Fenomenologia - Principais Conceitos

Summary

This video provides an in-depth exploration of phenomenology, focusing on Edmund Husserl's philosophical approach. The script covers key concepts like the epoché, intentionality, noema, noesis, and the phenomenological reduction. The epoché involves suspending judgments to perceive phenomena without bias, while intentionality describes consciousness as being always directed toward an object. The video highlights how the reduction process helps one analyze the essence of a phenomenon by stripping away cultural and personal biases. Overall, it presents phenomenology as a powerful tool for understanding the true nature of human consciousness and experience.

Takeaways

• 😀 Phenomenology is the study of the phenomena of consciousness, focusing on understanding the essence of these phenomena.
• 😀 The field of phenomenology was founded by Edmund Husserl in the 20th century, addressing the lack of rigor in human sciences.
• 😀 Phenomenology is a philosophical approach, not a psychological one, and is often represented as a foundation supporting other psychological approaches like humanism and psychodrama.
• 😀 The first step in the phenomenological method involves suspending preconceived beliefs and assumptions about the world, referred to as 'epoché' or 'bracketing'.
• 😀 The attitude natural to us when perceiving the world can limit our understanding, as it assumes the existence of objects without critical reflection.
• 😀 Intentionality is a key concept in phenomenology: it asserts that consciousness is always directed towards an object. Without this intentionality, consciousness cannot exist.
• 😀 Noema is the object of consciousness, the meaning or essence of what is perceived, while noesis is the act of consciousness itself, the process of perceiving the object.
• 😀 The relationship between noesis (the act of perception) and noema (the object being perceived) is inseparable in phenomenological analysis.
• 😀 The phenomenological reduction process, as described by Husserl, involves suspending all prior knowledge and biases to reach the essence of the phenomenon under study.
• 😀 The reduction process has several steps: suspending beliefs, placing assumptions in suspension, focusing on the experience itself, and ultimately reaching the essence of the phenomenon.
• 😀 Phenomenology seeks to provide clarity and understanding of human experience by reducing subjective influences, thus allowing a pure observation of the phenomenon in its essence.

Q & A

What is phenomenology and who introduced it?

Phenomenology is the study of phenomena in consciousness, and it was introduced by philosopher Edmund Husserl in the 20th century.

Why is phenomenology called the 'third force'?

Phenomenology is called the 'third force' because it is positioned between determinism and empiricism, offering an alternative philosophical approach to understanding human consciousness.

Is phenomenology a psychological approach?

No, phenomenology is a philosophical approach, not a psychological one. Psychological methods like humanism or psychodrama are related to but distinct from phenomenology.

What does the 'epoché' concept in phenomenology refer to?

The 'epoché' refers to the suspension of all pre-existing beliefs, assumptions, and knowledge about the object being observed. It allows one to study the phenomenon without any external biases.

What is the 'natural attitude' in phenomenology?

The 'natural attitude' is the ordinary perspective in which we take the existence of objects for granted without reflecting on them. Phenomenology encourages stepping away from this attitude to explore phenomena more deeply.

What is the concept of intentionality in phenomenology?

Intentionality in phenomenology refers to the idea that consciousness is always directed at an object. There is no consciousness without an object, and no object can exist in consciousness without being directed toward by the subject.

What are the terms 'noema' and 'noesis' in phenomenology?

'Noema' refers to the object of consciousness, the thing being perceived, while 'noesis' refers to the act of consciousness itself, or the process of perceiving the object.

How can the terms noema and noesis be illustrated with an example?

For example, when you see a tree, the tree is the 'noema' (the object), and the act of seeing the tree is the 'noesis' (the consciousness act of perceiving).

What is phenomenological reduction?

Phenomenological reduction is the process of uncovering the essence of a phenomenon by suspending beliefs, theories, and preconceptions. This method allows one to concentrate solely on the experience of the phenomenon itself.

What are the key steps involved in phenomenological reduction?

The steps of phenomenological reduction include: 1) suspending beliefs and theories, 2) putting all known information about the object into suspension, 3) focusing on the experience of the object, and 4) reaching the essence of the phenomenon by deeply analyzing the experience.