Understanding Engineering Drawings

Summary

This video script provides an in-depth guide to understanding engineering drawings, essential tools for engineers to communicate design and manufacturing specifications. It covers the different types of drawings, including assembly, detail, layout, and interface control drawings, and their adherence to standards like ASME Y14 and ISO. The script explains the structure of drawings, projection methods, and the importance of views, dimensions, and tolerances. It also touches on advanced concepts like geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T), and hints at future trends like model-based definition and statistical tolerance analysis. The video aims to equip viewers with the skills to decipher and effectively use technical drawings in engineering.

Takeaways

• 🔍 Technical drawings are essential tools for engineers to communicate design and manufacturing details.
• 📐 There are different types of engineering drawings, such as assembly, detail, layout, and interface control drawings, each serving specific purposes.
• 📜 Drawings follow conventions defined in standards like ASME Y14 and ISO, with companies often having their own requirements.
• 🏢 The title block, usually at the bottom right, contains vital information like company logo, drawing title, number, scale, and author details.
• 👷‍♂️ Detail drawings provide all the information needed to fabricate and inspect a specific part, without defining manufacturing methods.
• 📈 Primary views, including front, side, and top views, are key to defining a part's geometry in three dimensions through orthographic projection.
• 🌐 Projection methods differ between first angle and third angle projection, with the latter being more common in North America.
• 📊 Additional views like isometric and exploded views can enhance clarity, while sectional views reveal internal geometry.
• 📝 Drawings often include tables, notes, and bills of materials to provide extra information and instructions.
• 📏 Dimensions on a drawing provide all the necessary measurements for part manufacturing, with best practices guiding their placement and presentation.
• ⚙️ Threads are specified using standardized systems like ISO for metric and Unified Thread Standard for U.S. customary units, detailing diameter, pitch, and fit class.
• 🔄 Tolerances define acceptable deviations from nominal sizes and are crucial for part inspection and acceptance, with best practices advocating for as宽松 as necessary.

Q & A

What is the primary purpose of technical drawings in engineering?

Technical drawings are used to define how a part should be manufactured and inspected, as well as to explain how different parts of a system fit together. They serve as essential communication tools for engineers.

What are the different types of engineering drawings mentioned in the script?

The script mentions assembly drawings, detail drawings, layout drawings, and interface control drawings. Assembly drawings show how components fit together, detail drawings define the geometry of a single component, layout drawings illustrate a design approach without much detail, and interface control drawings identify interfaces with other components.

What are the common standards that drawings often follow?

Drawings often follow conventions defined in technical standards such as ASME Y14 and various ISO standards. These standards provide detailed guidelines that companies typically adhere to, with some having their own specific requirements.

What is the general structure of a drawing according to the script?

A drawing generally has a title block, a revision history table, and the drawing space. The title block is usually located at the bottom right corner and contains important information such as the company logo, drawing title, drawing number, scale, and details about the author, checker, and approver.

Can you explain the concept of primary views in technical drawings?

Primary views in technical drawings include the front, side, and top views. They are created by projecting the visible edges of the part onto an imaginary plane aligned with the face of the object, a method known as orthographic projection. These views are essential for defining a part in three dimensions.

What is the difference between third angle projection and first angle projection?

Third angle projection arranges views based on the projection plane being placed between the camera and the object, with the left view placed to the left of the front view and the top view above it. First angle projection places the projection plane behind the object, resulting in the left view being placed to the right of the front view and the top view below it.

What is an isometric view and how does it differ from primary views?

An isometric view is an additional view that shows the object in three dimensions, which can improve the clarity of a drawing. Unlike primary views, which are aligned and show the object from specific orthogonal directions, isometric views provide a more intuitive representation of the object's shape.

What is the purpose of a bill of materials in assembly drawings?

A bill of materials in assembly drawings is a table that lists the parts that make up the assembly and the required quantities. It serves as a reference to identify and quantify the components used in the assembly.

What are some best practices to consider when dimensioning a drawing?

Best practices for dimensioning include placing dimensions outside the part, not using hidden lines for dimensioning unless necessary, avoiding dimensioning 90-degree angles as they can be assumed, and adding centerlines to circular features to aid in dimensioning and clarity.

What is the purpose of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T)?

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a method for applying tolerances that allows for the control of a range of different characteristics such as flatness, roundness, and perpendicularity. It complements traditional dimensional tolerancing by considering the function and shape of an object, not just its size.

What does the script suggest about the future of engineering drawings and design?

The script suggests that the future of engineering drawings and design may involve model-based definition and statistical tolerance analysis. These topics indicate a shift towards more sophisticated and data-driven approaches in engineering design.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Understanding Engineering Drawings

This paragraph introduces the importance of technical drawings in engineering, which serve as essential tools for communication among engineers. It explains that these drawings can define manufacturing and inspection processes, as well as illustrate how system components interact. The video aims to demystify the often complex nature of these drawings. It outlines the various types of drawings, such as assembly, detail, layout, and interface control drawings, and mentions the common standards like ASME Y14 and ISO. The paragraph also describes the general structure of a drawing, including the title block, revision history, and drawing space, and explains the concept of primary views in orthographic projection, highlighting third and first angle projection methods.

05:02

📐 Primary and Additional Views in Drawings

This section delves into the specifics of primary views, which include front, side, top, and bottom views, essential for defining a part in a detailed drawing. It uses the example of a bracket to illustrate how these views are created through orthographic projection. The paragraph explains the process of unfolding projection planes to arrange views on a drawing and contrasts third-angle projection, common in North America, with first-angle projection, prevalent in Europe. It also introduces additional views like isometric and exploded views, which enhance the clarity of the drawing, and discusses the use of section views to reveal internal geometry. The paragraph emphasizes the flexibility in layout and the inclusion of tables, notes, and bills of materials in assembly drawings.

10:11

📏 Dimensioning and Tolerances in Technical Drawings

This paragraph focuses on the critical aspect of dimensioning in technical drawings, providing the necessary dimensions for manufacturing a part. It discusses best practices for dimension placement, the use of center lines, and the specifics of hole representation, including plain, counterbored, countersunk, and threaded holes. The paragraph explains standardized thread types, such as ISO for metric and Unified Thread Standard for U.S. customary units, and how to specify them. It also addresses the concept of tolerances, which define acceptable deviations from nominal sizes, and the importance of avoiding overly tight tolerances to prevent increased manufacturing and inspection costs. The distinction between chain dimensioning and datum dimensioning is highlighted, with the latter being preferred to avoid tolerance accumulation and facilitate inspection.

15:13

🔍 Advanced Tolerance Application and Emerging Trends

This section introduces advanced tolerance application methods like geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T), which complement traditional dimensional tolerancing by controlling object function and shape characteristics. It mentions feature control frames and how GD&T can control perpendicularity and positional accuracy. The paragraph also touches on the evolution of engineering drawings and design, hinting at the impact of model-based definition and statistical tolerance analysis. It suggests that these topics, although not fully covered in the video, are explored in a companion video available on Nebula, a platform for independent educational creators, and好奇心流, an educational streaming service offering a discount for viewers.

20:15

🌟 Conclusion and Additional Resources

The final paragraph wraps up the discussion on engineering drawings, thanking viewers for their attention. It also promotes a bundled offer between Nebula and CuriosityStream, providing a discount for an educational streaming service that includes a wide range of documentaries and exclusive content. The paragraph encourages viewers to take advantage of the offer to access a wealth of informative and engaging material on both platforms.

Keywords

💡Technical Drawings

Technical drawings are graphical representations used in various fields, especially engineering, to depict the features of a component or assembly with precision. They are essential for communication among engineers, manufacturers, and inspectors. In the video, technical drawings are described as tools that define how a part should be manufactured, inspected, and how different parts of a system fit together, highlighting their importance in the engineering process.

💡Engineering Drawings

Engineering drawings are a specific type of technical drawing that provides detailed instructions on how to construct or assemble a product. They are vital for manufacturing as they communicate design intent and specifications. The script mentions that engineering drawings come in different forms such as assembly drawings and detail drawings, each serving a distinct purpose in illustrating the relationships and geometry of components.

💡Assembly Drawings

Assembly drawings are a type of engineering drawing that shows how multiple components fit together to form an assembly. They illustrate the functional relationships between different parts. The script explains that these drawings are crucial for understanding how the various elements of a system integrate, providing a comprehensive view of the assembly's structure.

💡Detail Drawings

Detail drawings are used to fully define the geometry of a single component. They provide all the necessary information for fabricating and inspecting a specific part, although they do not usually define the manufacturing methods. The script emphasizes that detail drawings are an essential part of the engineering drawing process, ensuring that each part is accurately represented and can be produced as per the design specifications.

💡Orthographic Projection

Orthographic projection is a method of representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. It involves projecting the visible edges of an object onto an imaginary plane that is perpendicular to the line of sight. The script describes how primary views, such as front, side, and top views, are created using orthographic projection, which is fundamental in defining the geometry of objects in engineering drawings.

💡Title Block

The title block is a section of an engineering drawing that contains important information about the drawing itself. It is usually located in the bottom right corner and includes details like the company logo, drawing title, drawing number, scale, and information about the author, checker, and approver. The script mentions that the title block may also contain information about the part material, finish, and surface roughness, especially in detail drawings.

💡Revision History Table

The revision history table is a part of the engineering drawing that records all the changes made to the drawing over time. It is typically located in the top right corner and helps track modifications for reference and quality control purposes. The script explains that this table is an essential component of the drawing structure, ensuring that the evolution of the design is documented.

💡Projection Methods

Projection methods refer to the techniques used to represent three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional plane. The script discusses two common projection methods: first angle projection and third angle projection. These methods differ in how the views are arranged on the drawing relative to the object being viewed. The choice between them can affect the clarity and interpretation of the engineering drawing.

💡Tolerances

Tolerances are the permissible deviations from the exact dimensions specified in a drawing. They define what is considered an acceptable variation from the nominal size, ensuring that manufactured parts meet the required specifications despite minor variations. The script explains that tolerances are crucial for determining whether a part is acceptable and that specifying unnecessarily tight tolerances can increase manufacturing and inspection costs.

💡Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing is a system that complements traditional dimensional tolerancing by allowing control over the form and functional geometry of a part. It uses feature control frames to define additional requirements such as flatness, roundness, and perpendicularity. The script mentions that GD&T is a complex topic that can control characteristics beyond just size, like ensuring a surface is perfectly flat or a cylinder's cross-section is perfectly round.

💡Model Based Definition

Model Based Definition (MBD) is a concept mentioned in the script that refers to the use of 3D models to fully define a product throughout the manufacturing process. It is a shift from traditional 2D drawings and can provide more detailed and interactive information about a product's design. The script suggests that MBD is a potential future direction for engineering drawings, indicating a move towards more advanced and integrated design practices.

Highlights

Engineering drawings are essential tools for communication in engineering, defining manufacturing and inspection processes.

Different types of drawings include assembly, detail, layout, and interface control drawings, each serving specific purposes.

Drawings follow conventions defined in technical standards like ASME Y14 and various ISO standards.

The general structure of a drawing includes a title block, revision history table, and drawing space.

Primary views in a drawing include front, side, and top views, essential for defining a part's geometry.

Orthographic projection is used to create primary views, aligning with the object's face for visibility.

Third angle projection and first angle projection are two common methods for arranging views on a drawing.

Exploded views in assembly drawings illustrate how different parts fit together.

Sectional views provide a detailed look at internal geometry by showing the object as if it's been sliced.

Drawings often contain tables and notes for additional information, such as bills of materials.

Dimensioning in drawings provides all necessary measurements for part manufacturing.

Best practices for dimensioning include placing dimensions outside the part and avoiding hidden lines for dimensioning.

Tolerances define acceptable deviations from nominal sizes and are crucial for part inspection and acceptance.

Chain dimensioning and datum dimensioning are two approaches to applying dimensions, with datum dimensioning often preferred.

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) is a method for controlling shape and function through feature control frames.

Model-based definition and statistical tolerance analysis are emerging topics indicating the future of engineering drawing and design.

Nebula and CuriosityStream offer ad-free educational content and documentaries for a comprehensive learning experience.

Transcripts

technical drawings are everywhere in

engineering they can be used to define

how a part should be manufactured and

inspected or to explain how the

different parts of a system fit together

ultimately they're tools that Engineers

use to communicate so being able to

understand them is an important skill

but it can sometimes feel like they're

quite difficult to decipher in this

video we'll cover everything you need to

know to make sense of them so let's get

started

engineering drawings come in all shapes

and sizes assembly drawings show how all

of the different components of an

assembly fit together and the functional

relationship between them

detail drawings on the other hand fully

Define the geometry of a single

component although they don't normally

Define the manufacturing methods that

should be used they provide all the

information needed to fabricate and

inspect a specific part

other types of drawings include layout

drawings that are used to illustrate a

design approach and so don't include

much detail

and interface control drawings that

identify any interfaces with other

components

drawings often follow conventions that

are defined in technical standards with

the most common being as me y14 and the

various ISO standards

standards go into a lot of detail and

companies usually have their own

requirements anyway so in this video

we'll just cover the fundamentals and

some best practices without focusing on

any one particular standard

regardless of the standard being used

drawings all have the same general

structure

the title block is usually located in

the bottom right corner

it contains important information like

the company logo

drawing title

drawing number

the scale of the drawing and information

about the author Checker and approver

on detail drawings the title block might

also include information about the part

material finish and surface roughness

next there's the revision history table

usually in the top right corner that

lists changes to the drawing

and finally there's the drawing space

which is where views of the component or

assembly are shown

if there are a lot of different views on

the same page it can be confusing but

there's always an underlying structure

to how they're laid out

let's start by looking at primary views

which are the front side and top and

bottom views that are a key part of any

detailed drawing

we'll illustrate how they're drawn using

this bracket

a primary view is created by projecting

the visible edges of the part onto an

imaginary plane that's located between

the part and the Observer and is aligned

with the face of the object

this is called an orthographic projected

View

the orthographic part means that the

projection lines are at right angles to

the plane

one view is chosen to be the front view

this is usually the view that provides

the most information about the object

additional projected views showing its

other sides are then needed to fully

Define the object in three dimensions

this is the view of the left side of the

object

this is the rear view

[Music]

and we can generate the top bottom and

right views in the same way

[Music]

the projection planes are then unfolded

and this is how the views are placed on

a drawing

because the projection plane was between

the camera and the object the left view

ends up being placed to the left of the

front view the top view is placed above

it and so on

only enough views need to be used to

ensure that the part is fully defined

here the right bottom and rear views

aren't needed and can be removed

this way of arranging the views based on

the projection plane being placed

between the camera and the object is

called third angle projection

but there's another common method called

first angle projection where the

projection plane is located behind the

object instead of in front of it

thank you

when this method is used the left view

is placed to the right of the front view

and the top view is placed below it

first angle projection is more commonly

used in Europe and third angle

projection is more common in North

America

to understand why these methods are

called first and third angle projections

consider two perpendicular planes that

create four quadrants

if an object is located in quadrant one

and is being viewed either from above or

from the right the views are projected

onto planes that are behind the object

which is first angle production

but in the third quadrant the views are

projected onto planes that are in front

of the object which is third angle

projection

foreign

showing a tapered cone is used to

indicate which projection method has

been used on a drawing

when drawn using first angle projection

the view from the left where both

circular edges are visible is placed to

the right of the front view

and for third angle projection it's

placed to the left

one of these two symbols is usually

added to the drawing title block

on this drawing of the bracket there's a

third angle projection symbol in the

title block

so we immediately know that the view

above the front view shows the top of

the part

in the view to the left of it shows the

left side of the part

primary views always line up with each

other perfectly which makes it easy to

locate the same feature in different

views

but other views can be added to the

drawing to complement the primary views

and they can be placed anywhere on the

page they don't have to be in alignment

a very common additional view is the

isometric view it shows the object in

three dimensions which can do a lot to

improve the clarity of a drawing

[Music]

assembly drawings sometimes contain just

a single isometric View

a variant on this is the exploded view

which illustrates how the different

parts of an assembly fit together

if a drawing includes small features

that can't be properly shown in the

primary views detailed views showing

them at a larger scale are used

foreign

has internal geometry hidden lines can

be shown on any of the views usually as

dashed lines

but another option is by turning a view

into a sectional view which shows the

object as if it's been sliced

solid areas that have been cut through

or drawn as hatched surfaces and The

Cutting plane and viewing direction are

defined on one of the other views

foreign

of course there's always more than one

way to lay out a drawing it's up to the

author to use the different views in a

way that best presents the important

information

drawings will often contain tables and

notes that provide additional

information

assembly drawings for example usually

include a bill of materials a table that

lists the parts that make up the

assembly and the required quantities

foreign

balloons are added to the drawing to

identify the different parts in the

table

[Music]

notes are used to specify any important

additional information

on assembly drawings this might be

recommended torque ranges for bolts or

instructions to be followed during

assembly

if a note is shown inside a flag it

means it refers to a specific part of

the drawing

on detailed drawings the notes could

include material and coding information

if these haven't been specified in the

title block or information about how

Parts should be marked for example

foreign

pieces of information on a detailed

drawing is dimensions

the drawing should provide all of the

dimensions needed to manufacture the

part which includes lengths

the diameter of holes

or the radii of fillets for example

some features like this fillet are

defined by an arrow and a short string

of text which is called a call out

the same feature appears more than once

in a view it's common to only Dimension

at once

the word typical is sometimes added to

the callout to indicate that the feature

appears several times although the best

approach is usually to explicitly State

how many times it appears

each Dimension is normally only defined

once although redundant Dimensions can

sometimes be shown if it makes the

drawing clear to indicate the total

length of a part for example

these are called auxiliary dimensions

and are enclosed in Brackets to make it

clear that they're provided for

information only

foreign

if you're preparing a drawing there are

quite a few best practices to bear in

mind when it comes to dimensioning

here are a few examples

Dimensions shouldn't really be placed

inside a part

they should always be on the outside

hidden lines shouldn't normally be used

for dimensioning if a specific detail

can only be dimensioned from a hidden

line you should probably be using a

sectional view instead

it's not usually necessary to Dimension

90 degree angles lines that look like

they're at 90 degrees can be assumed to

be right angles

it's a good idea to add center lines to

Circular features Central lines

reinforce the fact that the features are

circular which may not be obvious from a

single View and can be useful for

dimensioning

holes appear in so many drawings that

it's worth discussing them in a bit more

detail

the call out for a plain hole is simple

it needs to include two things the

diameter of the hole and the depth of

the hole

if no depth is specified it's assumed

that the hole goes all the way through

although often this will be stated

explicitly

if a hole is counter bored or

countersunk this will be indicated in

the callout by using the correct symbol

and specifying the diameter and depth or

the diameter and angle as appropriate

things get a bit more complicated when

it comes to threaded holes which are

drawn as two concentric circles that

represent the crest and root of the

thread

the call out has to Define all the

information needed to create the thread

and this is usually done by referring to

one of several standardized thread types

the two most common are the iso standard

for metric units and the unified thread

standard for U.S customary units

the call out for an iso thread starts

with the letter M for metric followed by

the thread nominal diameter in

millimeters and then the letter X and

the thread pitch

the pitch is the distance between

threads

the ISO standards Define preferred

combinations of diameter and Pitch which

includes options for coarse and fine

thread pitches

the call out might also include

information about the thread class of

fit which essentially describes how

tight the fit will be between the two

mating parts

6h and 6G are standard fits with

uppercase or lowercase letters being

used to indicate whether the fit refers

to the internal or external thread

and that's all the threat information

that needs to be specified on the

drawing because everything else is

defined in the ISO standards

the call out for a unified thread

follows a similar approach it starts

with a nominal size which is the

diameter in inches for sizes larger than

a quarter inch or a number from 0 to 12

for smaller sizes

the size is followed by a dash in the

thread pitch which is specified in

Threads per inch instead of as a

distance

next is some text specifying the thread

grade which is usually UNC for coarse

pitch UNF or a fine pitch or unef for an

extra fine pitch

and finally there's the class of fifth

which is a number from one to five that

defines the closeness of the fit

followed by the letter A for an external

thread or B or an internal thread

it's obvious that no part can be

manufactured exactly to a set of

specified dimensions

if we take this drawing and make 10 of

these brackets they'll all have slightly

different sizes

there needs to be a way of defining

what's an acceptable deviation from the

nominal size and that's what tolerances

are used for

there are a few different ways of

applying tolerances to a specific

dimension

there's the limit approach that states

the upper and lower acceptable limits

for the dimension

or the plus and minus approach that

states the acceptable deviations

then there are general tolerances which

are specified in the title block

they apply to any Dimension that doesn't

have an explicitly defined tolerance

a drawing that contains Dimensions but

no tolerances is incomplete

manufactured parts will be inspected and

their Dimensions measured using tools

like calipers or a coordinate measuring

machine depending on the required

accuracy and the measurements will be

compared against the tolerances on the

drawing to determine whether the part is

acceptable

the Golden Rule when it comes to

tolerancing is to avoid specifying

tolerances that are tighter than is

absolutely necessary

this chart shows typical tolerances that

can be achieved for different

manufacturing processes

specifying very tight tolerances will

limit the methods that can be used to

fabricate the part and will result in it

being far more expensive to manufacture

and to inspect

the way a part has been dimensioned can

also have a big impact on tolerancing

and this should be taken into account

when adding Dimensions to a drawing

[Music]

this part has been dimension in two

different ways the method on the left is

called chain dimensioning where

dimensions are applied from one feature

to the next

and the method on the right is called

datum dimensioning where the dimensions

are applied from a chosen feature or

Surface called a datum which in this

case is the left surface of the part

because each Dimension has a tolerance

chain dimensioning can result in an

unwanted accumulation of tolerances

datum tolerancing is often preferred

because it avoids stacking up tolerances

it can also make it easier to inspect

the part since all measurements are made

from the same surface

of course there are scenarios where

chain dimensioning might be the best

approach for example when you want to

control the relative distances between

several holes

the important thing is to think

carefully about how your dimensions and

their tolerances will affect the shape

of the part

the traditional approach to applying

tolerances does have limitations for one

thing it only considers the size of an

object it doesn't consider function or

shape it doesn't allow you to properly

control how flat a particular surface

should be

or how round the cross section of a

cylinder should be for example

geometric dimensioning and tolerancing

is a different method for applying

tolerances that allows you to do exactly

that it complements traditional

dimensional tolerancing by allowing you

to control a range of different

characteristics

[Music]

you'll know if a drawing has used gdnt

because it will contain blocks called

feature control frames that Define these

additional requirements

this feature control frame controls the

perpendicularity of this surface

relative to datum a for example

and this one controls the position of

the center of the hole

if a drawing has Dimensions enclosed in

a box it means that normal tolerances

don't apply to that feature because the

position is controlled using gdnt

instead

g d and T is quite a complex topic that

deserves its own video so I'll cover it

separately on this channel

engineering drawings as we know them

have been around since the time of the

Industrial Revolution and GD T came

along in the 1940s but the established

drawing conventions and the way parts

are designed are slowly changing

two topics that may give us some idea of

where the future of engineering drawing

and design is headed are model based

definition and statistical tolerance

analysis these are particularly

interesting topics I wanted to cover but

they didn't quite fit into this video so

I've created a companion video that you

can watch right now over on nebula where

I explore how model-based design works

and where I cover the basics of

Tolerance Stack Up analysis

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[Music]

and that's it for this look at

engineering drawings

thanks for watching