Perbedaan kondisi politik pada masa pemerintahan orde lama, orde baru, dan reformasi

Summary

This transcript provides an insightful overview of Indonesia's political history, comparing three key political eras: the Old Order (1945-1965), New Order (1966-1997), and Reform Era (1998-present). It highlights significant milestones such as Indonesia's transition from a federal republic to a unitary state, the consolidation of power under the New Order with the dominance of Golkar and the military, and the political reforms in the Reform Era, including democratization efforts and decentralization. The speech also touches on the political contributions of key figures like Soekarno, Suharto, and modern leaders such as Habibie, Gus Dur, Megawati, SBY, and Jokowi.

Takeaways

• 😀 Orde Lama (1945-1965) marked Indonesia's early post-independence period with high nationalism and significant political changes.
• 😀 The Republic of Indonesia (RI) was initially formed as a federal state in 1949, later transitioning to a unitary state (NKRI) in 1948.
• 😀 Guided Democracy ('Demokrasi Terpimpin') was introduced during the Orde Lama era, centralizing power in the presidency.
• 😀 The Orde Baru (1966-1997) era saw the introduction of Indonesia's first general elections in 1971, with Golkar favored by the government.
• 😀 Political party simplification took place in Orde Baru, consolidating the political landscape to two main parties and one Golkar.
• 😀 The military (ABRI) held dual roles during Orde Baru, serving as both a defense force and a social-political power.
• 😀 Indonesia rejoined the United Nations (UN) in 1967 and became an active member of ASEAN during the Orde Baru period.
• 😀 Under President BJ Habibie, the Reformasi era saw the introduction of laws promoting greater democracy and releasing political prisoners.
• 😀 Gus Dur’s administration worked towards liberalizing media, reducing government control, and promoting political reform.
• 😀 Megawati's presidency focused on strengthening regional autonomy and introducing direct local elections (Pemilu Kepala Daerah).

Q & A

What was the primary political condition in Indonesia during the Old Order period (1945-1965)?

During the Old Order period, Indonesia was newly independent, with a strong sense of nationalism. The country faced the challenge of establishing its sovereignty, and the political environment was marked by centralized power under the president, with high nationalistic sentiment and a focus on nation-building.

How did the political structure of Indonesia evolve in 1949?

In 1949, Indonesia formed the Republic of Indonesia as a federal state, known as the Republic of Indonesia Serikat. However, the country reverted to a unitary state, the NKRI, in 1948.

What was the significance of the 'Maklumat' issued in November 1945?

The 'Maklumat' issued in November 1945 was a political decree that allowed the formation of political parties in Indonesia. It played a crucial role in shaping the early political landscape of the newly independent nation.

What was the key feature of the political system introduced during the New Order period (1966-1997)?

The New Order period saw a political system where elections were heavily controlled, with Golkar as the dominant political party. There was also a significant military influence through the 'Dwifungsi ABRI', where the Indonesian military played both a security and political role.

When did Indonesia hold its first general elections, and what was the political outcome?

Indonesia held its first general elections in 1971, where Golkar emerged as the dominant political party, signaling the consolidation of power under the New Order regime.

What role did ABRI play during the New Order period?

ABRI (Indonesian National Armed Forces) played a dual role during the New Order: as a military force responsible for national security and as a political force, shaping government policies and decisions.

What was the significance of Indonesia's rejoining the United Nations in 1967?

Indonesia's rejoining the United Nations in 1967 marked its return to active participation in global diplomacy and was a significant step in reasserting its international presence after a period of political instability.

What were the key political reforms introduced during the Reformasi era (post-1998)?

The Reformasi era, beginning in 1998, saw several political reforms aimed at democratization. These included the introduction of new laws promoting democratic freedoms, the release of political prisoners, and the decentralization of power to local governments.

How did BJ Habibie's administration contribute to democratic reforms in Indonesia?

BJ Habibie played a key role in Indonesia's democratization by introducing five new laws that promoted democratic processes, releasing political prisoners, and reducing the number of members in the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).

What political changes occurred during Gus Dur's presidency (1999–2001)?

During Gus Dur's presidency, Indonesia experienced greater political transparency, efforts to decentralize power, and an emphasis on religious tolerance. He also reformed the cabinet system and made significant changes to the structure of government.

What were some of the key achievements during Joko Widodo's presidency (2014-present)?

Under Joko Widodo, the government focused on rural development, infrastructure improvements, and anti-corruption efforts. His administration also prioritized creating a clean government, ensuring national security, and improving Indonesia's global standing, including active participation in the UN Security Council.