Stephen Krashen and Language Acquisition

Summary

In this video, Steve Kaufmann introduces Stephen Krashen's influential theories on language acquisition. Krashen posits that language learning occurs through two distinct yet independent methods: subconscious acquisition and conscious learning. He emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input, suggesting that language is acquired through understanding messages rather than through repetition or grammar drills. Kaufmann highlights Krashen's five hypotheses, including the natural order and the monitor hypotheses, which explain the sequence of language element acquisition and the limited role of conscious grammar knowledge. Kaufmann encourages language learners to explore Krashen's work for a deeper understanding of the language learning process.

Takeaways

• 📚 Stephen Krashen is a prominent figure in language acquisition theory, offering valuable insights for language learners.
• 🧠 Krashen's theory posits two independent ways of developing language ability: subconscious acquisition and deliberate learning, with the former being primary.
• 🌱 The Natural Order Hypothesis suggests that language elements are acquired in a set order, regardless of their complexity.
• 👨‍🏫 The Monitor Hypothesis indicates that conscious knowledge of grammar plays a limited role in actual language use and can sometimes hinder fluency.
• 🔄 Comprehensible input is the cornerstone of language acquisition, as per Krashen's Input Hypothesis, emphasizing understanding over mere exposure.
• 🚫 'Talking is not practicing' counters the belief that output alone can lead to language acquisition; it's the input that truly facilitates learning.
• 📈 The 'i+1' formula implies that learners acquire new language elements when exposed to input slightly beyond their current level of understanding.
• 🏫 In classroom settings, methods like Total Physical Response can be used to provide simplified, comprehensible input to beginners.
• 🌐 Krashen's theories are supported by extensive research and are accessible through his books and free online materials.
• 🌟 Continuous exposure to a language, even without feeling immediate progress, leads to gradual improvement according to Krashen's findings.

Q & A

Who is Stephen Krashen, and why is he significant in the field of language acquisition?

Stephen Krashen is a prominent linguist and educator known for his influential theories on language acquisition. His work is significant because it provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how people learn languages, emphasizing natural and subconscious learning processes over formal instruction.

What are the two independent ways of developing language ability according to the acquisition-learning hypothesis?

According to the acquisition-learning hypothesis, language ability is developed in two ways: 1) Language acquisition, a subconscious process similar to how children learn their first language, and 2) Language learning, a deliberate effort involving formal education, such as learning grammar rules in school.

What is the natural order hypothesis in Krashen's theory?

The natural order hypothesis states that there is a predictable sequence in which language learners acquire grammatical structures, independent of the simplicity or complexity of those structures. This sequence remains consistent regardless of how much effort is put into teaching specific grammar points.

How does the monitor hypothesis explain the role of grammar knowledge in language acquisition?

The monitor hypothesis suggests that conscious knowledge of grammar rules serves as a 'monitor' that can correct language use but plays a limited role in actual language acquisition. Over-reliance on the monitor can hinder fluent communication because it slows down speech as learners focus on applying rules.

What is the input or comprehension hypothesis, and why is it crucial in language learning?

The input or comprehension hypothesis asserts that language acquisition occurs when learners understand language input that is slightly above their current proficiency level (i+1). Comprehensible input, where the message is understood, is considered the most effective way to learn a language, rather than through grammar drills or repetition.

Can language acquisition be achieved through speaking practice alone?

No, according to Krashen, speaking practice alone does not lead to language acquisition. The key to learning a language is receiving and understanding comprehensible input. Once learners have enough input, speaking will naturally develop as part of the acquisition process.

What challenges do beginners face in understanding language input, and how can they overcome them?

Beginners often find it difficult to understand any language input because they lack basic knowledge. Krashen suggests using methods like Total Physical Response (TPR) or other techniques that simplify the language and provide context, such as gestures or visual aids, to help beginners start acquiring the language.

How does the concept of 'i+1' relate to language learning?

The concept of 'i+1' refers to the idea that learners acquire language most effectively when they are exposed to input that is just beyond their current level of understanding (i). This incremental learning ensures that learners continuously build on what they already know.

Why does Krashen believe that language acquisition is immune to deliberate teaching methods?

Krashen argues that language acquisition follows a natural order that cannot be altered by deliberate teaching methods. Regardless of how much effort is put into teaching specific grammar points, learners will acquire them according to the natural sequence determined by the brain's internal mechanisms.

What advice does the speaker give to those interested in learning more about Stephen Krashen's theories?

The speaker advises those interested in learning more about Krashen's theories to visit Krashen's website, where they can find a wealth of free material. He also suggests reading Krashen's books, which provide detailed explanations and research supporting his theories on language acquisition.