Patofisiologi Tumor/Kanker - Apa yang Terjadi dan Akan Terjadi Pada Penderita

Summary

This video script provides an in-depth exploration of tumors, their characteristics, and effects on the body. It explains the definition of a tumor as abnormal cell growth, distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors. Key topics include immune system responses, local and systemic effects like metastasis, organ damage, and metabolic disruptions. The script also discusses the hormonal imbalances caused by tumors in endocrine organs, highlighting their wide-reaching impact on the body. Through clear explanations of tumor biology, the script sheds light on the complex processes behind tumor growth and their potential consequences for overall health.

Takeaways

• 😀 Tumors are abnormal growths of tissue in the body, which can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors can spread to other organs, while benign ones do not.
• 😀 The immune system typically tries to fight abnormal cells, but tumors can evade detection or suppress immune responses, allowing them to grow and spread.
• 😀 Tumors can cause local damage by exerting pressure on surrounding organs, leading to complications like increased intracranial pressure, especially in the brain.
• 😀 Metastasis is the process by which malignant tumor cells spread to other parts of the body. Tumor cells can break away, enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and form secondary growths in distant organs.
• 😀 The breakdown of tumor cells can lead to increased levels of uric acid and potassium in the body, causing conditions like hyperuricemia and hyperkalemia.
• 😀 Tumors often rely on anaerobic metabolism, which is inefficient and produces lactic acid, leading to acidosis and further metabolic complications in the body.
• 😀 Tumors can cause abnormal blood clotting, either leading to excessive bleeding or preventing blood from clotting properly, increasing the risk of anemia or clotting disorders.
• 😀 Tumors stimulate the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) to supply their growing tissue with oxygen and nutrients, but this new vasculature is often imperfect, leading to nutrient deficiencies like anemia.
• 😀 Hormonal imbalances can result from tumors that affect hormone-producing organs, such as increased insulin production from pancreatic tumors or excess parathyroid hormone from parathyroid tumors.
• 😀 Tumors in the endocrine system can cause a variety of symptoms, such as excess hormone production leading to conditions like acromegaly, hypoglycemia, or osteoporosis, depending on the affected organ.

Q & A

What is the definition of a tumor?

A tumor is defined as an abnormal growth or mass of cells in the body. It can either be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with the key distinction being the abnormality in growth and function of the cells.

What distinguishes a benign tumor from a malignant tumor?

A benign tumor is non-cancerous and typically does not spread to other parts of the body, while a malignant tumor is cancerous and has the potential to metastasize, or spread to other organs.

How does the immune system interact with tumor cells?

The immune system is designed to detect abnormal cells, such as tumor cells, and destroy them. However, tumors often develop mechanisms that evade the immune system, leading to the tumor's growth and spread. This can involve the tumor proteins triggering the immune system to malfunction, causing it to not recognize or even attack itself (apoptosis).

What effect can a tumor have on the surrounding organs?

A growing tumor can exert pressure on surrounding organs, causing local damage. For example, a brain tumor can increase intracranial pressure, leading to neurological symptoms such as seizures (epilepsy).

What is metastasis and how does it occur?

Metastasis refers to the spread of cancerous cells from the original (primary) site to other parts of the body. Tumor cells release proteolytic enzymes that break down the bonds between cells, allowing the tumor cells to travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other organs.

What metabolic changes are caused by tumor cells?

Tumor cells have an inefficient metabolism, often relying on anaerobic processes, which means they produce less energy from glucose compared to normal cells. This results in the production of lactate, which can lead to acidosis (a decrease in blood pH). Additionally, tumor cells consume large amounts of glucose, contributing to weight loss and hypoglycemia.

How do tumors affect blood clotting?

Tumors can disrupt normal blood clotting by causing abnormal clotting factors to be released into the bloodstream. This can lead to either excessive bleeding or difficulty in clot formation, increasing the risk of anemia and other complications.

What is angiogenesis and why is it important for tumors?

Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed. Tumors stimulate angiogenesis to ensure a constant supply of nutrients, especially oxygen and glucose, needed for their growth. However, this can also increase the workload on the heart and lead to cardiovascular complications.

What hormonal changes can tumors induce?

Tumors, especially those in endocrine organs, can disrupt normal hormone production. For example, tumors in the pancreas can lead to excessive insulin production (causing hypoglycemia), while those in the parathyroid can lead to excessive calcium breakdown from bones (causing bone weakness). Tumors in other hormone-producing organs can lead to conditions like hyperthyroidism or acromegaly.

How does a tumor’s need for nutrients affect the body?

Tumors demand large amounts of nutrients, especially glucose, which leads to a depletion of these nutrients in normal cells. As a result, patients with tumors may experience weight loss, fatigue, and nutritional deficiencies. Additionally, the tumor’s need for oxygen and glucose results in a condition called cachexia, which is characterized by severe weight loss and muscle wasting.