Sejarah Indonesia Pada Masa Orde Baru (Part 2)

Summary

This video discusses the political policies during Indonesia's New Order era (1966-1998), focusing on the regime's efforts to maintain stability and control. It highlights the government's strategies, such as political party fusion, the dual role of the military (ABRI), and ideological homogenization through Pancasila education. The New Order's foreign policy aimed at neutrality during the Cold War, and its internal governance prioritized unity, often suppressing political opposition and student activism. The video provides an insightful look into how the New Order's policies shaped Indonesia's political landscape.

Takeaways

• 😀 The New Order (Orde Baru) lasted for 32 years in Indonesia, from 1966 to 1998, under President Suharto's rule.
• 😀 The regime was successful in maintaining political stability and security, which helped it endure for over three decades.
• 😀 Orde Baru's governance relied heavily on three pillars: ABRI (military), Golkar (the ruling political party), and the bureaucracy.
• 😀 A key policy of Orde Baru was to fuse political parties and reduce political competition, effectively controlling the political landscape.
• 😀 The 'Pancasila' ideology was enforced nationwide through the Penataran P4 program, which indoctrinated citizens in the state philosophy.
• 😀 The military (ABRI) had a dual role, not only as defenders but also as active participants in governance and civilian roles.
• 😀 Indonesia's foreign policy under Orde Baru was centered on a non-aligned, 'free and active' stance, distancing itself from communist blocs and engaging more with Western nations.
• 😀 Political opposition, especially from Islamic groups and student movements, was suppressed, with policies like the BKK (Badan Koordinasi Kemahasiswaan) limiting student political activism.
• 😀 Golkar, the government-backed party, dominated the political scene, controlling more than 50% of the votes in elections during the New Order period.
• 😀 A major aspect of the Orde Baru's internal control was the imposition of strict regulations that limited political activities and the ability for opposing forces to gain power.
• 😀 The creation of iconic projects like Taman Mini Indonesia Indah was used as a symbol of national unity and the regime's achievements.

Q & A

What were the main political policies during the New Order period in Indonesia?

The New Order period in Indonesia focused on maintaining political stability and security. Key policies included the implementation of the 'Dwifungsi ABRI' (dual function of the military), the fusion of political parties, indoctrination through the Pancasila ideology (Penataran P4), and suppressing political activism, particularly student movements.

Why was the New Order able to stay in power for 32 years?

The New Order regime was able to maintain power due to its successful implementation of political stability and security measures. The regime created a centralized political system supported by key pillars such as the military (ABRI), Golkar (the government-backed political party), and the civil service (PNS). Additionally, the regime employed economic development plans and managed foreign relations effectively.

What was the 'Dwifungsi ABRI' and how did it influence governance?

The 'Dwifungsi ABRI' (dual function of the military) was a doctrine that gave the Indonesian military both defense and social functions. The military played a key role not only in safeguarding national security but also in overseeing political and development tasks, which led to military influence over civilian government positions, including the legislature and local governments.

How did the New Order suppress political opposition through the fusion of political parties?

The New Order regime fused various political parties to reduce opposition and ensure greater control. For instance, Islamic parties were merged into the Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP), while non-Islamic parties formed the Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI). This consolidation helped limit the political power of opposition groups and strengthened the government's control.

What was the role of Golkar in the New Order's political system?

Golkar, the government's political vehicle, played a dominant role in Indonesia's political system during the New Order. It functioned as the primary party representing government interests and was essential for legitimizing the New Order's rule. Golkar was able to control elections and political offices, often winning over 50% of the votes, ensuring minimal opposition.

What was the significance of the Penataran P4 (Pancasila indoctrination)?

The Penataran P4 program aimed to indoctrinate all Indonesians with a unified understanding of Pancasila, the state ideology. It was compulsory across various sectors, including education and professional organizations, to ensure political stability by promoting uniformity in political thought and minimizing ideological differences, especially regarding democracy.

How did the New Order regime manage student activism?

The New Order suppressed student activism through policies like the BKK (Badan Koordinasi Kampus) or Normalization of Campus Life. This policy restricted student involvement in political activities, discouraged protests, and neutralized the student movement, which had been critical of government policies. This ensured that the student body remained politically passive.

How did Indonesia's foreign policy change under the New Order?

Under the New Order, Indonesia adopted a 'free and active' foreign policy, distancing itself from communist influence and aligning more with Western nations. It rejoined the United Nations after a period of withdrawal, restored diplomatic ties with Malaysia and Singapore, and played a role in establishing ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations).

What were the consequences of the New Order's focus on political control for the Indonesian public?

The New Order's emphasis on political control resulted in limited freedom of political expression and a tightly regulated society. Political parties were restricted, opposition movements were suppressed, and civil rights were curtailed. While this brought stability, it also contributed to the regime's authoritarian nature, leading to eventual public dissatisfaction and protests.

What role did the military play in local and national governance during the New Order?

The military, under the 'Dwifungsi ABRI' doctrine, held significant power in both national and local governance during the New Order. Military officers were appointed to key civilian positions, such as governors, mayors, and even ministers, consolidating the regime's control and fostering a militarized government structure that influenced all levels of Indonesian administration.