that contributed to the end of the monarchy in Brazil?

The main social groups that contributed to the end of the monarchy in Brazil included the coffee growers from the Vale do Paraíba, who were dissatisfied with the abolition of slavery and the lack of compensation. Additionally, certain sectors of the military and intellectuals, including those advocating for republican ideas and positivism, played significant roles.

How did the coffee growers in the Vale do Paraíba influence the downfall of the monarchy?

The coffee growers in the Vale do Paraíba were discontent with the abolition of slavery, as they did not receive the compensation that had been promised. This dissatisfaction, combined with their economic interests, led them to support the end of the monarchy and contribute to the political movement that resulted in the proclamation of the Republic.

What role did the military play in the transition from monarchy to republic?

The military played a crucial role in the transition from monarchy to republic. After the War of Paraguay, some military sectors were dissatisfied with the policies of Dom Pedro II. They, along with civilian republicans, supported a coup that resulted in the proclamation of the Republic, led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca.

What were the core ideas of positivism and how did they influence Brazil's transition to the Republic?

Positivism, which emphasized the evolution of societies through republican and liberal regimes, influenced the transition to the Republic. The ideas of positivism, particularly the belief in progress and social development, contributed to the creation of a new political system where it was thought that the country could evolve towards greater prosperity under a republican government.

What was the 'Encilhamento' economic policy, and why did it fail?

The 'Encilhamento' was an economic policy initiated by Minister Rui Barbosa under President Deodoro da Fonseca. It involved issuing large amounts of paper money and encouraging loans for business ventures. However, this led to the creation of 'ghost companies' with no real profit, causing speculation and inflation. As a result, the policy failed, creating a financial crisis.

What were the key features of Brazil's first republican constitution of 1891?

The first republican constitution of Brazil in 1891 established Brazil as a federative republic with a presidential system. It granted more autonomy to states, separated church and state, and introduced universal male suffrage. It also created a system of three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial.

How did the new republican government impact the Catholic Church in Brazil?

With the establishment of the republic, the Catholic Church was separated from the state, meaning that Catholicism was no longer the official religion of Brazil. This allowed for freedom of religion, although certain religions, such as those practiced by Afro-Brazilian and indigenous communities, were not recognized at the time.

What was the political climate like after the monarchy was abolished, particularly with regard to the military?

After the monarchy was abolished, the political climate was marked by tension within the military. There was conflict between Deodoro da Fonseca and other sectors of the armed forces, as well as opposition from the navy, leading to the First Revolt of the Navy. This unrest was due to disagreements over Deodoro's authoritarian policies and his handling of the economy.

Who was Floriano Peixoto and what challenges did he face as president?

Floriano Peixoto was the second president of Brazil, following Deodoro da Fonseca's resignation. He faced challenges from both the opposition and within the military, especially with continued conflicts with the navy and discontent among political and military factions. His presidency was marked by attempts to stabilize the country amid political turmoil.

What were the main characteristics of the 'Republic of the Sword' period in Brazil?

The 'Republic of the Sword' refers to the period between 1889 and 1894, when Brazil was governed by military leaders. During this time, the country was under authoritarian rule, with military influence strongly shaping the political landscape. The first two presidents, Deodoro da Fonseca and Floriano Peixoto, were both military figures who struggled with internal opposition and economic difficulties.