KEBIJAKAN POLITIK DAN EKONOMI INDONESIA PADA MASA ORDE BARU

Summary

This video discusses Indonesia during the New Order period (1966-1998), focusing on key political, economic, and foreign policies. It covers the transition from the Old Order to the New Order, with Soeharto's rise to power following the 1965 G30S coup attempt. The video explores significant policies like the dual function of the military (ABRI), the integration of East Timor, and the implementation of the Pancasila as the state ideology. It also highlights foreign relations, including Indonesia's role in ASEAN, and economic reforms such as the Repelita programs, aimed at achieving self-sufficiency and economic growth.

Takeaways

• 😀 The New Order period in Indonesia lasted from 1966 to 1998, following the fall of President Soekarno after the 1965 September 30th Movement (G30S).
• 😀 The rise of Soeharto as interim president in 1966 marked the beginning of the New Order, which focused on maintaining stability after the G30S coup attempt.
• 😀 The political landscape during the New Order included the implementation of the 'dwifungsi' (dual function) of the Indonesian military (ABRI), allowing them to be involved in both defense and politics.
• 😀 The Pancasila and UUD 1945 (1945 Constitution) were upheld as the foundational ideologies, guiding both national policy and societal life.
• 😀 There was a strong emphasis on national unity, which included integrating East Timor into Indonesia in 1976 and the successful resolution of the Irian Barat issue (West Papua).
• 😀 The New Order's foreign policy sought to repair Indonesia's international relationships, including rejoining the United Nations in 1966 and improving relations with Malaysia.
• 😀 Soeharto's administration established ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) to promote regional cooperation, economic growth, and security.
• 😀 Indonesia's economy during the New Order was shaped by the 'Repelita' (Five-Year Development Plans), with key focuses on food self-sufficiency and inflation control.
• 😀 The New Order also faced domestic opposition, exemplified by events such as the Malari Incident of 1974, the Talangsari Massacre, and student protests.
• 😀 Political control was centralized with limited opposition, seen in the monopolization of political parties with only three major ones participating in elections from 1977 to 1997.
• 😀 The government also enacted policies like the 'monoloyalty' rule, which required civil servants to support Golkar, the political party associated with Soeharto's regime.

Q & A

What was the political context leading to the rise of the New Order regime?

The rise of the New Order regime was largely due to the events of the September 30th Movement (G30S) in 1965, which was a failed coup attempt by the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). The movement led to political instability, culminating in the ousting of President Soekarno. General Soeharto, who was gaining popularity, was appointed as acting president, and in 1968, he was formally inaugurated as the second president of Indonesia.

How did the Indonesian military (ABRI) function under the New Order regime?

Under the New Order regime, ABRI, which was a combined force of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) and the police, had a dual role (dwifungsi). They were not only responsible for national defense and security but also had a significant role in political affairs, directly influencing civilian governance, which was a deviation from their intended civilian role.

What were the key political policies implemented during Soeharto's regime?

Key political policies during the New Order regime included the 'Pengamalan P4' (Pancasila as a daily guide), the integration of East Timor into Indonesia, and the establishment of strict political control through party consolidation. Soeharto's government also implemented the policy of 'monoloyalty', requiring civil servants to vote for Golkar in elections.

What was the significance of the Pancasila during the New Order regime?

Pancasila was elevated as the sole ideology of the state. The New Order regime made it the only acceptable philosophical foundation for Indonesian society, outlawing other ideologies such as communism. It became a tool for national unity and political control.

How did Indonesia's foreign policy change under Soeharto's rule?

Under Soeharto, Indonesia rejoined the United Nations in 1967 after previously leaving under Soekarno's leadership. Soeharto's regime also worked to improve relations with Malaysia, played a key role in the founding of ASEAN, hosted the Non-Aligned Movement summit in 1992, and became a member of the OPEC and other international organizations.

What was the role of the 'Mafia Berkeley' during Soeharto's economic policies?

The 'Mafia Berkeley' referred to a group of economic experts from the University of California, Berkeley, who advised the Indonesian government during the early years of Soeharto's regime. They played a significant role in shaping economic policies that focused on stabilizing the economy, controlling inflation, and achieving self-sufficiency in food production.

What was the Repelita, and how did it influence Indonesia's economy?

Repelita (Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun) was a series of five-year development plans aimed at improving Indonesia's economy. The plans prioritized economic stability, agricultural self-sufficiency, infrastructure development, and industrial growth, and were a key aspect of Soeharto's economic policies.

What were the main objectives of the New Order's domestic economic strategy?

The main objectives of the New Order's economic strategy were to stabilize the economy, control inflation, achieve food self-sufficiency, and create a strong industrial base. It also focused on attracting foreign investment, particularly from Japan, and improving infrastructure through partnerships with international organizations.

How did Soeharto handle Indonesia's relationship with East Timor?

In 1976, East Timor was officially integrated into Indonesia as its 27th province. This integration was contested by some factions, leading to a significant political and humanitarian crisis. The process involved the controversial Pepera (People's Opinion Poll), which was criticized by many as not truly reflective of the wishes of the East Timorese people.

What were the significant events during Soeharto's regime that indicated discontent or opposition?

Several events highlighted discontent during Soeharto's regime, such as the Malari incident (1974), which was a protest against Japanese investment; the Talangsari massacre in 1989, involving the persecution of an Islamic group; the Petition of 50, which criticized Soeharto's authoritarian policies; the 1996 Kudatuli incident, a political conflict within the PDI; and the Trisakti tragedy in 1998, where student protesters were killed.