REPÚBLICA DA ESPADA, REVOLTA DA ARMADA E A REVOLUÇÃO FEDERALISTA │ História do Brasil

Summary

The video explores the dramatic shift in Brazil from monarchy to republic in 1889, highlighting the overthrow of Emperor Dom Pedro I and the establishment of the Republic of the Sword. This period was marked by military coups, economic crises, and intense internal conflicts. Despite a smooth initial transition, the new republic faced division among political and military elites, leading to wars like the Federalist Revolution. The video also discusses the dictatorship of leaders like Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca and Floriano Peixoto, culminating in the eventual end of military rule and the beginning of civilian leadership under President Prudente de Moraes in 1894.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Brazilian Republic began on November 15, 1889, after a military coup that overthrew Emperor Dom Pedro II, leading to the establishment of the Republic of the Sword.
• 😀 The Republic was formed without significant armed conflict or popular participation, mainly driven by military leaders, large landowners, and intellectuals.
• 😀 Key figures in the coup included Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, wealthy coffee planters, and politicians like Rui Barbosa and José do Patrocínio.
• 😀 Despite a lack of a unified vision, the republican movement succeeded in ousting Dom Pedro II due to widespread dissatisfaction with the monarchy.
• 😀 The initial government, led by Deodoro da Fonseca, was marked by repression, including imprisonments, deportations, and the closure of newspapers.
• 😀 The Brazilian economy faced a crisis known as the 'Encilhamento,' which resulted from government-promoted loans for industrialization that were misused by businessmen.
• 😀 The 'Encilhamento' crisis led to inflation, the resignation of Rui Barbosa, and growing unpopularity of Deodoro’s government.
• 😀 In 1891, Deodoro imposed a new constitution that established Brazil as a federal republic, but the new system still excluded many people from voting due to literacy requirements.
• 😀 Deodoro’s government became increasingly authoritarian, culminating in a failed coup attempt in 1891, known as the first revolt of the navy.
• 😀 After Deodoro’s resignation, Vice President Floriano Peixoto took power, leading to further centralization and repression, including the closure of the Congress and the imprisonment of political opponents.
• 😀 The Republic of the Sword ended with Floriano Peixoto’s departure in 1894, marking the rise of the first civilian president of Brazil, Prudente de Moraes.

Q & A

What event marked the transition from the Brazilian Empire to the Republic?

The Brazilian Empire was overthrown on November 15, 1889, when Dom Pedro I was removed from the throne, leading to the establishment of the Republic. This transition occurred through a military coup, with minimal armed conflict and little popular involvement.

What was the 'Republic of the Sword,' and why is it called that?

The 'Republic of the Sword' refers to the period between 1889 and 1894 in Brazil when the country was governed by military leaders. It earned this name due to the significant role that the military, especially figures like Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca, played in the establishment and early governance of the Republic.

What role did military leaders, landowners, and intellectuals play in the overthrow of Dom Pedro I?

The overthrow of Dom Pedro I was driven by a coalition of military leaders like Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca, wealthy landowners (especially coffee plantation owners from São Paulo), and influential intellectuals and politicians like Rui Barbosa and José do Patrocínio, who helped legitimize the Republic.

How did the Brazilian Republic's formation involve conflicting interests among different groups?

The groups involved in the formation of the Republic had conflicting interests. For instance, while military leaders and landowners sought power, intellectuals and journalists had their own agendas. These conflicting interests led to a disorganized and unstable start for the Republic.

What was the 'Encilhamento,' and how did it affect Brazil’s economy?

The 'Encilhamento' was an economic crisis that began due to an overly optimistic government policy aimed at stimulating industrial growth. This policy, led by Minister Rui Barbosa, involved offering loans to entrepreneurs. However, many entrepreneurs used the funds for personal gain, leading to inflation and a financial collapse in 1890.

What were the key components of Brazil’s Constitution of 1891?

The Constitution of 1891 established Brazil as a federal republic, with autonomy for states. It also introduced the separation of powers, abolished the monarchy’s power (specifically the Power Moderador), and declared Brazil a secular state, while instituting universal male suffrage based on literacy.

What event led to Deodoro da Fonseca’s resignation from the presidency?

Deodoro da Fonseca resigned in 1891 after a failed coup attempt to dissolve the Congress and declare a state of siege. His government faced strong opposition, particularly from the military, and the threat of conflict with the rebels, who had the backing of the navy, led to his decision to step down.

Who succeeded Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca as president of Brazil, and what were his first actions?

Marechal Floriano Peixoto succeeded Deodoro da Fonseca as president after Deodoro’s resignation. Floriano’s first actions included revoking the state of siege, reopening Congress, and strengthening his grip on power by dismissing opponents and suppressing opposition movements.

What was the Revolta da Armada, and how did it affect the Republic?

The Revolta da Armada was a series of naval rebellions against Floriano Peixoto's government. These revolts aimed to remove Floriano from power and were fueled by tensions between the military and government. The revolts were significant because they highlighted the military's internal divisions and their impact on Brazil’s political stability.

What was the Federalist Revolution, and what was its outcome?

The Federalist Revolution was a civil conflict that began in Rio Grande do Sul in 1892, led by the Federalist Party, which opposed the centralization of power under Floriano Peixoto. The conflict spread to other states but was eventually suppressed. The Federalists were defeated, and the war ended with approximately 10,000 deaths, marking a decisive moment for the consolidation of the Republic under Floriano’s rule.