Different Types of Volcanic Hazards | DRRR | SHS
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into the diverse volcanic hazards, teaching viewers to identify and differentiate between them. It covers the common types of eruptions, such as effusive and explosive, and their impacts. The script also discusses various hazards like lava flows, ash fall, pyroclastic flows, lahars, volcanic gases, debris avalanches, ballistic projectiles, and tsunamis, explaining their formation, dangers, and mitigation strategies, particularly emphasizing the importance of understanding these phenomena for community safety.
Takeaways
- 🌋 The video discusses various types of volcanic hazards and aims to help viewers differentiate among them.
- 🔍 The learning outcomes include identifying common volcano-related hazards in the Philippines and understanding the differences between various hazards.
- 🗺 The script mentions several Philippine volcanoes, including Pinatubo and Mayon, with a focus on Taal's Beninteyang Malaki crater.
- ⚠️ Volcanic eruptions can have negative impacts such as destruction of properties, injuries, and displacement of people.
- 🌪 The video distinguishes between effusive (quiet) and explosive (violent) eruptions, with examples provided.
- 💥 Volcanic hazards include lava flows, which can bury, crush, cover, and burn everything in their path.
- 🌫 Ash fall, or tephra fall, can cause low visibility, slippery roads, and damage to crops, machinery, and buildings.
- 🔥 Pyroclastic flows and surges are highly destructive due to their mass, high temperature, and velocity.
- 🌊 Lahars are rapidly flowing mixtures of volcanic sediments and water, which can destroy infrastructure and bury communities.
- 💨 Volcanic gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, pose hazards to health and the environment.
- 🏞 Debris avalanches or volcanic landslides can result from volcanic collapse, affecting the surrounding areas.
- 🚀 Ballistic projectiles are ejected materials that can endanger life and property near the eruption site.
- 🌊 The video also touches on tsunamis, which are generated by sudden displacement of water and can be related to volcanic activity.
Q & A
What are the learning competencies and outcomes discussed in the video script?
-The learning competencies are to explain various volcano-related hazards and differentiate among different volcano hazards. The specific learning outcomes include identifying the most common volcano-related hazards in the Philippines and explaining the differences of the various volcano-related hazards.
Which volcanoes in the Philippines are mentioned in the script?
-The script mentions Pinatubo and Ta'al as examples of volcanoes in the Philippines.
What is the difference between a crater and a volcano in the context of the script?
-A crater is a bowl-shaped depression or vent through which volcanic materials are expelled, often forming part of a volcano. A volcano is a geological structure that vents molten rock, ash, and gases to the Earth's surface, which can include multiple craters.
What are the two types of volcanic eruptions described in the script?
-The two types of volcanic eruptions described are effusive or quiet eruptions, where lava flows out of the volcano, and explosive or violent eruptions, where magma is blown into fragments.
What are volcanic hazards and why are they considered hazardous?
-Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose potential threats to people or property. They are hazardous due to their potential to cause destruction, displacement, and various negative impacts depending on the type of volcanic activity.
How does the script differentiate between lava and magma?
-The script differentiates by stating that magma is the molten rock inside the volcano, and it becomes lava when it reaches the surface.
What are the negative impacts of lava flows as described in the script?
-Lava flows can bury, crush, cover, and burn everything in their path. They can also block bridges and highways, affecting mobility and accessibility. Additionally, viscous lava domes can trigger dangerous pyroclastic flows.
What is ash fall and why is it hazardous?
-Ash fall, also known as tephra fall, is the shower of airborne volcanic particles that fall out from the plumes of volcanic eruptions. It is hazardous due to causing poor visibility, slippery roads, loss of agricultural lands, clogging filters and vents, and carrying harmful gases, acids, and salts.
What are pyroclastic flows and surges, and why are they considered highly destructive?
-Pyroclastic flows are turbulent masses of ejected fragmented volcanic materials mixed with hot gases that flow downslope at high speeds. Pyroclastic surges are more dilute derivatives of pyroclastic flows. They are highly destructive due to their mass, high temperature, high velocity, and great mobility.
What are lahars and how do they impact the surrounding areas?
-Lahars are rapidly flowing mixtures of volcanic sediments and water, often triggered by intense rainfall. They can destroy by direct impact, damage infrastructure, block tributary streams, bury valleys and communities with debris, and lead to long-term flooding problems.
What are the different types of volcanic gases mentioned in the script, and why are they hazardous?
-The script mentions water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen chloride as volcanic gases. They are hazardous because sulfur dioxide can lead to acid rain, high concentrations of carbon dioxide can be lethal, and fluorine compounds can deform and kill animals.
What is a debris avalanche or volcanic landslide, and how does it impact the surrounding areas?
-A debris avalanche or volcanic landslide is a massive collapse of a volcano, often triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption. It can have a significant negative impact by causing slope failure, creating an amphitheater-like feature at the base of the volcano, and affecting the surrounding areas with debris.
What are ballistic projectiles and how do they pose a threat?
-Ballistic projectiles are volcanic materials directly ejected from the volcano with force and trajectory. They pose a threat by endangering life and property through the force of impact and falling fragments, typically occurring close to an eruption site.
How are tsunamis related to volcanic activity as mentioned in the script?
-Tsunamis, as mentioned in the script, are sea waves or trains generated by sudden displacement of water, which can be related to volcanic activity, such as undersea volcanic eruptions or landslides caused by volcanic events.
Outlines
🌋 Types of Volcanic Hazards and Their Impacts
This paragraph introduces the video's focus on various volcanic hazards, aiming to explain and differentiate them. It outlines the learning objectives, including identifying common hazards in the Philippines and understanding their differences. The paragraph also mentions specific volcanoes, such as Pinatubo and Taal, and discusses the 2020 Taal eruption. It distinguishes between effusive and explosive eruptions and their respective impacts, such as destruction of properties and displacement of people.
🔥 Lava Flows and Ash Fall Hazards
The second paragraph delves into the specifics of lava flows, explaining the difference between magma and lava, and the formation of lava domes. It details the slow movement and potential hazards of lava, including the destruction and burial of property and vegetation. The paragraph then discusses ash fall, which consists of fine to coarse volcanic particles, and its hazards, such as reduced visibility, slippery roads, and damage to crops, buildings, and machinery. It also touches on the dangers of ash to aviation and the potential for ash to carry harmful substances.
💨 Pyroclastic Flows, Lahars, and Other Volcanic Phenomena
This paragraph covers the dangers of pyroclastic flows and surges, which are high-speed, high-temperature mixtures of volcanic materials and gases. It explains the destructive potential of these phenomena and the importance of evacuation as a mitigation strategy. The paragraph also addresses lahars, which are mudflows composed of volcanic debris and water, and their ability to cause significant damage to infrastructure and communities. Additionally, it mentions volcanic gases, their composition, and their potential to cause acid rain and other environmental issues. The paragraph concludes with a discussion on debris avalanches, volcanic landslides, ballistic projectiles, and tsunamis, all of which can result from volcanic activity.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Volcanic Hazards
💡Effusive Eruption
💡Explosive Eruption
💡Lava Flows
💡Ash Fall
💡Pyroclastic Flows
💡Lahars
💡Volcanic Gases
💡Debris Avalanche
💡Ballistic Projectiles
💡Tsunami
Highlights
Introduction to different types of volcanic hazards and the learning competencies to explain and differentiate them.
Identification of the most common volcano-related hazards in the Philippines, including Pinatubo and Mayon.
Explanation of complex volcanoes, their craters, and how eruptions can transfer between them, exemplified by Ta'al Volcano.
Discussion on the 2020 eruption of Ta'al's main crater and the confusion regarding its location.
Illustration of the negative impacts of volcanic eruptions, such as destruction of properties and displacement of people.
Differentiation between effusive (quiet) and explosive (violent) volcanic eruptions with examples.
Definition of volcanic hazards as phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose threats to people or property.
Description of lava flows, their formation, and the distinction between magma and lava.
Impacts of lava flows, including burying, crushing, covering, and burning everything in their path.
Introduction to ash fall or tephra fall, its causes, and its distribution dependent on wind direction.
Hazardous effects of ash fall, such as poor visibility, slippery roads, and damage to crops and machinery.
Explanation of pyroclastic flows and surges, their formation, and their high destructive potential.
The importance of evacuation as a mitigation strategy for pyroclastic flows and surges.
Lahars, their formation, and the long-term problems they can cause, such as flooding and sediment deposition.
Volcanic gases, their composition, and the hazards they pose to the environment and human health.
Debris avalanches or volcanic landslides, their triggers, and the resulting negative impacts.
Ballistic projectiles, their definition, and the dangers they pose to life and property near eruption sites.
Tsunamis, their generation by sudden displacement of water, and their relevance to volcanic activity.
Transcripts
in this video we're going to talk about
the different types of volcanic hazards
the learning competencies are to explain
various volcano related hazards
and to differentiate among different
volcano hazards
now the specific learning outcomes are
the following identify the most
common volcano related hazards in the
philippines
and explain the differences of the
various volcano related hazards
now let's start with a discussion about
volcanoes i hope you can name
some of the volcanoes here in the
philippines we have pinatubo
and others okay now let's focus on
volcano which you can see in this
picture
the volcano is a complex volcano which
is made
up of a lot of craters these craters are
formed
because of eruptions we have
so eruptions since we have a lot of
craters
may transfer from one creator to another
so in the books what you see is the
beninteyang
malaki crater of ta'al this is because
it's the most
visible at the highest part of the al in
tagaytay
so this 2020 the main crater erupted
that's why most people were confused
about the exact location of maybe some
of you know some volcanic eruptions that
happen in the philippines
right we have mount pinatubo last june
1991
mount mayon in these years and the
volcano
1991 1965 and the latest
last year 2020 this figure
shows a lightning strike a style volcano
spews columns of ashes
as seen from the kaitai city so what are
the negative
impacts of an eruption i think we should
have that conversation
so we have destruction of properties
that's an
injuries displacement of people
so those are the things that we're going
to study
later so this figure shows the al
volcano erupting
so you can see it's the main crater and
not the most
visible crater which is the benin
now this two figures show eruptions of
mount mayon i hope you can see the
difference
but this figures actually show the two
types of volcanic eruption
we have the effusive or quiet eruption
and explosive or violent eruption
so just to give you an overview it is an
effusive eruption if
lava is flowing out of the volcano and
it is a violent
eruption if the magma has been blown to
pieces
so what are volcanic hazards volcanic
hazards are phenomena arising from
volcanic activity
that pose potential threat to people or
property
in a given area within a given period of
time
so let's discuss the different volcanic
phenomena
the negative impacts and the reason why
they are hazardous
to make it easier for you to take down
notes please make a table
like this so you have two columns and
you just keep
adding rows okay now let's start with
the first volcanic phenomenon
which are the lava flows okay lava flows
are stream-like flows of incandescent
molten rock
erupted from a crater or fisher
now please do not confuse lava and magma
when we say magma we refer to the molten
rock
that is still inside the volcano it will
become
lava when it reaches the surface of the
volcano
okay now when a lava is the gas meaning
removed of dissolved gases
and or very viscous it tends to extrude
extremely slowly
forming lava domes okay so this picture
is from the 1969 volcanic eruption
in hawaii so what are the negative
impacts
so lava flows rarely threaten human life
because
lava usually moves slowly okay
so silicic flow is about few centimeters
per
hour and for basaltic flow it's about
several kilometers per hour we have a
lot of hazards here we have burying
crushing covering burning everything in
their path
okay lavas can burn so the intense heat
of lavas
melt and burn so the areas it covers are
burnt
okay it can also bury can vary homes
and agricultural areas under meters of
hardened rock
areas affected by lava flows once
solidified
are also rendered useless this is
because of the nature of lava deposit
lavas can also block bridges and
highways
affecting mobility and accessibility of
people
and communities okay collapsing viscous
lava domes can trigger dangerous
pyroclastic flows
which we are going to study later on
okay but you have to know that
a pyroclastic flow is a dense fast
moving flow of solidified lava pieces
as well as volcanic ash and hot gases as
you can see
in this picture next volcanic hazard is
ash fall or death rafale
so ash fall or tephra fall are showers
of airborne
fine to coarse grained volcanic
particles that
fall out from the plums of volcanic
eruption
asphalt distribution is dependent on the
prevailing wind
direction as you can see in this diagram
so why is it hazardous during peak of
eruption
the excessive ash can cause poor or low
visibility
so it will be dangerous for people who
are driving
and the roads will be slippery
it will also resort to a loss of
agricultural lands
especially if burial by asheville is
greater than 10 centimeters
depth this also produces suspensions of
fine grained particles in air and water
which clogs the filter and vents of
motors
human lungs industrial machines and
nuclear power plants so ash
suspended in the air is also dangerous
for aircrafts
as the abrasive ash can cause the
engines to fail if the suspended ash
is encountered by the airplane of course
alongside with it
is the poor visibility okay
this asheville also carry harmful gases
acids and salts okay so burial by tefra
can collapse
roofs of buildings break power and
communication lines and damage or kill
vegetation okay so even
less than two centimeters of ash can
damage
such critical facilities as hospitals
electric generating plants pumping
stations storm sewers
and more so the pictures that i'm going
to show you are taken from the alpha
queen
eruption last year
as you can see here so this vegetation
near the side of the volcano
is print this one shows a man or a
resident
cleaning ash from his roof so this
figure shows the roofs of homes
in takaytai on january 14.
next hazard is the pyroclastic flows
and surges so this figure shows a
pyroclastic flow races
down the flanks of mount merapi in
indonesia
during the volcanic event in 2006.
pyroclastic flows or also called the
spiroclastic density current
are turbulent mass of ejected fragmented
volcanic materials
or ash and rocks mixed with hot gases
that flow downslope at very high speeds
okay so pyroclastic surges on the other
hand are the more dilute or more mobile
derivatives
of pyroclastic flows so why are they
hazardous
pyroclastic flows and surges are
potentially highly destructive
due to their mass high temperature high
velocity
and great mobility so pyroclastic flows
can destroy
anything on its path by direct impact
they can burn sights with hot rock
debris
and burnt forest farmlands destroy crops
and buildings
that the effects include affixiation
burial incineration
and crushing from impacts now the only
effective method of prism mitigation
is of course evacuation prior to such
eruptions
from areas likely to be affected by
pyroclastic density
currents next hazard are the
lahars lahars are rapidly flowing thick
mixture of volcanic sediments
from pyroclastic materials and water
okay so this is usually triggered by
intense rainfall
during typhoons monsoons and
thunderstorms
the hearts can occur immediately after
an eruption
or it can become long-term problem if
there is
voluminous pyroclastic materials erupted
one example is the case of 1991 pinatubo
eruption the hearts can also occur after
an eruption has taken place
such as the lahars at the mayon volcano
after the 1984
eruption okay so the hearts have
destroyed many villages
and lives living on pinatubo and my own
volcano
because most people live in valleys
where lahars
flow so what are the negative impacts
the hearts can destroy by direct impact
so it can prove in or damage bridges
roads and houses the hearts can also
block tributary stream
and then form a lake so when we say
tributary it is a fresh water stream
that feeds into a larger stream or river
so this
event can submerge villages within the
valley
of the tributary that was blocked the
hearts can also bury valleys and
communities with
debris basically it can lead to
increased deposition of sediments
along affected rivers and result to
long-term flooding problems
in the low-lying downstream communities
such as
this picture next we have the volcanic
gases
these are gases and aerosols released
into the atmosphere
which include water vapor carbon dioxide
sulfur
hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen chloride
this table shows the percentage of gases
in the atmosphere
so these are some of the volcanic gases
that pose
hazard to people animals agriculture
and properties other gases include
carbon disulfide
carbonyl sulfide and hydrogen fluoride
so one of the most dangerous gases here
is the sulfur dioxide sulfur dioxide can
lead to acid grain
when it mixed to oxygen and form sulfur
trioxide
now this sulfur trioxide will react with
water from
the rain to form sulfuric acid
so high concentrations of carbon dioxide
which is color less and other less can
be lethal to people
animals and vegetation as well as
fluorine compounds they can deform and
kill animals that
rest on vegetation covered with volcanic
ash
next hazard is debris avalanche or
volcanic landslide
so this is a massive collapse of a
volcano
usually triggered by an earthquake or
volcanic eruption
okay so an example of recent debris
avalanche event
occurred during the 1980 eruption of
mount saint helens now in the
philippines
we have some volcanoes too based on the
present morphology of some volcanoes
here
for example the iriga volcano and
camarina sewer
and the banajo volcano in castle
province they had prehistoric debris
avalanche events
so this will have a negative impact
especially when a huge portion of the
site of a volcano collapses
due to slope failure so how did
volcanologists and geologists know that
a debris avalanche happened
so huge volcanic debris avalanches
typically
live an amphitheater like feature at the
base of volcanoes
with debris avalanche effect okay as you
can see
here okay next we have the ballistic
projectiles
ballistic projectiles are volcanic
materials directly ejected from the
volcanoes event
with force and trajectory so ballistic
projectiles endanger
life and property by the force of impact
of falling fragments
but this only occurs close to an
eruption
bent as you can see in this figure this
rock actually fell
and it's bigger than a shovel lastly we
have
the tsunami which you are very familiar
with
because we have discussed this in the
previous video
so tsunami again are sea waves or trains
that are generated by sudden
displacement of
water
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