Krashen's model of SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 2022 | the monitor model hypothesis | SLA | SLL | EFL

Summary

This video delves into Stephen Krashen's renowned model of second language acquisition, highlighting its five key hypotheses: the Acquisition-Learning distinction, the Monitor Theory, the Natural Order of learning grammatical structures, the Input Hypothesis emphasizing 'i+1' for optimal learning, and the Affective Filter which considers emotional barriers to language intake. Krashen's model underscores the necessity of comprehensible input for language acquisition, the incidental nature of learning, and the limited impact of first language influence and instruction, while suggesting that language output is a result, not a driver, of acquisition.

Takeaways

• 📚 The Stephen Krashen model is a highly influential theory in the field of second language acquisition.
• 🧠 Krashen's model is connected to Chomsky's innate theory, suggesting we have an inherent language faculty that aids in language understanding, acquisition, and use.
• 🌱 The Acquisition-Learning hypothesis differentiates between subconscious acquisition and conscious learning, with separate storage in the brain.
• 🔍 The Monitor hypothesis states that learned knowledge serves to edit or monitor the acquired knowledge during language production.
• 📈 The Natural Order hypothesis suggests learners progress through a predictable sequence of grammatical structures, regardless of complexity.
• 🔑 The Input hypothesis, or 'i plus one', is central to Krashen's model, emphasizing the importance of receiving input slightly beyond one's current proficiency level.
• 🚫 The Affective Filter hypothesis identifies emotional barriers that can prevent learners from effectively receiving language input.
• 🌐 Exposure to L2 input is essential for second language acquisition, as the absence of comprehensible input makes acquisition impossible.
• 🎓 Incidental learning plays a significant role in second language acquisition, supporting the idea of an innate language faculty.
• 🚷 The outcomes of second language acquisition can vary due to individual differences in affective filters.
• 📚 The influence of the first language is limited, as language acquisition is guided by universal internal processes.
• 👩‍🏫 The impact of instruction on second language acquisition is limited; comprehensible input is key, with instruction aiding in learned knowledge.
• 📊 The learner's language production, or output, is a result of acquisition rather than a driver, indicating that the focus should be on input for effective acquisition.

Q & A

What is the Stephen Krashen model in the context of second language acquisition?

The Stephen Krashen model, also known as the Monitor Model, is a theory in the field of second language acquisition that suggests learners acquire a second language naturally and unconsciously, and that learning is a separate, conscious process.

What is the Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis in Krashen's model?

The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis posits that acquisition is a subconscious process that occurs during natural interaction with the L2, while learning is a conscious and intentional process. These two types of knowledge are stored separately in the brain.

Can learned knowledge be converted into acquired knowledge according to Krashen?

No, according to Krashen, learned knowledge cannot be converted into acquired knowledge. They are separate entities within the brain.

What is the Monitor Hypothesis in Krashen's model?

The Monitor Hypothesis suggests that the primary function of learned knowledge is to monitor or edit the acquired knowledge during language production, allowing learners to consult their learned knowledge for accuracy.

What does the Natural Order Hypothesis state about the acquisition process?

The Natural Order Hypothesis states that learners follow a certain order and go through stages in the acquisition process of grammatical structures, which is independent of the complexity of the structures.

What is 'I plus one' in the context of Krashen's Input Hypothesis?

'I plus one' in the Input Hypothesis refers to the idea that learners acquire language by receiving input that is slightly beyond their current level of proficiency, where 'I' represents the current level and 'plus one' indicates the input should be marginally more advanced.

What are the effective filters in Krashen's model?

Effective filters are emotional barriers in Krashen's model that prevent learners from receiving input. Learners need to be comfortable to effectively receive and process the input.

How does the absence of comprehensible input affect second language acquisition according to Krashen?

The absence of comprehensible input makes second language acquisition impossible, as it is a necessary condition for the acquisition process to take place.

What role does the first language play in second language acquisition according to Krashen's model?

The effects of the first language are limited in second language acquisition because the process is guided by universal and internal processes, rather than being heavily influenced by the first language.

How does instruction affect second language acquisition in Krashen's model?

In Krashen's model, the effects of instruction are limited as long as there is comprehensible input. Instruction mainly contributes to the development of learned knowledge, which is separate from the acquisition process.

What is the relationship between language output and acquisition according to Krashen?

According to Krashen, language output is the result of acquisition, not the cause. It is the input that drives the acquisition process, and output does not affect the process positively or negatively.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Stephen Krashen's Model

This paragraph introduces the Stephen Krashen's model in second language acquisition, emphasizing its significance and connection to Chomsky's innate theory of language. Krashen's model is based on five hypotheses: Acquisition-Learning, Monitor, Natural Order, Input, and Affective Filter. It posits that language acquisition occurs naturally and unconsciously through interaction with L2, while learning is a conscious process. The acquired knowledge is separate from learned knowledge and cannot be converted. The Monitor hypothesis suggests that learned knowledge helps to edit the acquired knowledge during language production. The Natural Order hypothesis states that learners progress through stages in a specific order, regardless of structure complexity. The Input hypothesis, considered the most crucial, asserts that learners acquire language through 'i + 1' comprehensible input, which is slightly beyond their current proficiency level. Lastly, the Affective Filter hypothesis discusses emotional barriers that can hinder language acquisition, implying that learners need to be comfortable to effectively receive input.

05:02

🌟 Implications of Krashen's Model for Language Learning

The second paragraph delves into the implications of Krashen's model for language learning. It highlights that exposure to L2 input is essential for acquisition, and without comprehensible input, learning a second language is impossible. The model supports the idea that language acquisition is an incidental process, aligning with the innate language faculty theory. It also suggests that different outcomes in language acquisition among learners can be attributed to the presence or absence of effective filters. Furthermore, the model indicates that the influence of the first language is limited, and the impact of instruction is confined to the development of learned knowledge. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing that the output, or the learner's language production, is a result of acquisition rather than a driver, and that the focus should be on input rather than output for successful language acquisition.

Keywords

💡Stephens Questions Model

The Stephens Questions Model, also known as Krashen's theory, is a prominent framework in second language acquisition. It suggests that language acquisition is a natural process that happens subconsciously. In the video, this model is described as having five hypotheses that form the foundation for understanding how people learn a second language, making it central to the video's theme.

💡Innate Theory

The innate theory, associated with Noam Chomsky, posits that humans are born with an inherent capacity for language. This theory is connected to Krashen's model, as it underpins the idea that language acquisition is a natural ability. The video script mentions this theory to explain the basis of the language faculty that enables language learning.

💡Acquisition

Acquisition, as described in the script, is the subconscious process of language learning that occurs naturally. It is contrasted with 'learning,' which is a conscious and deliberate process. In the context of the video, acquisition is a key part of Krashen's hypotheses and is essential for understanding how language is naturally absorbed.

💡Learning

Learning, in the script, refers to the conscious and intentional process of gaining knowledge or skills, which is separate from the subconscious acquisition process. The video explains that while learning can inform language use, it is the acquired knowledge that is more deeply ingrained.

💡Monitor Hypothesis

The Monitor Hypothesis is one of Krashen's five hypotheses, suggesting that learned knowledge serves as an editor for acquired knowledge during language production. The video script explains that learners can use their learned knowledge to monitor their language output, ensuring accuracy.

💡Natural Order Hypothesis

This hypothesis posits that learners follow a specific order in acquiring grammatical structures, regardless of their complexity. The video script uses this concept to illustrate that language acquisition unfolds in stages, emphasizing the natural progression of learning a second language.

💡Input Hypothesis

The Input Hypothesis is central to Krashen's model, stating that language is acquired through receiving 'comprehensible input,' or 'i plus one.' The video explains that this input should be slightly beyond the learner's current proficiency level to facilitate acquisition, making it a critical concept for understanding language learning.

💡I plus one

The term 'i plus one' is used in the Input Hypothesis to describe the optimal level of language input for learners. It means that learners should be exposed to language that is just a bit more advanced than their current level ('i' representing current proficiency). The video script uses this term to explain how learners can incrementally advance their language skills.

💡Affective Filter Hypothesis

The Affective Filter Hypothesis suggests that emotional barriers can prevent learners from effectively receiving language input. The video script mentions that learners need to be comfortable to allow the input to facilitate language acquisition, highlighting the importance of the emotional state in language learning.

💡Comprehensible Input

Comprehensible Input is a key concept in the Input Hypothesis, referring to language that learners can understand, which is necessary for language acquisition. The video script emphasizes that without this input, second language acquisition is not possible, making it a fundamental aspect of the learning process.

💡Output

Output, in the context of the video, refers to the language produced by learners, which is considered the result of acquisition rather than the cause. The script clarifies that while output is important, it is the input that drives the acquisition process, indicating that language production is a byproduct of internal language development.

Highlights

Introduction to Stephen Krashen's model in second language acquisition.

Krashen's model is influential in the field of second language acquisition.

Connection between Krashen's ideas and Chomsky's innate theory of language.

The model is based on five key hypotheses.

The Acquisition-Learning hypothesis differentiates between subconscious acquisition and conscious learning.

Acquired and learned knowledge are stored separately in the brain.

The Monitor hypothesis explains the role of learned knowledge in editing language production.

The Natural Order hypothesis suggests a predetermined order in acquiring grammatical structures.

The Input hypothesis is central, emphasizing 'i plus one' for language acquisition.

I plus one refers to input slightly beyond the learner's current proficiency level.

The Affective Filter hypothesis discusses emotional barriers to language input.

Learners need to be comfortable to effectively receive language input.

Krashen's model explains the necessity of L2 input for second language acquisition.

Incidental acquisition confirms the innate language faculty in humans.

Diverse outcomes in language acquisition are attributed to effective filters.

The limited effects of the first language on second language acquisition.

The limited impact of instruction, as long as comprehensible input is present.

The role of language output as a result, not a cause, of acquisition.

Internal drive of second language acquisition focuses on input over output.

Conclusion and invitation for feedback on the explanation of Krashen's model.

Transcripts

[Music]

[Applause]

hello everyone

and welcome to another video

um today i am going to speak about

the well-known stephen questions model

in second language acquisition

so um stefan questions model was

like one of the most influential works

when it comes to second language

acquisition field

his ideas seem to be like connected with

the innate

theory of chomsky that claims

we are born with a language faculty or a

language capacity

that enables us to understand

acquire and use language

so the model is based on five hypotheses

the first one is the acquisition

learning theory

acquisition happens naturally outside of

awareness

while interacting with the l2 language

um the like whereas learning

is a conscious and intentional process

crush claims that the acquired and

learned knowledge

are stored separately in the brain

moreover learned knowledge can't be

converted

to an acquired knowledge

the second hypothesis is the monitor

hypothesis

which claims that the primary function

of the learned knowledge is to monitor

or edit the acquired knowledge

while of course the language production

learners can always like consult their

learned knowledge to ensure

the accuracy of their language

production

the third hypothesis is the natural

order hypothesis

it says that learners follow a certain

order

and go through stages in the

acquisition process of grammatical

structures

and of course this order is uh

like independent from the complexity

of the structures the fourth hypothesis

is the input hypothesis and i think this

is like the most important one in the

model

it says that learners acquire language

only by receiving what we call

comprehensible input and

question refers to it as the i plus one

so you can hear i mean you can like

find the uh the input hypothesis or

the i plus one the i refers to the

current level of proficiency

which means that learners should be

exposed

to an input that is slightly beyond

their current level of proficiency

that's why

it's the i plus 1 which means

it is slightly beyond their current

level of proficiency

which is the i the last hypothesis

is the effective filter hypothesis

so effective filters are emotional

barriers

that prevent learners from receiving the

input

therefore like learners have to be

comfortable

in order to receive the input

and this can help to analyze

the different second language outcomes

among the learners

russian's model can be used to explain

that

first the exposure to l2 input

is necessary for second language

acquisition

the absence of the comprehensible input

makes the a second language acquisition

impossible

okay second thing is that a great deal

of second language acquisition

happens incidentally this

confirms that the fact that people

are born with a language faculty

the third thing is that the different

outcomes

of second language acquisition among

learners

due to the fact that effective filters

can prevent some learners from receiving

the input the fourth thing is that

the effects of the first language are

limited

since all the like the language

acquisition

is guided by universal and

internal processes last but not least

the effects of instructions

on second language acquisition are

limited

as long as there's a comprehensible

input

the acquisition process will take place

the instructions here will only serve in

in reaching the learned knowledge

the last thing is the effects of the

learner's production

of language on second language

acquisition

which means the output is the result

of the acquisition not the cause

of the acquisition we know that the

input is the is there like the the the

reason or the cause of acquisition

the output is just the result of

the acquisition and it does not affect

on the language acquisition process

neither negatively or positively

since second language is internally

driven

the focus is on the input

not the output so this is it guys

this is the russians model of second

language acquisition

i hope i was brief enough and i hope i

clarified it to you

if you liked the video again um just

like hit the thumbs up subscribe

and wait for other videos inshallah

[Music]

peace