The Comprehensible Input Hypothesis
Summary
TLDRThe transcript discusses Stephen Krashen's theory of 'comprehensible input' in language learning. It explains that input is the language we are exposed to, and comprehensible input is language slightly beyond our current understanding (I+1). This concept suggests that gradual exposure to slightly more complex language than we currently understand facilitates learning. The theory also touches on the potential difficulty for learners to identify their current level and the next level of difficulty, and the concept of 'fossilization' where learners stop progressing. The summary highlights the importance of I+1 in promoting language acquisition.
Takeaways
- đ Input in language learning refers to the language a learner is exposed to, including both spoken and written forms.
- đ¶ Comprehensible input is the key to language acquisition, which means learners need to understand the language they are exposed to.
- đ The concept of 'I plus 1' suggests that language learning occurs when learners are exposed to input slightly beyond their current level of understanding.
- đ« If learners are only exposed to language at their current level (I), they may reach a plateau and stop progressing, known as fossilization.
- đ Identifying the right level of 'I plus 1' can be challenging for language learners, especially second language learners.
- đ The script discusses the importance of gradually increasing the complexity of language input to facilitate learning.
- đ Comprehensible input is not just about simple language; it's about language that is complex enough to push learners to the next level.
- đšâđ« The script introduces the idea that language learning is a gradual process, moving from easier to slightly more difficult language structures.
- đ€ The concept of comprehensible input is also related to the sociocultural theory of language learning, particularly the zone of proximal development.
- đ Listening to language that is just beyond one's current understanding can help learners to develop their language skills over time.
Q & A
What is the concept of 'input' in language learning?
-In language learning, 'input' refers to the language that individuals are exposed to, which can be in spoken or written form. It includes the language they hear or read, such as conversations, books, or any other verbal communication.
Why is it sometimes difficult to understand certain language input?
-It can be difficult to understand certain language input because it may be beyond one's current level of language proficiency. For instance, a young learner might understand simple sentences but struggle with complex structures like conditional sentences.
What is 'comprehensible input' in the context of language learning?
-Comprehensible input is the language input that is understandable to the learner. It is slightly more challenging than what the learner currently understands but not so difficult that it becomes overwhelming.
How does the 'I plus 1' formula relate to comprehensible input?
-The 'I plus 1' formula suggests that for effective language learning, learners should be exposed to input that is just beyond their current level of understanding ('I' represents the current level, and 'plus 1' represents the next level of difficulty).
What happens if a language learner is only exposed to input at their current level (I)?
-If a learner is only exposed to input at their current level, they may reach a point where they stop making progress, known as 'fossilization,' where they become stagnant in their language development.
What is the role of 'I plus 1' in gradual language learning?
-The 'I plus 1' concept facilitates gradual language learning by encouraging learners to continuously move from their current level to the next slightly more challenging level, promoting incremental development.
How does the concept of comprehensible input relate to the sociocultural theory of language learning?
-In the sociocultural theory, the concept of comprehensible input is similar to the idea of the 'zone of proximal development,' which is the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with assistance.
What is the criticism regarding the identification of comprehensible input for second language learners?
-The criticism is that it can be challenging for second language learners to identify what is at their current level of understanding and what is slightly difficult, making it hard to apply the 'I plus 1' formula accurately.
Can you provide an example of how a learner might progress through the 'I plus 1' model?
-A learner might start by understanding basic vocabulary (I), then move on to simple sentences (I plus 1), then to more complex sentences and structures, continually advancing their language skills by taking on slightly more challenging input.
How does the concept of comprehensible input apply to language learning in schools?
-In schools, the concept is applied by introducing students to language structures that are slightly more challenging than what they currently know, gradually increasing the difficulty as they progress through grades.
What is the importance of exposure to slightly difficult language input according to the script?
-Exposure to slightly difficult language input is crucial for language learning as it pushes learners to understand and use language structures just beyond their current abilities, facilitating growth and development.
Outlines
đ Comprehensible Input in Language Learning
The first paragraph introduces the concept of 'comprehensible input' as a fundamental aspect of language learning. It begins by defining 'input' as any language to which we are exposed, whether spoken or written. The speaker then contrasts this with 'comprehensible input,' which is input that is slightly more challenging than what the learner currently understands (I+1). This concept is crucial because it suggests that language acquisition occurs when learners are exposed to language that is just beyond their current level of comprehension. The speaker uses the analogy of climbing stairs or a ladder to illustrate how gradual exposure to increasing difficulty facilitates learning. The paragraph concludes by discussing the potential issues with incomprehensible input, such as fossilization, where learners stop progressing if they are not exposed to slightly more challenging language.
đ The I+1 Formula and Language Development
The second paragraph delves deeper into the I+1 formula, emphasizing its role in gradual language development. It explains that if learners are only exposed to language at their current level (I), they will not progress, leading to fossilization. Conversely, if they are exposed to language that is too difficult (I+4 or I+5), they will struggle and may not learn effectively. The speaker also mentions the sociocultural theory and the concept of the 'zone of proximal development,' which parallels the idea of I+1 by suggesting that learners need assistance to move from their current level to the next. The paragraph addresses potential criticisms of the comprehensible input hypothesis, such as the difficulty in identifying one's current level and the next level of difficulty. It concludes by suggesting that while it may be challenging to pinpoint exact levels, the general principle of moving from easier to slightly more difficult language structures is a valid approach to language learning, as evidenced by the natural progression of language acquisition in childhood.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄInput
đĄComprehensible Input
đĄI Plus 1
đĄFossilization
đĄLanguage Exposure
đĄUnderstanding
đĄLanguage Structures
đĄZone of Proximal Development
đĄGradual Learning
đĄSociocultural Theory
đĄStagnation
Highlights
Language learning occurs through 'comprehensible input'.
Input is the language we are exposed to, including spoken and written forms.
Comprehensible input is language that is slightly beyond our current level of understanding.
The concept of 'I plus 1' suggests that language learning happens when we are exposed to input just beyond our current level.
If input is too far beyond our current level, it can be difficult and hinder learning.
Language learning can stop at a certain stage, known as 'fossilization'.
The 'I plus 1' formula is crucial for gradual language learning.
Comprehensible input leads to gradual development of language skills.
It's challenging for language learners to identify their current level and the next level of difficulty.
The concept of comprehensible input is similar to the 'zone of proximal development' in sociocultural theory.
Language learning is a process of moving from easier to slightly more difficult language structures.
The 'I plus 1' formula plays a significant role in language acquisition.
Language learning in schools often follows the 'I plus 1' model, starting with simple vocabulary and gradually introducing more complex sentences.
The concept of comprehensible input is supported by the observation of how children naturally acquire language.
The 'I plus 1' model suggests that language learning is a gradual process of increasing complexity.
Critics question how learners can accurately determine their current level and the appropriate next level of difficulty.
Transcripts
the next hypothesis which is the input
hypothesis hypothesis number four in
questions monitor model input hypothesis
according to question language learning
takes place through something which is
known as comprehensible input
but before understanding the concept of
comprehensible input I think first you
should know what is input do you know
what is input
in terms of languages what would be
input in terms of language
that I mean the language which we are
exposed to
the language
to which we are exposed that is input
just like now I am speaking so this is
input for you
and input is also the language which you
have got in it in your books so that is
also input means the language verbal in
verbal form in spoken form or in written
form all sorts of language that we are
exposed to that is input but sometimes
you would have noticed that sometimes we
are unable to understand the language
means we say it is very difficult
sometimes now it might not be that much
difficult for you but just think about
when you were quite young and when you
were able to just understand very simple
sentences just like this is a chair this
is a book my name is so and so shahzad
and my name is Sophia or whatsoever my
name is Khalil or this is my room so on
so you were able to understand these
simple sentences but if
it were slightly difficult structures
just like suppose the structure of a
conditional sentence just like if we say
if
I had known about this before I would
have avoided this
so conditional sentence if I had known
about this before I would have avoided
this
suppose that this sentence
is I mean is spoken in front of a three
or four years old student learner of the
language do you think that that learner
would be able to learn this structure
there would be some difficulty yes so
according to question the language
learning process is based upon
comprehensible input so as we understood
what is input input is the language
which we are exposed to but it is not
just input according to question it is
the comprehensible input that is
important in language learning word
comprehensible is from the word
comprehension and comprehension mean
understanding
understanding so mean comprehensible
input the language which we can
understand
but it does not mean simple very simple
language so what questions concept is in
comprehensible input crash and user
specific mean uh sort of you can say
formula which is I Plus 1.
I stands for input plus one means the
next level of difficulty
so comprehensible input is that input
which is slightly beyond our current
level of understanding not very far away
from our current level of understanding
in simple language I mean if I give you
a very Layman example if suppose you are
climbing up stairs or climbing up on a
ladder so the your current level on
stairs or ladder is
I
and if I say that move two steps ahead
or three steps ahead will it be easier
for you or difficult
it will be quite difficult but if you
follow the national menu take the next
step and then next and then next will
you be able to climb up
yes so that is I plus one so currently
your level is this and then the next
step on a ladder you take so you take
the next step so you move slightly up
then you take the next step so at every
level it is your I plus 1 but if it is
us that move from the base of the stairs
to the fifth level or to the sixth level
or to the third level you will have to
stretch your language a lot
and that will be really difficult and
you might fall
so same is the case with language that
in language if a learner is exposed to
slightly
difficult language that is from his or
her current level of understanding then
through that process
language learning will take place
on the other hand if
a learner is not exposed to slightly
difficult and he is exposed to the same
simple language just like if in case of
second language Learners you are taught
or you just come across the sentences
this is my table this is my chair this
is my room I am hungry or I am late
these and you never use or never try to
move to the next level that is slightly
difficult just like you do not make any
sort of past tense or you do not make
use of third person s so you won't be
able to learn the language so I mean if
a learner remains only at I even then
law learning will take place so that
learner will stop at that stage which is
known as fossilization
then when we stop learning a language
that state in this term in Applied
Linguistics which means that for every
language learner second language learner
a stage might come when that learner
stops learning the language so for in
technical terms of linguistic it is said
that the learner has fossilized
fossilized mean the learner has become
stagnant
now the learner is not learning anything
in terms of language so if the learner
is just at the stage of I
will learning take place for the
learning
no and if the learner is exposed from I
to I plus 4 I plus 5 will learning take
place no again it will be really
difficult so according to question it is
I plus one formula that helps in the
language learning process
okay so I plus 1 we will later on we
will also study another theory of
language learning which is sociocultural
theory and this type of me this aspect
will also be discussed in that the users
mean in that social culture theory this
concept is used in a slightly different
way this is zone of proximal development
that is also the same current level and
moving from current level to the next
level with the help of some assistance
so we will so similar concept we will
discuss in socio cultural Theory but at
the moment we just discuss what is
comprehensible input so comprehensible
input mean the language which is
slightly difficult from our current
level of understanding
I plus 1 this is what question says that
if we are exposed to language which is
slightly difficult from our current
level then we will learn and when we
learn the next step then that will be
our learning stage and then plus one so
after following this procedure I plus 1
then I plus 1 then I plus 1 so a learner
is able to learn the language so this is
mean it leads to gradual learning or
gradual development of a language which
is known as comprehensible input again
there is some criticism or mean some you
can say some questions about this that
how can we identify what is
comprehensible for us in case of second
language learner so the very concept
that this is compliance if I ask you
what is your current level of
understanding and what is slightly
difficult so for a second language
learner it is really difficult to
identify that what what is my current
level of understanding and what is the
next stage
for me but to a certain extent this is
true also to a certain extent we can
identify that this thing is very much
difficult for me and this thing is
slightly difficult so I can learn it but
to identify it in very concrete form in
exact form that what is a learner's
current level it is really hard to
Define so this was uh sort of mean the
questions raised or this was some
criticism or questions wanted to model
that how can a learner identify that
what is my current level and what is the
next level but in a broader sense this
makes sense that yes when we are exposed
to the structures or language which is
slightly difficult then we learned the
language and I think if you just recall
your childhood so your gradual
development of the English language if
you just think about it you might agree
with this because when we are taught
English language in schools so you know
that initially when we are at grade one
we are exposed to slightly difficult
sentences just like at grade one we are
simply told about some of the words just
like cat
ball
or some other vocabulary items then we
are at the next stage we are told some
sort of means slightly difficult
sentences just like I am a boy
you are a girl or this is a flower this
is my book so something like these and
then gradually we are exposed to
difficult
expressions or structures so we even
when we learn a language consciously or
subconsciously so definitely we move
from easier to the slightly difficult
level that is I plus one so this is the
this has been an important aspect of
questions monitor model that the
language learning process is based upon
comprehensible input that is I plus 1
and this plays an important role in
language learning
is this okay
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