Native American Reservations, Explained.

Summary

このスクリプトは、北アメリカで最初の民主主義を築いたハウデンノサウニ族（イロコイ族）の歴史と、その後のアメリカ合衆国との関係について語っています。ハウデンノサウニ連邦は、モホーク族、オナイダ族、オンノンダガ族、ケイユーガ族、セネカ族から成り立ち、現代に至るまで存在し続けています。しかし、彼らの影響は歴史書からほぼ省略されています。連邦政府は、ハウデンノサウニ族との間で約370の条約を締結しましたが、それらは破棄され、彼らは保護地に追いやられました。現在、保護地は低所得、高拘禁率、クリーンな飲料水へのアクセスが少なく、都市やインフラ疎外に位置しています。アメリカ合衆国がこれらの条約を尊重し、彼らの文化と生活様式を尊重することが、彼らの未来を保証する鍵です。

Takeaways

• 🏛️ 北アメリカで最初の民主主義はアメリカ合衆国ではなく、カナダのモホーク族をはじめとする5つの部族が創設した「大いなる平和の法」です。
• 🤝 ハウデノサウネ族連合は現在も存在し、より多くの部族が加わっていますが、歴史書にはほとんど影響が記載されていません。
• 🗽 ベンジャミン・フランクリンやトマス・ジェファーソン、そしてフリードリヒ・エンゲルス、カル・マルクスまでもが、その政府構造に影響を受けました。
• 📜 「大いなる平和の法」は連邦政府、立法府、行政府、否決権、そして言論、出版、宗教の自由を定めた民主主義の青写真です。
• 🏡 アメリカ合衆国は平和共存の理論と民主主義のモデルを借用しましたが、なぜかインド人は留保地に追いやられました。
• 🇺🇸 アメリカ合衆国の憲法には、インディアンが市民ではないと見なす条項があり、また、インディアン部族との貿易を規制する権限を与えます。
• 🤝 アメリカ合衆国は、1871年までに少なくとも370以上の条約を部族国々と結んでいますが、それらはすべて破棄されました。
• 🏞️ 現在も留保地は低所得、高拘禁率、汚染された飲料水へのアクセスが低いなど、統治されているという統計的特徴を持っています。
• 📜 マーシャル三部作の判例により、連邦政府は土地を条約によって取ったら、インド人に対して基本的なサービスを提供し、インド人の土地と資源を保護する責任があるとされました。
• 📊 人口普查や投票は、カウントされ、認識され、見られる、声を持つという点で、権力と密接に関係しています。
• 💰 連邦政府は、健康、教育、住宅など、アメリカインディアン人々のニーズに応じるための資金を提供する責任と義務があります。
• 🏢 インディアンヘルスサービスによると、十分な医療を提供するためには、おおよそ5100億ドルが必要とされていますが、これに対してアメリカの予算は、借入金の利息を支払うのにそれ以上の額を使っています。

Q & A

アメリカが北アメリカで最初の民主主義国家ではなかったという主張は、どのように裏付けられていますか？

この主張は、モホーク族を含む5つの部族が創設した大法の存在に基づいています。これはモホーク、オネイダ、オノンダガ、カイガ、およびセネカの部族によって形成されたもので、ハウデノソーニーと呼ばれました。

ハウデノソーニー連邦はどのような政府構造を持っていましたか？

ハウデノソーニー連邦は、連邦政府、立法府、行政府、拒否権、そして言論・出版・宗教の自由などを規定した平和の大法によって、連邦政府が部族を支配する権限を持っていました。

なぜアメリカインディアンは「インディアン」という言葉を使用しているのですか？

「インディアン」は法的な用語であり、彼らの土地を指す法的用語であるためです。

インディアン居留地のシステムはどのようにして確立されましたか？

インディアン居留地のシステムは、インディアンが現在の土地を放棄し、彼らのために予約された土地で狩猟、漁業、生活を行うことで、インディアンと白人の取引の結果として確立されました。

インディアン居留地の問題に関連して、どのような課題が生じていますか？

インディアン居留地の問題には、低所得、高い投獄率、清潔な飲料水へのアクセスの不足、および主要な公共インフラストラクチャーや都市から遠く離れた実際の場所などが含まれます。

インディアン居留地の重要性は何ですか？

インディアン居留地は、儀式、コミュニティ、美しさ、愛、そして時にはトラウマや痛みなど、様々な要素が組み合わさっていることから、インディアンにとって重要な場所です。

なぜ連邦政府がインディアン条約を遵守しないのですか？

インディアン条約は、当初から翻訳の問題や戦争の脅威の下で締結されたり、その後も様々な理由で問題がありました。

連邦政府がインディアン条約を遵守しない場合、どのような影響があると考えられますか？

インディアン条約の遵守が連邦政府や州政府によって実現されれば、狩猟や文化の保存などに関連する制約が緩和され、居留地の学校、病院、インフラが改善される可能性があります。

インディアン居留地に関する現在の問題の中で、投票や国勢調査へのアクセスの問題は何ですか？

インディアン居留地の投票や国勢調査へのアクセスに関する問題は、州が投票のルールを管理している一方で、居留地は連邦管轄下にあり、しばしば連邦ではなく州の資源に依存しているためです。

連邦政府がインディアン条約を遵守することで得られる利点は何ですか？

連邦政府がインディアン条約を遵守することで、居留地のインフラやサービスが改善され、インディアンの生活や文化の維持に役立つことが期待されます。

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ 北アメリカ最古の民主主義とは

アメリカ合衆国が北アメリカで最初の民主主義ではないという事実から始まる。モホーク族をはじめとする5つの部族が「平和の大法」を制定し、ハウデノサウネー族とも呼ばれる連合を結成。この連合は現在も存在し、貢献が歴史書から忘れられていることがある。また、米国の建国者や思想家の影響を受け、連邦政府、立法府、行政府、否決権、言論・報道・宗教の自由を定めた。しかし、なぜ彼らは留保地に追いやられることになったのか。米国憲法と条約、そしてインディアンの市民権、貿易規制権、主権をめぐる議論が展開される。

05:02

📜 条約と留保地の歴史

連邦政府が1871年まで多くのインディアン部族と条約を結んだが、その後の判例によって議会が広範な権限を持つことが、また司法部門が悪い政策に反対できることが示された。条約は法的に有効だが、戦争の脅威下や翻訳の問題で問題が発生。条約によって、彼らは狩猟、漁業、居住の自由を確保し、土地を手放す代わりに連邦政府による世話を受けることになる。しかし、条約が破られてしまい、留保地の低所得や高度な拘禁率、汚染された水の供給、都市やインフラ疎外地帯へのアクセスの困難さなどの問題が生じた。

10:02

🗳️ 投票と統計による権力の獲得

統計によると、留保地は貧困と犯罪、汚染された水へのアクセスなどの問題に苦しんでいる。しかし、投票と国勢調査によって権力を獲得し、政府に条約を遵守するように求めることができる。連邦政府は、教育、保健、住宅を含む基本的なサービスを提供する責任がある。投票権と国勢調査へのアクセスは、インディアン地域では困難であり、投票所が遠く離れている。しかし、政治的組織は強く、裁判所での闘争も行われている。条約が遵守される場合、狩猟の妨げになるフェンスが撤去され、教育、保健、インフラが改善される可能性がある。

Keywords

💡ハウデノショーニー連邦

ハウデノショーニー連邦は、モホーク族、オネイダ族、オノンダーガ族、カユガ族、セネカ族の五つの部族から成る北米先住民の連合体です。これらの部族は「長い家の人々」と自称し、この連邦は現代の民主主義の概念に影響を与えた古い統治体制、大平和の法を持っていました。この連邦制はビデオの中で、現代アメリカの民主主義の原型として紹介され、歴史上重要ながらも教科書ではほとんど触れられていないことが指摘されています。

💡条約

条約とは、主に国家間、または本ビデオのコンテキストではアメリカ政府とインディアン部族間で合意された正式な協定です。このビデオでは、条約が先住民部族とアメリカ政府間の土地、資源、及び自治権限の交換を定めた重要な文書として述べられています。条約がしばしば不平等であったり、戦争の脅威の下で結ばれたりしたため、多くの問題を抱えていると指摘されています。

💡保留地

保留地とは、アメリカ先住民が住むためにアメリカ政府によって指定された土地です。ビデオでは、保留地が先住民にとって重要な意味を持つ場でありながら、多くの社会的、経済的問題を抱えている現状が説明されています。例えば、低所得、高い投獄率、清潔な飲用水へのアクセスが限られているなどの統計が紹介されています。

💡主権

主権とは、自己決定と自己統治の権利を意味し、ビデオではインディアン部族が自らの法律、文化、教育を維持するために必要な権限を持っていることを指します。アメリカ憲法や連邦最高裁の判例は、インディアン部族がそのような主権を有していると解釈されていますが、これがどの程度実際に尊重されるかは、政治的、法的な議論の対象となっています。

💡連邦信託責任

連邦信託責任とは、アメリカ政府がインディアン部族の土地や資源を保護し、必要なサービス（例えば、医療や教育）を提供する法的義務です。この責任は、「マーシャル三部作」と呼ばれる一連の裁判で確立され、部族の土地や資源の保護を保証するものとされています。ビデオでは、この責任がどの程度履行されているかが問題とされています。

Highlights

The USA was not the first democracy in North America; the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, formed by the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes, predates it.

The Haudenosaunee, also known as the Iroquois Confederacy, still exists today with the inclusion of more tribes.

The Great Law of Peace outlines a federal government structure with branches similar to the US Constitution, including a legislature, executive branch, veto power, and freedoms of speech, press, and religion.

Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Frederick Engels, and Karl Marx were influenced by the structure of the Haudenosaunee government.

Treaties are the legal means for the US to negotiate with Indian tribes, requiring approval by Congress and potentially review by the Supreme Court.

The US has a nation-to-nation relationship with tribes, acquiring 1.5 billion acres of land through treaties.

Tribes are confined to reservations and are legally dependent on the federal government, which has provided rights, health, education, and social welfare in perpetuity.

Many treaties were signed under the threat of war and had issues with translation, leading to discrepancies between intent and written agreements.

The treaties generally allowed tribes to hunt, fish, and live as they wanted on reservations, in exchange for giving up their land to the federal government.

Over 370 treaties were ratified with tribal nations from 1778 to 1871, but all have been broken.

Reservations often face issues such as low income, high incarceration rates, and limited access to clean drinking water.

The Marshall Trilogy of cases established the doctrine of federal trust responsibility, making tribes domestic dependent nations.

The Office of Indian Affairs was established to enforce policies of Manifest Destiny, leading to the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears.

Reservations are important to Native Americans as they represent ceremony, community, beauty, love, trauma, and pain.

The census and voting are crucial for representation, power, and funding, yet access to these is challenging on reservations.

If the state and federal governments abided by the treaties, it would result in improved conditions on reservations, including better schools, hospitals, and infrastructure.

An estimated $51 billion is needed to provide adequate care to all patients through the Indian Health Services, highlighting the need for increased funding.

The treaties promise tribes health care, education, sovereignty, hunting, fishing, and culture for as long as the water flows and the grass grows.

Transcripts

Did you know that the USA was not the first democracy in North America?

It's us.

I mean, the Mohawks and four other tribes that created The Great Law of Peace.

This democracy was formed by the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.

We called ourselves the Haudenosaunee,

which translates to the “people of the longhouse”.

But of course, the French would call us the Iroquois Confederacy.

The Haudenosaunee Confederacy still exists today with the inclusion of more tribes.

But our impact is nearly missing from history books.

Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, even Frederick Engels and Karl Marx

were influenced by the structure of government.

I mean, The Great Law of Peace outlines a federal government

which has authority over the member tribes, a legislature, executive

branch, veto power and freedoms of speech, press and religion.

So if the

USA took our blueprint of democracy and our theory on interstate peacemaking.

Then how the heck did we end up on reservations?

This is a people's history of Native America.

With me, Tai Leclaire.

Before we answer the reservation question,

we need to backtrack to the US Constitution. Why?

Because treaties, that's why.

I'll explain.

Indian appears three times in the Constitution.

The first is to imply that Indians are not citizens.

Then again later in the 14th Amendment.

But the third mention is to declare that Congress has the power

to regulate commerce with Indian tribes, thereby

acknowledging the sovereignty Indians have to govern themselves.

But what does this mean?

Well, it's interpreted by many to mean that Indian tribes are sovereign nations.

Therefore, only through treaties can the United States negotiate with tribes.

That negotiation requires approval by Congress.

But any such agreement can be questioned and in that case, goes

to the Supreme Court.

Confused?

Well, join the club.

But here's what you need to know.

The federal government negotiated treaties

with many Indian nations, at least up until 1871.

But the Supreme Court's historical rulings with regard to treaties,

the Constitution and Indian law have determined two main things.

One, Congress has fairly broad power over Indian nations, and two,

the judicial branch also has power to push back on bad policies.

Also, you probably notice I use the term Indian.

That's because Indian is a legal term for us,

just as Indian country is a legal term for all of our land.

But that excludes Alaska native land.

We're the only racial group that's also a political entity.

The United States has had a nation to nation

relationship with tribes for nearly 250 years,

and during that time has acquired 1.5 billion acres of our land.

Tribal nations are both confined to reservations on Indian Country

and legally dependent on the federal government.

Various treaties outline an exchange of land for the promise of rights,

as well as health, education and social welfare in perpetuity.

What happened?

Were those treaties the worst deals of all time?

Well, no.

So why are these treaties honored?

Treaties, despite being legally valid, had many issues when they were written.

Primarily is that many treaties came after or under the threat of war

because to be clear, tribes do not let white people in willingly.

We have records of wars

and battles starting in the 1600s, going all the way until 1923.

Let's take some time to scroll on screen so you can see what I'm talking about.

Then came the translation.

Translators, let alone accurate translators, were few and far between.

What was meant and what was written were sometimes two separate

things that were settled in court or on the battlefield.

But at the end of the day, the vast majority of the treaties

could be interpreted like this.

If Indians signed a treaty, they can hunt, fish and live as they want,

but on an area reserved for them or reservation.

In exchange, they would give up their current land

base, ensuring the federal government would continue to take care of them.

Since America capitalized up our resources

from 1778 to 1871, the Federal government ratified over

370 treaties with tribal nations, and it's safe

to say all had been broken.

Now let's take a look at today's reservations

and some of the current statistics around reservations.

You often see low income,

high rates of incarcerate and low access to clean drinking water.

Not to mention the actual location

far away from major public infrastructure or even cities.

These are not the statistics of people who are taking care of.

Indians signed those treaties, in part to ensure the futures of their descendants.

Since then, we've been fighting and litigating our way to get America

to uphold these treaty promises and respect our cultures and lifeways.

The first set of cases that validated

our treaty promises is referred to as the Marshall Trilogy.

Out of these cases came the doctrine of federal trust responsibility,

meaning that since tribes have inherent

sovereignty over their lands and governance,

and if the federal government takes their land by treaty

or otherwise, they must be compensated with essential services

to Indian people, as well as protection of Indian land and resources.

This makes tribes domestic dependent nations.

It makes sense, right?

Well, not to the other branches of government.

The executive branches War Department established the Office of Indian Affairs

to install the policies of the Manifest Destiny.

Manifest Destiny is the idea

that European-Americans were ordained to settle the entire continent,

which paved the way for Congress to adopt other Indian removal practices.

For example, the 1830 Indian Removal Act, which allowed the President

to set aside land west of the Mississippi for the tribes living in the south

to what's now known as Indian territory.

So these new rules led to the Trail of Tears, a genocidal death

march that forced 60,000

tribal members off their land in the south and moved to modern day Oklahoma.

To help us understand,

we'll bring in Jessica Imotichey, an Oklahoma based Chickasaw tribal member.

Her great grandfather M.V.

Cheadle was born in Indian territory and served on the tribe's

last original legislature from 1905 until statehood in 1907.

Hi, Jessica.

Thank you for having me today.

Can you help me and the viewers understand these treaties?

We've got this promise into perpetuity that our people will be taken care of,

not just for seven generations before forever.

And that includes education.

That includes health care. That includes housing.

That includes everything that it takes to make a person a healthy person.

So then it becomes a question of,

but how do we still hold the federal government to their word?

After the Indian Removal Act?

Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act.

There were four versions of this act,

all basically codifying the reservation system.

In order for many tribal members to get their slice of land

and to adopt a surname, Leclaire.

More on that in a later episode.

And were given a blood quantum or a native purity test.

However, when non-natives purchase a lot of land from Indians,

they do not have to abide by tribal rules, nor were they subject to tribal courts.

If you remember for our first episode,

this was quite a problem for tribes to keep their citizens safe.

That was a lot of information.

And you might be thinking reservations are really bad,

but we haven't explained why reservations are important to Native Americans.

To help us answer, let's bring back Jessica.

I think if you ask a Native person what their reservation is or

means to them, I think that you'll hear many different answers.

It's ceremony, it's community, it's beauty and love.

And sometimes it's trauma and pain.

It's all of these things.

And I think that is what makes reservation life so amazing.

It's the tapestry of who we are.

So based on your work, how can Native Americans hold truth to power?

I think about the census and, and voting as almost having a marriage.

You're counted, you're recognized, you're seen, you have a voice.

So it is about power.

It is about representation, power and governance.

But it's also about money.

It's what determines federal funding.

Now we have the power to elect leaders that do believe in honoring treaties

that do say, yes, we're going to sit down and we're going to meet with you

face to face and we're going to talk about what your needs are.

We know as American Indian people, we can carry these things like health,

education, housing, all these things out best for ourselves and for our people.

But it's the federal government's

responsibility and duty to provide the funding to do that.

And so, you know, that's part of what honoring that treaty means.

So we think about some of the issues with the design of reservations,

isolation, low funding, and a much understood distrust of, well,

any governments, access to voting and the census is incredibly challenging.

The states control rules of voting, but reservations are technically under

federal jurisdiction and often depend on federal, not state resources.

So voting drop boxes are few and far between in Indian Country,

sometimes hundreds of miles away.

Voting places are the same, often requiring a full day off work, a car

or sometimes horseback to vote.

So despite not being able to legally vote until 1924

or even 1958, states like Utah, Indian Country has very strong political

organization, not only in the polls but in the courts, too.

What would happen if the state and federal governments abided by these treaties

as the supreme law of the land as cited in the Constitution?

What would that look like?

Fences preventing interstate migration of elk, deer,

bison and other barriers to hunting would be removed.

Reservation schools, hospitals and infrastructure would look like,

well, look way better than they do right now.

Take the Indian Health Services.

A federal report found that an estimated

$51 billion is needed to provide adequate care to all patients.

And before you get sticker shock, the US budget pays

nearly ten times that amount in interest on loans.

But our treaties do not mention deficit spending.

They promise tribes, health care,

education, sovereignty, hunting, fishing and culture.

For as long as the water flows and the grass grows.

Thank you for watching.