Pertanian Indonesia Zaman Orde Baru | Sejarah Pertanian Indonesia

Summary

This video explores the agricultural development during Indonesia's New Order era (1966-1998). It highlights the role of the five-year development plans (Repelita) in shaping agricultural policies, from tackling economic crises to achieving self-sufficiency in rice production. The video outlines the progression of agricultural strategies, such as the Bimas program, which focused on increasing production, introducing agribusiness, and enhancing the welfare of farmers. The era's successes, including rice self-sufficiency and agricultural diversification, are detailed, showing the significant transformation in Indonesia's agricultural sector.

Takeaways

• 😀 The New Order era (1966-1998) saw significant agricultural development in Indonesia, with agriculture being central to national growth.
• 😀 During the New Order, the government implemented five-year development plans (Repelita) to guide national development, with a major focus on agriculture in the first phase.
• 😀 Repelita 1 (1969-1973) prioritized agricultural development, with a focus on improving rice production and supporting industries that complemented agriculture.
• 😀 The Bimas program (Bimbingan Massal) was a key initiative to guide farmers, providing necessary resources like fertilizers and pesticides through partnerships with foreign companies.
• 😀 In Repelita 2 (1974-1979), the government established the Balitbang (Bureau of Agricultural Research), a key body for improving agricultural productivity through research and innovation.
• 😀 Repelita 3 (1979-1984) saw a shift to group-based extension methods and intensive farming practices, which helped increase rice production significantly.
• 😀 Indonesia achieved rice self-sufficiency (Swasembada) by 1984, which was recognized by the FAO as a major milestone in agricultural development.
• 😀 The government's focus shifted towards diversifying crops, expanding beyond rice to include other staple crops, and improving post-harvest activities.
• 😀 Repelita 4 (1984-1989) emphasized developing resilient farming communities, focusing on strengthening cooperatives and improving mental attitudes towards productivity among farmers.
• 😀 By the end of Repelita 5 (1989-1994), Indonesia's agricultural sector was directed towards efficiency and competitiveness, with an emphasis on agribusiness, agroindustry, and export development.
• 😀 Repelita 6 (1994-1999) continued the focus on agribusiness with integrated farming systems that combined crop, livestock, and fisheries to maximize efficiency and sustainability in the sector.

Q & A

What was the primary focus of Indonesia's agricultural development during the New Order era (Orde Baru)?

The primary focus of agricultural development during the New Order era was on achieving food self-sufficiency, improving productivity, and enhancing the agricultural sector through various government programs such as the Bimas (Mass Guidance) and Pelita (Five-Year Development Plans).

How did the Indonesian government address economic challenges in the early years of the New Order era?

In the early years of the New Order, the government implemented short-term programs aimed at controlling inflation and rehabilitating the economy. One key strategy was the introduction of the Five-Year Development Plans (Pelita) to drive systematic and phased economic and agricultural development.

What were the key stages in the Pelita development plans, and how did they prioritize sectors?

The Pelita development plans had five stages, each with distinct priorities: Pelita 1 focused on agricultural development, Pelita 2 on industrialization supporting agriculture, Pelita 3 continued agricultural development with more value-added processing, Pelita 4 emphasized food self-sufficiency and agricultural exports, and Pelita 5 aimed at improving the efficiency and sustainability of agriculture.

What was the significance of the Bimas (Mass Guidance) program in the agricultural sector?

The Bimas program was crucial for agricultural development, as it coordinated extension services to farmers, provided credit for agricultural inputs, and promoted modern farming practices. It evolved over time, becoming the Bimas Gotong Royong program, with a focus on cooperative efforts and agricultural self-reliance.

How did the government address the shortage of agricultural inputs during the early stages of the New Order?

Due to limited government funds, agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides were initially provided by large foreign companies like Mitsubishi and Bayer, with farmers paying for these inputs after harvest through a credit system under the Bimas program.

What role did the extension officers (Penyuluh Pertanian Lapangan or PPL) play during the New Order's agricultural development?

Extension officers (PPL) played a critical role as the frontline agents in agricultural development, providing guidance and training to farmers in rural areas, supporting the implementation of modern farming techniques, and helping to increase agricultural productivity.

What was the impact of the success in achieving rice self-sufficiency in Indonesia during the New Order?

The success in achieving rice self-sufficiency was a landmark achievement, recognized internationally by FAO with an award to Indonesia. It not only ensured domestic food security but also allowed Indonesia to provide aid to countries in need, such as sending rice to famine-stricken regions in Africa.

What key changes were made to the approach of agricultural extension by the 1970s?

By the 1970s, agricultural extension shifted from individual-based approaches to group-based methods, such as the intensification of specific crops and coordinated planting patterns. Additionally, the approach evolved into a participatory model, engaging farmers more actively in decision-making processes.

What were the objectives of the industrialization efforts in the later stages of the New Order, particularly during Pelita 5 and Pelita 6?

The objectives of industrialization during Pelita 5 and Pelita 6 were to enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of the agricultural sector, particularly by focusing on agro-industrial development. This included the processing of agricultural products, increasing value-added production, and improving food diversification.

How did the development of agribusiness and agroindustry contribute to Indonesia's agricultural growth?

The development of agribusiness and agroindustry was key to boosting agricultural growth, as it created value-added products, expanded job opportunities, stabilized prices, and reduced dependency on foreign markets. These sectors also played a role in improving farmer welfare and strengthening the national economy.