Fenomenologia em Husserl

Summary

This lecture explores Edmund Husserl's contribution to phenomenological psychology. Husserl, known as the father of phenomenology, aimed to establish a rigorous scientific approach to philosophy, influenced by Franz Brentano's study of conscious phenomena. Phenomenology, as proposed by Husserl, is a descriptive study of lived experiences and consciousness, seeking to describe reality as it presents itself to pure observation, free from preconceived notions. The lecture discusses Husserl's method of phenomenological reduction, which involves suspending judgment to directly observe and describe phenomena, and his concept of intentionality, emphasizing the relationship between the conscious subject and the object of consciousness. This approach is highly influential in understanding human experience in phenomenological and existential psychology.

Takeaways

• 🎓 Edmund Husserl, not Russel, is recognized as the father of phenomenology, a philosophical movement he founded.
• 📅 Husserl was born in 1859 and died in 1938, influencing philosophers like Martin Heidegger.
• 📚 Initially a mathematician, Husserl was influenced by Franz Brentano, shifting his focus to philosophy and phenomenology.
• 🔍 Phenomenology, as conceived by Husserl, aims to establish a rigorous scientific method to access truth, much like in mathematics.
• 🌐 Husserl's ambition was to ground philosophy in the rigor of exact sciences to guide the existential path of humanity.
• 🧐 Phenomenology is described as a purely descriptive study of the facts of conscious experience, focusing on the 'phenomena' as they present themselves to pure observation.
• 🔄 The concept of 'epoché' in phenomenology involves bracketing or suspending judgment and preconceived notions to observe things as they appear.
• 🤔 Husserl introduced 'intentionality' as the meeting point between consciousness and the objects of consciousness, emphasizing the direct encounter as the source of absolute knowledge.
• 🔍 'Reduction' in phenomenology, as proposed by Husserl, is a method to approach truth by focusing on things themselves, without prior knowledge or judgments.
• 📖 Husserl's work in phenomenology, particularly 'Ideas I', outlines his method to achieve a rigorous, scientific philosophy that describes phenomena as they are intended to be understood.

Q & A

Who is Edmundo Russel and what is his contribution to phenomenological psychology?

Edmundo Russel is a German philosopher who is considered the father of phenomenology, a philosophical movement. His contribution to phenomenological psychology is foundational, as he aimed to establish a rigorous scientific method for philosophy that could access truth, much like mathematics does.

What was Russel's educational background, and how did it influence his approach to philosophy?

Russel initially studied mathematics and was later influenced by Franz Brentano, a philosopher interested in phenomenology. This background led him to seek a rigorous mathematical approach to philosophy, aiming to bring the same level of precision to philosophical truth as exists in the mathematical world.

What is the significance of Franz Brentano to Russel's philosophical development?

Franz Brentano was Russel's teacher and influenced him to shift from mathematics to philosophy. Brentano's interest in phenomenology, particularly the study of psychic phenomena as a flow of consciousness, significantly shaped Russel's approach to philosophy.

What is the primary goal of phenomenology as proposed by Russel?

The primary goal of phenomenology, as proposed by Russel, is to provide a pure description of reality through the study of phenomena as they present themselves to pure intellectual observation, without the distortion of preconceived judgments or theories.

How does Russel define 'phenomenon' in the context of phenomenology?

For Russel, a 'phenomenon' is anything that presents itself to intellectual observation, without any preconceived judgments or theories. Phenomenology, therefore, is the study of these phenomena in a purely descriptive manner.

What is the concept of 'epoché' in phenomenology, and how does it relate to Russel's philosophy?

Epoché is a Greek term used in phenomenology to describe the suspension of preconceived judgments or a priori knowledge about things to observe them as they appear. This concept is central to Russel's philosophy, as it allows for a direct encounter with the absolute knowledge of things.

What is the role of 'intentionality' in Russel's phenomenology?

Intentionality, in Russel's phenomenology, refers to the encounter between the observing consciousness and the observed object. It is the directedness of consciousness towards an object, which is essential for the constitution of knowledge and the world.

How does Russel's concept of 'essence' relate to his phenomenological approach?

For Russel, 'essence' refers to the absolute nature of things, the true and absolute knowledge. Phenomenology is proposed as a method to reach this essence by describing phenomena as they occur, aiming to achieve a direct contact with the absolute knowledge of things.

What is the 'phenomenological reduction' as proposed by Russel, and what are its types?

The 'phenomenological reduction' is a method proposed by Russel to approach truth by focusing on the things themselves without prior knowledge or judgments. It includes 'reduction to the identical', which focuses on the essence of things, and 'transcendental reduction', which encompasses both essences and objects as phenomena.

How does Russel's phenomenology apply to phenomenological existential psychology?

In phenomenological existential psychology, Russel's phenomenology is used to understand the human being from their own perspective, by bracketing prior knowledge and theories to focus on the individual's immediate experience and self-understanding.

What is the importance of 'intuition' in Russel's phenomenological method?

Intuition, for Russel, is an immediate apprehension of what is presented without the mediation of critical reflections or theoretical constructs. It is a direct grasp of phenomena as they appear, which is essential for the phenomenological method to achieve a pure description of reality.