Latar Belakang Lahirnya Orde Baru (Materi Sejarah Kelas XII)

Summary

This video explores Indonesia's transition during the New Order era (1966-1998). It highlights key events, such as the Tritura actions, the Supersemar decree, and the resulting dual leadership of Sukarno and Suharto. The political unrest post-G30S and the economic crisis led to widespread public dissatisfaction, culminating in Suharto's rise to power. The video further examines the characteristics of the New Order regime, such as the implementation of Pancasila and the dominance of Golkar, as well as the authoritarian rule and socio-political control mechanisms. The lesson encourages reflection on the impact of dual leadership in shaping Indonesian politics.

Takeaways

• 😀 The New Order (Orde Baru) in Indonesia lasted from 1966 to 1998, following the turmoil of the 30 September Movement (G30S).
• 😀 The political instability in Indonesia led to the Tritura (Three Demands of the People), which called for the disbandment of the PKI, cabinet reform, and the reduction of goods prices due to hyperinflation.
• 😀 The Supersemar (March 11th Decree) was issued by President Sukarno, granting General Suharto emergency powers to restore order and stability in Indonesia.
• 😀 The emergence of the Supersemar decree marked the beginning of dual leadership in Indonesia, with Sukarno maintaining the title of president but Suharto exercising significant control.
• 😀 The dualism of leadership caused a divided political situation, with one leader nominally in charge and another running the day-to-day operations of the government.
• 😀 On 22 June 1966, Sukarno gave his responsibility speech (Nawaksara) and, on 22 February 1967, formally resigned from the presidency.
• 😀 Suharto was appointed as the acting president on 12 March 1967 by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) and formally became the president on 27 March 1968.
• 😀 The New Order regime emphasized the strict implementation of Pancasila (the national ideology) and the 1945 Constitution, while suppressing political opposition.
• 😀 One of the New Order's key policies was the establishment of Pancasila as the sole state ideology, enforced through B4 indoctrination programs.
• 😀 The New Order government was marked by its authoritarian nature, including the control of the media, the suppression of opposition, and the dominance of the Golkar party.

Q & A

What is the significance of the 'Orde Baru' (New Order) period in Indonesia?

The 'Orde Baru' period in Indonesia, lasting from 1966 to 1998, marked a significant era of political and social change. It began after the political turmoil following the 30 September Movement (G30S) and the fall of President Sukarno. This period is characterized by the implementation of Pancasila as the foundation of governance and the establishment of a more centralized and authoritarian political system.

What triggered the rise of the 'Orde Baru' in Indonesia?

The 'Orde Baru' was triggered by the national crisis following the 30 September Movement (G30S) in 1965, which led to political instability, economic decline, and widespread social unrest. This resulted in demands for reform and the eventual intervention by General Suharto to restore stability.

What was the role of the 'Tritura' (Three People's Demands) in the emergence of the 'Orde Baru'?

The 'Tritura' was a set of demands by students and youth organizations calling for the dissolution of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), the purification of the government from communist influence, and the reduction of prices to alleviate the economic crisis. These demands played a key role in rallying public support for a change in leadership and in the eventual rise of Suharto's regime.

What is 'Supersemar' and how did it contribute to the establishment of the 'Orde Baru'?

'Supersemar' (Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret, or the March 11 Order) was a presidential decree issued by Sukarno in 1966, granting General Suharto the authority to restore order and stabilize the government. This decree marked a turning point, allowing Suharto to assume control and initiating the establishment of the 'Orde Baru'.

What was the controversy surrounding the issuance of 'Supersemar'?

The controversy surrounding 'Supersemar' lies in the unclear legal basis for its issuance and the circumstances under which it was signed. Critics argue that it was done under duress and raised questions about its legitimacy, with some considering it a significant point of contention in Indonesian political history.

How did the 'Orde Baru' regime affect the role of the military in Indonesia?

The 'Orde Baru' regime significantly strengthened the role of the military in Indonesian politics. Under Suharto's leadership, the military played a dominant role in governance and decision-making, contributing to the development of a highly centralized and authoritarian system.

What was the impact of dual leadership during the transition period in Indonesia?

During the transition period between Sukarno and Suharto, there was a dual leadership structure, with Sukarno retaining the title of president while Suharto effectively assumed control of day-to-day governance. This dualism led to political tension and divisions, with both supporters of Sukarno and Suharto vying for influence, ultimately leading to Sukarno's resignation in 1967.

How did the 'Orde Baru' regime approach the political ideology of Pancasila?

The 'Orde Baru' regime promoted Pancasila as the sole state ideology and enforced its implementation through various programs, such as the B4 (Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila), which aimed to instill loyalty to Pancasila in Indonesian society. This approach was part of the regime's efforts to strengthen its ideological control.

What were some key characteristics of the 'Orde Baru' government's rule?

Key characteristics of the 'Orde Baru' government include the implementation of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as the core principles of governance, the dominance of the Golkar party in political life, economic liberalization, and the establishment of an authoritarian regime with tight control over civil liberties, such as media censorship and the suppression of political dissent.

What lessons can be drawn from Indonesia's experience of dual leadership following the G30S event?

The dual leadership during the post-G30S period illustrates the dangers of political instability and the challenges of transitioning between different political systems. The split leadership created confusion and conflict, ultimately leading to the consolidation of power in Suharto's hands. This period highlights the importance of clear leadership and political cohesion during times of crisis.