Existem evidências de que Jesus existiu? - Além da Bíblia #3

Fatos Desconhecidos

21 Mar 202313:14

Summary

TLDRThe video script discusses the historical existence of Jesus Christ, the central figure of Christianity, whose life has influenced the world significantly, even shaping our calendar. While the Bible provides evidence of his deeds, the script questions scientific proof of his existence. It refutes the theory of Jesus as a myth propagated by a researcher, Joseph Edson, who lacks academic and archaeological credentials. The script highlights the consensus among historians, such as André Chibatares, that Jesus was a historical figure, supported by multiple attestations in historical texts and archaeological findings. It also touches on the debate surrounding his birthplace, the authenticity of the Sudarium of Turin, and the development of Christianity based on oral traditions and later writings. The video emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between theological beliefs and historical facts, suggesting that the historical Jesus and the Christ of faith are one and the same.

Takeaways

😇 The script discusses the historical existence and influence of Jesus Christ, the central figure of Christianity.
📚 The existence of Jesus is supported by the Bible and the fact that many aspects of our calendar are based on his life.
🤔 The researcher Joseph Edson argues that Jesus is a myth, created by Roman aristocrats to pacify the Jews, but he lacks academic and archaeological credentials.
🏛️ Edson's theory is not peer-reviewed and lacks scientific publication, which distances it from mainstream historical and archaeological consensus.
🕵️‍♂️ Historians, like André Chibatares from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, seek to study the 'historical Jesus', focusing on evidence-based research.
📖 Evidence for Jesus' existence does not need to be physical; multiple attestation from different authors can also validate a historical figure.
📜 Flavius Josephus, a Jewish historian, and other Roman authors, including non-Christians, provide textual evidence for Jesus as a historical character.
📃 The Nag Hammadi library, discovered in 1945, contains early Christian texts that offer insight into the development of Christianity.
🏺 The Ossuary of James and the Shroud of Turin are controversial archaeological artifacts that some claim are linked to Jesus, but their authenticity is debated.
🎨 The script highlights that historical accounts and theological interpretations of Jesus's life have varied over time, leading to diverse Christian beliefs.
🌏 The study of the historical Jesus is important to distinguish between theological presuppositions and historical facts, and to understand the impact of his teachings on humanity.

Q & A

What is the main argument presented by Joseph Edson regarding Jesus?
-Joseph Edson argues that Jesus is a myth, suggesting that his words and actions are part of a narrative invented by Roman aristocrats to pacify the Jews.
What is Joseph Edson's academic background, and why might his ideas lack peer support?
-Joseph Edson is a computer science graduate, not a historian or an archaeologist. His ideas are not published in scientific periodicals and lack peer support, indicating that they may not be widely accepted in academic circles.
What does André Chibatares, a history professor, say about the historical Jesus?
-André Chibatares states that historians seek to study the 'historical Jesus,' focusing on the man who lived in Galilee two thousand years ago, rather than the religious figure.
What is the methodological approach historians use to study Jesus?
-Historians use multiple confirmation as a criterion to test the existence of historical figures like Jesus. They look for similar facts presented by different authors who did not know each other.
Who is Flávio e Sef and why is he significant in discussing Jesus' existence?
-Flávio e Sef is a Jewish historian who, despite not being a Christian, mentions Jesus in his compilation of Jewish history, which is significant as it provides a non-Christian reference to Jesus.
What are the oldest texts about Jesus and who wrote them?
-The oldest texts about Jesus are from the first century and were written by early Christians.
What is the significance of the Nag Hammadi library in understanding early Christianity?
-The Nag Hammadi library, found in 1945 in Egypt and dated to the 4th century, contains original Greek translations and is crucial for understanding the formation of Christianity and other religions in the first century.
What is the significance of the supposed ossuary of James, the Apostle, in relation to Jesus' existence?
-The ossuary with the inscription 'James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus' could provide concrete evidence of Jesus' existence, although the authenticity of the inscription is debated.
What is the Shroud of Turin and why is it significant in the discussion of Jesus' life and death?
-The Shroud of Turin is a cloth that allegedly wrapped Jesus' body. It has been subject to various analyses, with some suggesting that the marks on it are consistent with crucifixion, although its dating is controversial.
Where did Jesus likely live most of his life according to the script?
-Jesus likely lived most of his life in the region of Galilee, with little presence in large cities, except for his passage through Jerusalem leading to his crucifixion.
What is the historical significance of Jesus according to the script?
-The script suggests that Jesus, the carpenter from Nazareth, has marked human history forever, indicating his enduring impact regardless of theological interpretations.

Outlines

00:00

😇 Debate Over Jesus' Historical Existence

This paragraph introduces the debate surrounding the historical existence of Jesus Christ. It acknowledges Jesus as a major historical figure, whose life is the basis of one of the world's most influential religions, to the extent that even our calendar is based on his birth. The paragraph questions what scientific evidence exists to prove Jesus' existence beyond religious texts. It presents the viewpoint of Joseph Edson, who argues that Jesus is a myth, a narrative created by Roman aristocrats to pacify the Jews. However, it is noted that Edson is not a historian or archaeologist, and his ideas lack peer support, being published outside of scientific journals. The paragraph also mentions that historians, such as André Chibas from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, approach the study of Jesus from a methodological perspective, seeking evidence-based information about the historical man named Jesus, rather than the religious figure. The importance of multiple attestation as a criterion for historical evidence is highlighted, with historians looking for consistency in accounts from different authors.

05:01

📜 Historical and Archaeological Evidence for Jesus

This paragraph delves into the historical and archaeological evidence that supports the existence of Jesus. It discusses the oldest texts about Jesus from the first century, written by early Christians, and the notable exception of the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, who, despite not being a Christian, mentions Jesus, John the Baptist, and James as leaders of movements in the region. The paragraph also mentions other texts by both Jewish and Roman authors, including non-Christians, that reference Christ and the movement he inspired. Archaeological discoveries, such as the 13 manuscripts found in 1945 in Egypt, known as the Nag Hammadi library, are highlighted as crucial for understanding the formation of Christianity and other religions of the first century. The paragraph also touches on the controversial Ossuary of James, an alleged burial box with bones of James the Apostle, and the Shroud of Turin, which is said to have wrapped Jesus' body, and the debate surrounding their authenticity and relevance to Jesus' life and death.

10:04

🛐 The Impact and Legacy of Jesus in History

The final paragraph discusses the impact of Jesus and the origins of Christianity. It suggests that Jesus himself was illiterate and did not write down his ideas, and that the foundations of Christianity and the stories about Christ were developed by early followers and communities, two or three generations after his death. These writings are noted to be more religious and theological, but they also have historical importance. The paragraph explores the diversity of views on Jesus within Christianity, ranging from seeing him as divine to considering him a man, a failed leader, or a peaceful liberator. The study of the historical Jesus is emphasized as important to prevent theological assumptions from being treated as historical facts. It concludes by reflecting on the improbability of a religious community inventing such a detailed narrative and the influence of Jesus' life on the course of human history.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Jesus Christ

Jesus Christ is a central figure in Christianity and is considered the Son of God by believers. The script discusses his significance as the basis for one of the world's most influential religions, with even the modern calendar system dating from the year of his birth. His life and teachings form the core of Christian belief, and the script questions the scientific evidence supporting his historical existence.

💡Religion

Religion is a system of beliefs and practices that often involve worship and rituals centered around a higher power or deity. In the context of the video, Christianity is highlighted as a major world religion that has been influenced by and has influenced the life of Jesus Christ. The script also touches on the idea that religion can be both a source of comfort and a potentially repressive form of mental control.

💡Myth

A myth is a traditional story, often involving supernatural beings or events, that explains cultural beliefs or natural phenomena. The script mentions the theory that Jesus might be a myth, suggesting that his story and teachings could be part of a narrative invented by Roman aristocrats to pacify the Jews. This challenges the historical validity of Jesus' existence.

💡Historical Jesus

Historical Jesus refers to the study of the life of Jesus of Nazareth as a historical figure, distinct from his religious significance. The script discusses the efforts of historians to separate the religious narrative from the historical evidence to understand the man behind the myth, including the search for non-religious evidence to support his existence.

💡Archaeology

Archaeology is the scientific study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains. The script mentions archaeological discoveries, such as the James Ossuary and the Shroud of Turin, which are claimed to be related to Jesus and contribute to the debate about his historical existence.

💡Multiple Attestation

Multiple attestation is a criterion used in historical research to verify the existence of a person or event when it is mentioned by multiple independent sources. The script refers to this principle as a method to confirm the historical existence of Jesus, citing various authors from different backgrounds who wrote about him.

💡Gospels

The Gospels are four books in the New Testament of the Bible that provide accounts of the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The script discusses the Gospels as the earliest Christian texts that mention Jesus and form the basis for much of the historical and theological understanding of his life.

💡Flavius Josephus

Flavius Josephus was a Jewish historian of the 1st century who wrote about the history of the Jewish people. The script notes that Josephus, despite not being a Christian, mentions Jesus in his works, which is considered significant for the historical validation of Jesus' existence.

💡Nazarene

Nazarene refers to someone from Nazareth, the town in Galilee where Jesus is believed to have lived. The script mentions that Jesus is often referred to as 'Jesus of Nazareth' or 'the Nazarene,' highlighting his origins and the significance of his hometown in his identity and mission.

💡Crucifixion

Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the victim is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross and left to hang until death. The script discusses the crucifixion as the manner of Jesus' death, which is a pivotal event in Christian theology and a key element in the historical accounts of his life.

💡Historical Research

Historical research involves the study and interpretation of the past using written records, artifacts, and other evidence. The script emphasizes the importance of historical research in understanding the life of Jesus, distinguishing between religious beliefs and verifiable historical facts.

Highlights

Jesus is considered the most significant figure in history due to the influence of Christianity and the use of the Anno Domini calendar system based on his life.

Joseph Edson, a researcher with a background in Computer Science rather than history or archaeology, argues that Jesus is a myth created by Romans to pacify Jews.

Edson's theory lacks peer support and academic backing, as he has not published in scientific journals.

Historians, such as André Chibatares from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, approach Jesus as a historical figure rather than a religious one.

The existence of Jesus is supported by multiple attestations from different authors, a key criterion in historical research.

Flavius Josephus, a Jewish historian not affiliated with Christianity, mentions Jesus in his compilation of Jewish history.

Further texts from both Jewish and Roman authors, including non-Christians, confirm Jesus as a historical character.

Archaeological discoveries, such as the 13 manuscripts found in 1945 known as the Nag Hammadi library, provide context to Jesus' time.

The Nag Hammadi texts are crucial for understanding early Christianity and other religions of the first century.

An alleged funerary box with bones of James, one of the Apostles, and the inscription 'Brother of Jesus' raises questions about its authenticity.

The Shroud of Turin, believed to have wrapped Jesus' body, has been subject to various analyses with mixed conclusions about its age and authenticity.

Most historians agree that Jesus was born in Nazareth, not Bethlehem, and lived a largely rural life.

Jesus' death is estimated to have occurred around 35-36 AD, shortly after John the Baptist's execution by the Romans.

Jesus is believed to have been illiterate, and the foundations of Christianity were established by early followers, not by Jesus himself.

The study of the historical Jesus is important to prevent theological presuppositions from being mistaken for historical facts.

The high degree of unanimity and differences in the Gospels suggest they are not purely products of church imagination.

Christians believe that the historical Jesus is the same as the Christ of faith and the Gospels.

The study of Jesus' life and impact is essential for understanding the mysteries and the role of religion in history.