DITADURA MILITAR NO BRASIL: RESUMO PARA O ENEM | QUER QUE EU DESENHE?

Summary

This video script covers the history of Brazil's military dictatorship, spanning over two decades from 1964 to 1985. It begins with the coup that ousted President João Goulart, followed by the establishment of military rule under President Castelo Branco. The script details key events, such as the creation of institutional acts that solidified the dictatorship, the intense repression during the 'Years of Lead,' the economic growth of the 1970s, and the gradual political opening under Presidents Geisel and Figueiredo. The video also discusses the eventual return to democracy with the election of Tancredo Neves and the end of military rule in 1985.

Takeaways

• 😀 The military dictatorship in Brazil lasted over 20 years, beginning with Castelo Branco's presidency in 1964.
• 😀 Castelo Branco's regime introduced the first institutional act (AI-1) to consolidate military power, leading to more than 16 such acts during the dictatorship.
• 😀 AI-2 established a two-party system, and AI-3 introduced indirect elections for governors.
• 😀 The assassination of student Edson Luís in 1968 escalated tensions, leading to the Passeata dos Cem Mil, a massive anti-dictatorship protest in Rio de Janeiro.
• 😀 AI-5, enacted in 1968, marked the height of repression during the dictatorship, ending habeas corpus and silencing opposition.
• 😀 The regime's most repressive phase occurred under President Emílio Médici (1969–1974), coinciding with the 'Brazilian economic miracle'—an unsustainable period of rapid economic growth.
• 😀 Despite high economic growth, social inequality worsened, with only a small portion of the population benefiting from the economic boom.
• 😀 The government used the slogan 'Brazil: Love it or leave it' and portrayed the military regime in a positive light, especially with the success of the 1970 World Cup.
• 😀 In response to the global oil crisis in 1973, Brazil's economy faced instability, leading to growing discontent with the regime.
• 😀 The military regime began a gradual process of political opening, culminating in the Ley de Anistia (Amnesty Law) in 1979, but this also pardoned military officials accused of crimes during the dictatorship.
• 😀 The return to democracy was slow and controlled, with indirect elections continuing until 1985, when José Sarney became the first civilian president after the dictatorship.
• 😀 The movement for direct elections, such as the Diretas Já protests, highlighted the public's desire for more democratic participation, but the constitutional amendment to allow direct elections was not passed.

Q & A

Who was the first military president of Brazil during the dictatorship period?

The first military president was Castello Branco, who governed Brazil from 1964 to 1967 after the military coup that ousted the democratically elected president João Goulart.

What was the significance of the Institutional Acts during the military dictatorship?

The Institutional Acts were decrees that granted the military government significant powers, such as suspending political rights, dissolving political parties, and controlling elections. They were used to solidify and extend the dictatorship's control over the country.

What was the 'Miracle Economy' in Brazil, and why was it important?

The 'Miracle Economy' refers to a period of rapid economic growth in Brazil during the late 1960s and early 1970s, with a GDP growth rate of about 10% per year. It was significant because, while the economy grew, it led to increased inequality and did not benefit all of the population.

How did the Brazilian government respond to public protests, especially after the death of student Edson Luís?

In response to growing protests, especially after the death of student Edson Luís in 1968, the government enacted the Institutional Act Number 5 (AI-5), which gave the military government sweeping powers, including the suspension of habeas corpus and the closure of the National Congress.

What was the role of the military dictatorship in the 1970 World Cup?

The military dictatorship used Brazil's victory in the 1970 World Cup to boost national pride and legitimize the regime, tying the success of the national team to the military government's propaganda.

What led to the beginning of the process of political opening in Brazil during the dictatorship?

The political opening began under President Ernesto Geisel after the military regime faced growing internal and external pressure. The economic miracle had ended with the oil crisis of 1973, and the military began considering a gradual transition to democracy.

What was the 'Systole and Diastole' approach during Geisel's government?

The 'Systole and Diastole' approach was a metaphor used to describe the alternating periods of political repression and opening during Geisel's government. While some measures, like the end of AI-5, showed signs of opening, others, like the 'April Package', reinforced military control.

What was the 'April Package', and what impact did it have on political opening?

The 'April Package' was a set of measures introduced by President Geisel that reversed some of the political opening by introducing reforms such as the appointment of 'biônico' senators and extending the presidential term from five to six years.

What was the significance of the Law of Amnesty in 1979?

The Law of Amnesty, passed in 1979, allowed for the return of exiled political prisoners and the restoration of political rights to many, but it also granted amnesty to military officials responsible for human rights abuses during the dictatorship.

Why was the Dante de Oliveira amendment important, and what was its outcome?

The Dante de Oliveira amendment was an attempt to introduce direct elections for president. Although it reflected growing public demand for democracy, it was not approved, and the military chose to continue electing the president indirectly, ultimately leading to the election of Tancredo Neves in 1985.