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Summary

This video explores Brazil's First Republic, spanning from 1889 to 1930, highlighting key political events and social movements. It delves into the two phases of the Republic: the military-led 'Republic of the Sword' and the oligarchic 'Old Republic,' marked by political manipulation and elite control, notably through the 'coffee with milk' politics. The video covers significant events like the Revolta da Vacina, Guerra de Canudos, and the 1930 revolution, ending with Getúlio Vargas taking power. The video offers a detailed, engaging look at Brazil's early Republican history, making complex topics accessible and interesting.

Takeaways

• 😀 The First Republic of Brazil (1889-1930) began with the proclamation of the republic in 1889 and ended in 1930.
• 😀 The 'Republic of the Sword' (1889-1897) was a period governed by military leaders, starting with Deodoro da Fonseca, who was eventually seen as too authoritarian.
• 😀 The 1891 Constitution established the federal system, divided powers, and restricted voting rights to literate men over 21 years old.
• 😀 Ruy Barbosa's economic policies, including the 'ensilhamento' or currency reform, led to a major economic crisis, with inflation and devaluation of the currency.
• 😀 The 'Republic of the Oligarchs' (1894-1930) was marked by power struggles between the two main states, São Paulo and Minas Gerais, through the 'café com leite' policy.
• 😀 The political system was dominated by rural elites, especially large landowners known as 'coronéis,' who manipulated elections through 'voto de cabresto' (coercive voting).
• 😀 The 'policy of governors' allowed for political trade-offs between the federal government and state governors, where presidents would not interfere in local matters in exchange for support.
• 😀 Several social movements emerged during this period, including the Revolt of the Vaccine (1904) and the Revolt of the Lash (1910), both of which were suppressed by the government.
• 😀 The War of Canudos (1896-1897) was a large-scale conflict in the northeast of Brazil, where a religious leader named Antônio Conselheiro led a revolt against the government, ultimately ending in a massacre.
• 😀 The War of the Contested (1912-1917) took place between Paraná and Santa Catarina over disputed territories, which worsened the lives of local peasants and led to violent clashes.
• 😀 In 1930, Getúlio Vargas led a coup against President Washington Luís, marking the end of the First Republic and the start of Vargas's leadership in Brazil, following political tensions and a global economic crisis.

Q & A

What was the 'República da Espada' and why was it named so?

The 'República da Espada' (Republic of the Sword) lasted from 1889 to 1897 and was named due to its military rule. It was a period when Brazil was governed by military leaders, particularly after the proclamation of the Republic in 1889, with Deodoro da Fonseca becoming the first president.

What were the main points of the 1891 Constitution of Brazil?

The 1891 Constitution established federalism, limited the autonomy of states, and introduced the division of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It also implemented the presidential system and restricted voting to men over 21 who were literate.

What is the 'Política do Encilhamento' and what were its effects?

The 'Política do Encilhamento' was a financial policy introduced by Ruy Barbosa that allowed private banks to issue currency and extended credit in hopes of boosting the economy. However, it led to inflation, currency devaluation, and economic instability.

What was the 'República Oligárquica' and how was it structured?

The 'República Oligárquica' (Oligarchic Republic) from 1894 to 1930 was marked by the dominance of rural oligarchies, primarily landowners. The political system was characterized by agreements between powerful states like São Paulo and Minas Gerais, leading to a 'coffee with milk' policy where the presidency alternated between these states.

What was the 'Política dos Governadores' and how did it influence the government?

The 'Política dos Governadores' was a system of political patronage where the president would not interfere in state matters, and in return, state governors supported the federal government. This led to manipulation of elections and political loyalty through favors and alliances.

What was 'coronelismo' and how did it affect elections during the 'República Oligárquica'?

'Coronelismo' referred to the power of local landowners, known as 'coronéis,' who controlled votes through 'voto de cabresto.' This system involved coercing the poor into voting for specific candidates by using threats or economic dependency.

What were the causes of the Revolta da Vacina (Vaccine Revolt) of 1904?

The Revolta da Vacina was caused by mandatory vaccination policies and urban reforms in Rio de Janeiro under Pereira Passos, which displaced many residents from their homes. The public revolted against the imposition of compulsory vaccination against diseases like yellow fever.

What was the significance of the Revolta da Chibata (Revolt of the Lash) in 1910?

The Revolta da Chibata was a revolt by Brazilian sailors protesting against corporal punishment and poor living conditions. Led by João Cândido, known as the 'Almirante Negro,' the revolt demanded better treatment for sailors, including an end to corporal punishment and improved rations.

What triggered the Guerra de Canudos (War of Canudos) between 1893 and 1897?

The Guerra de Canudos was triggered by the rise of Antônio Conselheiro, who led a religious community in the drought-stricken northeast of Brazil. His followers rebelled against the government's authority and the secularization policies of the republic, leading to a bloody conflict with the military.

How did the political conflict between São Paulo and Minas Gerais influence the 1930 election?

In the 1930 election, the political rivalry between São Paulo and Minas Gerais intensified. Despite Julio Prestes, supported by São Paulo, winning the election, there were allegations of electoral fraud. This conflict, combined with economic instability, led to a military coup, with Getúlio Vargas assuming power.