Principle and Working of Cyclotron
Summary
TLDRThe Cyclotron, invented by E.O. Lawrence and M.S. Livingstone in 1934, is a device that accelerates charged particles using an oscillating electric field within a magnetic field. This technology enables the production of high-energy particles for nuclear reactions. The device consists of two half-cylinder 'dees' connected to an alternating voltage source, creating an electric field that propels particles in a circular path, increasing their velocity with each orbit. As the particles gain energy, their radius expands until they are ejected through a window, ready for high-energy collisions with a target.
Takeaways
- ⚛️ Cyclotron is a device developed by E.O. Lawrence and M.S. Livingstone in 1934 to accelerate charged particles like protons and deuterons.
- 🔋 The device accelerates particles using an oscillating electric field, allowing them to cross the same field repeatedly with the aid of a strong magnetic field.
- 🌀 Two hollow half cylinders called dees, made of high conductive metals, are placed face-to-face with a small gap and connected to an alternating voltage source.
- ⚡ An electric field is created between the dees by oscillating polarity, with D1 being positive when D2 is negative, and vice versa.
- 🧲 Electromagnets are placed above and below the dees to create a perpendicular magnetic field to the direction of the electric field.
- 🚀 A positively charged particle is accelerated by the electric field, gaining speed until it enters a dee where the electric field is zero but the magnetic field guides it in a circular path.
- 🔄 The particle moves in a circular path with a radius determined by r=mv/qB, making semi-circles and being accelerated each time it exits a dee and encounters the electric field again.
- 📈 With each oscillation and acceleration, the velocity of the charged particle increases, causing it to move in larger circular paths within the dees.
- 🌌 The process continues until the particle reaches a high enough velocity and energy, at which point it is ejected through a window to hit a target.
- 🎯 The cyclotron is used in nuclear physics for bombarding nuclei with high-energy particles, resulting in nuclear reactions.
Q & A
What is a cyclotron?
-A cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles, such as protons and deuterons, to high energies using an oscillating electric field and a strong magnetic field.
Who developed the cyclotron and when?
-The cyclotron was developed by E.O. Lawrence and M.S. Livingstone in 1934.
What are the primary components of a cyclotron?
-The primary components of a cyclotron include two hollow half cylinders called dees, an alternating voltage source (oscillator), and electromagnets placed above and below the dees.
How do the dees in a cyclotron function?
-The dees create an oscillating electric field between them by connecting to an alternating voltage source. One dee becomes positively charged while the other becomes negatively charged, and this polarity alternates, creating an electric field that accelerates charged particles.
What role do the electromagnets play in a cyclotron?
-The electromagnets create a magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field generated by the dees. This magnetic field forces the charged particles to move in a circular path within the dees.
Why is the entire arrangement of the cyclotron sealed in a vacuum box?
-The arrangement is sealed in a vacuum box to eliminate air resistance and other particles that could interfere with the acceleration and path of the charged particles.
What happens to a charged particle when it first enters the cyclotron?
-When a positively charged particle enters the cyclotron, it is accelerated by the electric field between the dees. Once inside a dee, the electric field is zero, but the magnetic field causes the particle to move in a circular path.
How does the charged particle gain speed in a cyclotron?
-The charged particle gains speed each time it crosses the gap between the dees. The electric field in the gap accelerates the particle, increasing its velocity each time it exits and re-enters the dees.
What determines the radius of the particle's circular path in a cyclotron?
-The radius of the particle's circular path is determined by the particle's velocity and the strength of the magnetic field, according to the formula r = mv/qB.
What happens when the particle reaches the edge of the cyclotron?
-When the particle reaches the edge of the cyclotron and can no longer increase its radius, it is ejected through an exit window. At this point, the particle has gained high energy and can be directed at a target for experiments or practical applications.
Outlines
🔬 Cyclotron Operation and Particle Acceleration
The script describes the cyclotron, a device invented by E.O. Lawrence and M.S. Livingstone in 1934, designed to accelerate charged particles like protons and deuterons. The process involves using an oscillating electric field within a vacuum chamber to repeatedly accelerate particles across a gap between two conductive half-cylinders, known as dees. A strong magnetic field is used to keep the particles in a circular path, with the radius of the path determined by the equation r=mv/qB. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the electric field, and the particles are accelerated as they cross the electric field between the dees. The acceleration continues until the particles reach a high enough velocity and radius to be ejected through a window, where they can be used to bombard atomic nuclei in nuclear physics experiments.
🚀 Incremental Velocity Increase in Cyclotron
This paragraph explains the continuous acceleration process of charged particles within a cyclotron. As the particles move from one Dee to the other, the alternating electric field causes the particles to accelerate incrementally, increasing their velocity with each half-circle traversed. The magnetic field's role is to maintain the particle's velocity constant while directing it to move in a larger semi-circular path due to the increased velocity. The process repeats, with the electric field accelerating the particle to even higher velocities (v1, v2, v3, etc.) until the particle reaches the maximum radius it can occupy within the cyclotron. At this point, the particle is ejected with high energy to collide with a target, which is crucial for high-energy physics research.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Cyclotron
💡Charged Particles
💡Oscillating Electric Field
💡Magnetic Field
💡Dees
💡Alternating Voltage Source
💡Centripetal Force
💡Semi-circle Path
💡Acceleration
💡Nuclear Reactions
Highlights
Cyclotron was developed by E.O. Lawrence and M.S. Livingstone in 1934.
It is a device used to accelerate charged particles like protons and deuterons.
The acceleration results in the production of high-energy charged particles.
Energized particles are used in nuclear physics to bombard nuclei and cause reactions.
A positively charged particle is accelerated using an oscillating electric field.
A strong magnetic field is used to make the particle cross the electric field repeatedly.
The device consists of two hollow half-cylinders known as dees made of high conductive metals.
Dees are connected to an alternating voltage source, an oscillator, for polarity change.
An electromagnet arrangement creates a magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field.
The entire Cyclotron setup is sealed in a vacuum box.
The charged particle experiences a force due to the electric field, causing acceleration.
Inside the container, the electric field is zero, and the magnetic field provides centripetal force.
The particle moves in a circular path with a radius determined by its velocity, mass, charge, and magnetic field strength.
With each cycle, the particle's velocity increases, enlarging its circular path.
The particle's velocity increase leads to an increase in the radius of its circular motion.
When the particle reaches the maximum radius, it is ejected through a window.
The high-velocity particle has high energy, suitable for impacting a target in experiments.
Transcripts
Cyclotron is a device
developed by E.O. Lawrence and M.S. Livingstone in 1934
It is used to accelerate charged particles
like protons and deuterons
This results in the production of high energy charged particle.
In nuclear physics
such energized particles are used to bombard nuclei causing nuclear reactions.
A positively charged particle can be accelerated to high energy
with the help of an oscillating electric field,
by making it cross the same electric field
time and again with the use of a strong magnetic field.
Two hollow half cylinders
made of high conductive metals
known as dees are so placed,
that the straight edge will be face-to-face
with a small gap between them.
Now these two Dees are connected to two terminals
of an alternating voltage source
an oscillator
It would help in changing polarity.
If one D1 is in the positive potential
than D2 will be in exact opposite negative potential at same time.
In this way they would be oscillating
and an electric field would be created between them.
One electromagnet is kept below the two Dees
and one E.M is kept above the Dees.
Bottom E.M will have north pole above
and top E.M will have south pole below.
This would create a magnetic field
perpendicular to the direction of the electric field.
This entire arrangement is sealed in a vacuum box.
The two Dees create an electric field .
The direction of Electric field is horizontal.
The direction of magnetic field vertical.
When we place a positively charged particle
which may be a proton
or a combination of proton and neutron both.
Since D1 is positive D2 is negative
there is an electric field between them.
A force acts upon the charged particle
and its direction would be the direction of E.
Because of this force the charged particle gets acceleration
and because of acceleration
the speed increases till it enters the D.
Since D is an enclosed container
and so the value of electric field is zero.
So force becomes zero and acceleration becomes zero.
So inside the container there is no electric field
But there is magnetic field
and its direction is north.
The charged particle now moves perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
It experiences a force
in a direction perpendicular to the plane
containing V and B.
This force provides the centripetal force
and makes the charged particle move along a circular path of radius
r=mv/qB
The particle makes a semi circle and comes to the gap
the time taken is t/2
If the time taken to complete one circle is T
T then the time taken to complete semi circle would be T/2
As soon the pareticle comes to end
it is influenced by electric field
When the particle was born its velocity was Zero
when it enters the Dee its velocity is v
and it is constant
because the magnetic field cannot change the velocity.
The oscillator will change the polarity.
When it comes out of Dee it again comes under the influence of electric field.
The electric field accelerates the charged particle to v1.
When it enters D2
the velocity would remain constant
Now D2 becomes + and D1 becomes –
When it comes out of Dee it again comes under the influence of electric field.
The electric field accelerates the charged particle.
The particle would now move from D2 to D1
because its velocity would increase to v2
When it enters D1 again
the velocity would remain constant
because the magnetic field cannot change the velocity
but the particle would make a greater semi circle
because it is coming inside the Dee
with a greater velocity
When it comes out of Dee it comes under the influence of electric field.
Once again the electric field accelerates the charged particle.
and now the velocity becomes v3.
In this way the particle moves in a circular path
and with each circle the velocity of the charged particle increases
If the velocity of a charged particle increases
the radius of the charged particle would also increase.
Finally when the particle has no more space to grow in radius.
It is thrown out through a window.
With such a high velocity the particle has high energy
and it hits the target.
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