APHG.1.9 - Wallerstein's World System's Theory
Summary
TLDRThis educational script delves into Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, explaining the core-periphery model that delineates economic disparities between developed and underdeveloped nations. It outlines the characteristics of core countries—urban, industrialized, and politically powerful—and contrasts them with periphery countries, which often rely on the core for resources and capital. The theory posits that capitalism drives a global system where core countries exploit periphery nations for cheap labor and raw materials, perpetuating global inequality. The script also introduces the concept of semi-periphery countries, which share traits of both core and periphery, and discusses the potential for regions within countries to act as cores or peripheries themselves.
Takeaways
- 🌐 The core-periphery model is a theory explaining the spatial distribution of economic, political, and cultural power across the globe, distinguishing between 'core' and 'periphery' countries.
- 🏙️ Core countries are characterized by urbanization, industrialization, strong governments, financial power, and robust education systems.
- 🌾 Periphery countries are typically rural, have a large primary sector economy, and suffer from low political, military, and economic power, often experiencing brain drain and low wages.
- 🔄 The semi-periphery consists of countries that exhibit characteristics of both core and periphery, often serving as a buffer or transitional zone between the two.
- 📊 The Brandt Line, or North-South divide, illustrates the division between the wealthy countries of the Northern Hemisphere and the poorer countries of the South.
- 🔄 World Systems Theory, developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, posits that the global economy is interdependent but structured in a way that perpetuates inequality between core and periphery countries.
- 🏭 Core countries dominate by exploiting peripheral countries for labor and raw materials, maintaining their status through control of transportation, communication, and capital.
- 🌱 Periphery countries are often dependent on core countries for capital, leading to a reliance on exporting raw materials and a focus on low-skill, labor-intensive production.
- 🌟 Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs), or semi-periphery countries, have a median standard of living and are transitioning towards more diverse economic activities, including manufacturing and services.
- 🌍 The core-periphery model can be applied at various scales, from global to regional and even within nations, highlighting the complex and multi-layered nature of economic development and dependency.
Q & A
What is the core-periphery model?
-The core-periphery model is a concept used to describe the economic, political, or cultural power distribution across the globe. It distinguishes between 'core' countries, which are economically powerful and dominant, and 'periphery' countries, which are often dependent and less developed.
What are the characteristics of core countries according to the transcript?
-Core countries are typically urban, highly industrialized, have powerful governments, financial power, strong education systems, and are dominant in global politics and economics.
What does the term 'semi-periphery' refer to in the context of the core-periphery model?
-Semi-periphery countries have characteristics of both core and periphery countries. They may have some economic and political power but are not as dominant as core countries.
How is the Brand Line, or North-South divide, related to the core-periphery model?
-The Brand Line, or North-South divide, is a representation of the division between wealthy core countries, mostly located in the Northern Hemisphere, and poorer periphery countries, often in the Southern Hemisphere.
What is the World Systems Theory developed by Wallerstein?
-World Systems Theory is an approach to understanding world history and social change. It suggests that there is a global economic system where some countries benefit (core) and others are exploited (periphery), creating a hierarchy of economic power.
How does the World Systems Theory explain the relationship between core and peripheral countries?
-The theory posits that core countries dominate and exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials, creating a global interdependence that perpetuates inequality.
What is the role of capitalism in the World Systems Theory?
-Capitalism, with its competitive market forces determining the prices of goods, is argued to lead to a system where core countries exploit periphery countries, resulting in global inequality.
What are the implications of being a periphery country in the World Systems Theory?
-Periphery countries often lack strong central governments, have little political or military power, and are economically dependent on core countries for capital and markets.
What is meant by 'external areas' in the context of the World Systems Theory?
-External areas are regions that maintain their own economic systems and do not participate in the global economy as defined by the core-periphery model. They are self-sufficient and have their own labor and markets.
Can the core-periphery model be applied at different scales?
-Yes, the core-periphery model can be applied at various scales, from global to regional, national, and even within cities, to understand the distribution of economic power.
How has the status of Russia changed in relation to the World Systems Theory?
-Historically considered an external area, Russia has started to open its borders and economic system to foreign investment, moving away from being a self-sufficient entity to participating more in the global economy.
Outlines
🌐 Core-Periphery Model in Global Development
The paragraph introduces the core-periphery model, a concept used to describe the economic, political, and cultural power distribution across the globe. It contrasts core countries, which are highly developed and dominant in world politics, with periphery countries, which are often dependent and less developed. The model is explained through the lens of urbanization, industrialization, government power, financial strength, and education systems in core countries, while periphery countries are characterized by rural populations, primary sector economies, and a lack of political and economic power. The concept of semi-periphery countries, which share characteristics of both core and periphery, is also mentioned. The paragraph concludes with a discussion of the Brand Line or North-South Divide, highlighting the historical impact of colonialism and imperialism on the current state of global development.
📚 Wallerstein's World Systems Theory
This section delves into Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, which expands upon the core-periphery model to explain economic interdependence and inequality on a global scale. The theory posits that the world economy is structured in a way that benefits core countries at the expense of peripheral ones. Core countries are described as those with the ability to exploit others for labor and raw materials, leading to a global hierarchy with a three-tiered system. The paragraph discusses how core countries create high-profit goods using cheap labor and materials from periphery countries, and how semi-periphery countries fit into this model. It also touches on the historical context of this economic system, which was prevalent in the 1800s, and the ongoing impact of capitalism as a driving force behind the global inequality.
🏭 Characteristics of Core and Periphery Countries
The paragraph explores the defining traits of core and periphery countries within the context of capitalism. Core countries are characterized by their dominance in capitalist markets, strong military power, and minimal dependency on other nations. They focus on high-skill, capital-intensive activities and have the means to secure cheap labor and raw materials from periphery countries. Examples of core countries include the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Japan, the United States, and most of Western Europe. The discussion also includes the concept of world cities, which are major urban centers that disproportionately influence the global economy. In contrast, periphery countries often lack strong central governments, may be controlled by others, and rely heavily on exporting raw materials to core countries. The paragraph concludes by noting that the core-periphery model can be applied at various scales, from global to regional, and even within individual nations.
🌱 Evolution of Periphery and Semi-Periphery Countries
This section discusses the evolution and current status of periphery and semi-periphery countries. It notes that historically, regions like Eastern Europe and Latin America were considered periphery, but many have since developed. The paragraph focuses on Africa, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, as a modern example of periphery countries, characterized by a reliance on exporting raw materials and underdeveloped industries. Semi-periphery countries, or newly industrialized countries (NICs), are described as having a median standard of living with access to diverse economic activities, though income inequality remains significant. Examples include India, China, and Brazil, which are transitioning from periphery to semi-periphery status due to factors like growing consumer markets and technological advancements. The paragraph also introduces the concept of external areas, which are regions that maintain their own economic systems and do not participate in the global economy, using Russia as a historical example.
🌉 The Multi-Scale Application of Core-Periphery Model
The final paragraph emphasizes the applicability of the core-periphery model at various scales, from global to local. It provides examples of how the model can be used to analyze economic cores and peripheries within regions like Southern California or countries like Japan and South Africa. The paragraph also suggests that the United States can be analyzed in the same way, with some areas being industrial cores and others being periphery. The discussion concludes with the idea that the core-periphery model is a flexible tool for understanding economic disparities and development patterns at different geographical levels.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Core-Periphery Model
💡Wallerstein's World Systems Theory
💡North-South Divide
💡Semi-Periphery Countries
💡Industrial Core
💡Periphery Countries
💡External Areas
💡Green Revolution
💡Outsourcing
💡Transnational Corporations
Highlights
Introduction to Wallerstein's World Systems Theory and its application to economic relationships between developed and underdeveloped countries.
Explanation of the core-periphery model as a way to describe economic, political, and cultural power distribution across the globe.
Description of core countries as economically powerful and dominant in world politics, in contrast to marginal or lesser developed countries.
Characteristics of core countries include urbanization, industrialization, strong governments, financial power, and robust education systems.
Periphery countries are typically rural, have less political and military power, and experience brain drain and low wages.
Semi-periphery countries exhibit characteristics of both core and periphery, often caught in the middle of global economic dynamics.
The Brand Line or North-South Divide is a concept illustrating the division between wealthy countries in the Northern Hemisphere and poorer countries in the South.
Imperialism and colonialism are historically significant factors contributing to the current economic disparities between core and periphery countries.
Wallerstein's theory posits that capitalism leads to a system where core countries exploit periphery countries for resources and labor.
Core countries benefit from cheap labor and raw materials from peripheral countries, which are then used to create high-profit goods.
Periphery countries are often dependent on core countries for capital and investment to stimulate their economies.
Semi-periphery countries, like India, China, and Brazil, are considered newly industrialized countries with a mix of economic activities.
External areas, such as historical Russia, maintain their own economic systems and are not significantly involved in the global economy.
The core-periphery model can be applied at various scales, from global to regional and even within individual nations.
The concept of world cities as the driving force behind core countries' economic power and global influence.
The importance of understanding regional differences within core countries and the role of transnational corporations in shaping the global economy.
Transcripts
everybody welcome back we are now going
to take a look at a specific facet of a
development called Waller scen World
systems theory which is a way in which
to describe the relationships between
developed and underdeveloped countries
so we got to start a little bit more
broadly with What's called the core
periphery model um it's this is not
particularly difficult to understand
because we've been talking all year
about most developed countries versus
least developed countries the corporate
free model is just a model that's used
to explain the economic political or
cultural power and or cultural power and
how it's spatially distributed across
the Earth in some places they're the
dominant economically powerful quote
unquote core countries and there's also
marginal or dependent countries that
depend upon others known as semi-
periphery or periphery countries more
simplistically there are core countries
most developed countries of the world
who are economically powerful and
dominant in World politics and there are
marginal or lesser developed countries
ldcs or developing countries who are
often dependent of on that core for all
kinds of materials and and are and
simply do not have as much Global power
so not not particularly difficult to
understand this concept of what the core
and periphery model are in some ways um
and I'm going to come back to this term
in a second there's some people argue
that the world has halves and Hales Nots
people who have things and people who do
not that's a enormous generalization but
we're going to work with the term as we
apply it to the world systems theory the
characteristics of the core this is not
difficult because this is also reflects
much of our class discussion the core
countries are Urban they're highly
industrialized they have powerful
governments they have Financial power I
also mentioned on the the um the graphic
on the right there's also strong
education systems the periphery um
there's primary there's the most people
are working in the primary sector of the
economy so you see their rural mining
forestry agriculture very little
political power very little military
power little economic power to an extent
um you see that the term coming back
from first from the second unit these
countries often experience brain drain
people often leave and do not come back
to further develop the country and
economically speaking people are earning
pretty low wages this m periphery which
is not represented necessarily on the
graphic here um are the the countries
that have characteristics of both that
they give some characteristics of a core
some characteristics of a periphery
country this is where that term Again
The Haves and Have Nots the idea that
there's countries that have resources
have power have influence and there's
countries that do not well we're going
to take a look now at this um well
actually I'm sorry I'm getting ahead of
myself there's actually something called
the brand line or the north south divide
and we brought this up earlier in the
year but I want to re revisit this um
looking at this concept of the core and
the periphery we're looking right now at
a North Polar projection map oh didn't
that feel good go back to first unit um
the north polar projection map is going
to be imagine right now the screen when
you're looking at this screen imagine
you're looking at the top of the earth
down that's that's the perspective that
we're looking at you see the North Pole
is in the middle there in fact I'm going
to point to it here
you see our North Pole right here in the
middle we got our North Pole this uh a
gentleman developed this in the 1960s
and it was the called the the brand line
or the north south divide which is a
reference to the fact that this if we
were to draw a line around approximately
30° north latitude imagine your Earth
okay imagine the Earth being round
here's our North Pole imagine again the
round earth and if we were going to go
the equator would be somewhere out
here if we were going to go to 30° north
and we really some it's 20 Dees North
but generally speaking we'll say 30°
north if you see around here that if we
generally drew a line then that and we
Encompass those countries in the middle
then those countries comprise the most
the the majority of the most developed
countries of the world as well as
Australia right makes sense here when we
consider that these are the co Colonial
Powers these are in Western Europe these
are the countries that went out and
colonized places like North America
places like South Pacific and in
Australia we'll come back to Latin
America momentarily but this this north
northern concentrated region is known as
the as or is not known as but is
represented by these wealthy countries
of Europe America Japan Japan is also
included here you see that's why we got
that 30 Dees to include
Japan um and generally outside of that
in the Southern Hemisphere or in the
poor countries of the world of Asia
Africa and Latin America and this is uh
actually you see here that the poorest
20% of the the world lives in the
southern hemisphere we're going to talk
about why because it's completely
inaccurate to say this is a reflection
of the distribution of the resources of
the world the majority of this really
comes back again to that colonialism and
that imperialism where these nations
went out and took over other places and
they created the systems whereby these
periphery countries think about
peripheral vision your side Vision so if
here's your core I think about that like
I don't your eyeball here your retina
and then you got here the periphery your
peripheral vision these core countries
created systems whereby the periphery
countries are dependent upon the core
these core countries would go out and
take raw materials from these regions
bring them back to the core manufacture
them and then sell them back that was a
system that was Define the economics of
the 1800s on the whole we just need to
know that this brand Line North South
divide is the division is a
representative representation of the
division between the wealthy countries
of Europe and America Japan and
Australia as a pertain to 30° north
latitude um versus the poorest countries
living on the periphery okay so that's
the that's the concept of the core and
the periphery on the whole mdc's ldcs
but we're using the terminology core and
periphery there's a gentleman named
wallerstein who in the 1960s came up
with utilizing this core periphery model
utilizing the same concept of where here
the most developed and the least
developed countries of the world he
developed something called the world
systems theory and the world systems
theory it was a way to
explain the the economic relationships
between these areas of the world and he
used this concept of essentially
answering what not why but expl
explaining how the entire world is
economically interdependent upon one
another and how that interdependence is
both unfair and how that interdependence
of the world perpetuates meaning
continues this idea that there are core
countries of the world and there are
periphery countries of the world so
wallerstein took the ideas of the core
periphery model and applied to the
economic systems that intertwine the
rest of this world so our definition
World systems theory was an approach to
world history into social change and it
suggests that there's a world economic
system a system of an economy that
connects everybody in which some
countries benefit those are the core
countries and others are exploited
exploited means take advantage of taken
advantage of so if you got exploited
sorry there's the Bell exploited on the
left and taken advantage of on the right
the core countries benefit the peripher
are taken advantage of that's again the
return of this concept of the halves and
the Have Nots the world econ the world
economy as you see here this is not
terribly different than the than the
concept of the core and periphery but
simply this idea is that there are some
who are taking advantage of others in
order to make themselves core
countries so we got a three- tiered
hierarchy we already explained this the
core countries they Dominate and they
exploit peripheral countries for labor
and raw materials let's look at this
graphic the core countries
are going to utilize the cheap labor and
the raw materials of the periphery
countries and those periphery countries
consider Outsourcing right they're going
to produce cheap labor and they're going
to uh we're going to take the raw
materials not we core countries are
going to take raw materials and they're
going to be brought to the core the core
is then going to manufacture or going to
create high-profit consumption Goods so
in the core is where you're going to see
um the creation of um even they're
manufactured in China some but you can
see like the iPhone here right there's
the iPhone because the core is
benefiting from the cheap labor and raw
materials of the periphery the core
countries are now able to create these
high-tech Industries and these high-tech
jobs in essence the core is able to
create a tertiary economy because the
per periphery is providing the resources
and the raw material peripheral
countries are dependent upon the core
for capital capital again we talked
about this we talked about Capital
intensive uh or Capital intensive
farming Capital again is the money right
needed for production so with that the
semi- periphery countries are the
countries that are going to depend upon
both so the that periphery oh I was that
definition there the capital is again
the money needed for um investment money
need to start up so simplistically
capital is money but generally speaking
you refer to Capital is the money you
need in order to do something you can't
just go out and well I guess unless
you're really rich but you can't really
just go out and just and start
businesses and industries you need
Investments you need Capital you need
money that can be used to invest in
things period periphery countries are
often dependent upon the core countries
for Capital they don't necessarily have
the money necessary for startups oh
there's that Bell again um so in that
that's that's kind of reminiscent of
what we talked about in political
geography when we talked about IMF the
international monetary fund and we
talked about the World Bank and we
talked about the way in which those
countries those institutions um
specifically the World Bank applies
loans to lesser veled countries of the
world to give them that Capital here is
x amount of money to build xbridge to
provide X services to
people semi- periphery countries are the
ones who share the characteristics of
both but in some what this entire system
is sort of rooted upon is this idea that
wall acknowledges that the system of
capitalism that the system of um D using
supply and demand to control the prices
of goods is ultimately going to lead to
the system of a core country exploiting
a periphery leading to General global
inequality that there will always be
this core of industrialized regions not
always but there'll be the core of
industrialized regions and there's going
to be an area that loses the
periphery so who are these core
countries what are the characteristics
so remember again before we go any
further the capitalism which we talked
about at the beginning of this of this
unit was the process of letting
competitive market Fork Market forces or
competitive markets determine the prices
of goods rather than the government
saying you will sell bread for this
price is to say private citizens I want
to start a bread company and I'm going
to sell it for this much and another
citizen saying well I want to Bo start a
bread company and I'm going to sell it
for $5 cheaper that's that's capitalism
it's it's natural competition of forces
of supply and demand both good and bad
but capitalism would be what wallerstein
is arguing is causing this system of The
Haves and the Have Nots as did Carl
marks um so core countries are the
dominant capitalist countries and they
they have strong military power you've
got a military to back up your force and
back up you what you want to do um
there's really little dependency upon
other countries in the sense of there's
dependency that capitalist countries
want or core countries excuse me want to
take cheap labor and raw materials but
if NE there there's no reason that
there's little reason that a core
country needs to answer to another
country is a good way to phrase it they
don't have the core country's economy is
not necessarily dependent it's not like
the core country's economy couldn't
stand on its own two feet um that was
very wordy but no dependence upon other
countries core countries surge the needs
of the higher class sorry so generally
speaking these are the more
economically uh Focus oh no
econ the the higher classes are often
benefiting the most from the economies
and the economy in the whole is focused
upon higher skill Capital intensive
inter activities just tertiary
activities so Capital intensive meaning
costs a lot of money cost a lot of money
to start up a Google right you need
people you need people who need to be
paid well you need people who are
educated and educated well to to go into
to creating some of these products so
those are those are kind of the core the
key characteristics of the core
countries and this is redundant so they
do not need to copy this down but we
just need to keep this in mind so the
core countries because of the power that
they have from all those characteristics
they can then obtain these lower prices
for raw material and cheap labor from
the periphery they can do it they can
demand it they can seek it and they have
the ability to take advantage of it they
have access to Transportation Systems
they have access to communication they
access to money that would allow that
would allow the core country to then
take advantage of the U materials of the
the periphery countries the very initial
examples provided again this was Theory
came up in the 1960s United Kingdom
France and Holland actually was another
one of the examples provided in modern
day we can add to those Japan the United
States Japan Germany most of Western
Europe uh Australia these are going to
be uh just generally speaking the most
developed countries of the world are the
core
countries the exist oh and there you go
again so the existing cores if we're
going to speak regionally of the world
economy we got North America we got
Europe and we've got Japan southeast
Asia but Japan's the core of that but
it's also important to know though this
is where we're coming back to this idea
of regional difference it's not as if
every single comp part of every single
one of these countries is extremely
developed rather this concept of the
world economy really operates through
what's called a network of world cities
it's the major cities of each of these
places that's driving this world
development this core development world
cities are cities with uh places that
have a disproportionate disproportionate
means does not match disproportionate
means more than um more than others okay
so places with a disproportionate share
of economic political and cultural
influence if you think about the United
States if you think about somewhere like
uh de Mo or you think about Fargo in
North North Dakota New York City has so
much more contribution to our industrial
World economy than those areas do is
that bad no but that's just simply a
regional difference in a core country
you can see there in the bottom map that
the the core cities the world cities of
these different regions Tokyo and Japan
is driving its World economy and it's
and its status as a core country um so
it's keep it's important to keep in mind
that there are cores within cores there
are core areas of countries within
cores um they do not need to copy this
down I just wanted to show you this is
kind of a cool
representation um of it says the 1300 13
the 1318 terrible phrasing 1, 318
transnational corporations that form the
core of the economy and super connected
companies are red and very connected
companies are in yellow the size of the
dot represents their revenue in other
words we have here that it's the trans
these transnational corporations all
over the world are often what's driving
whether or not a place is a core country
or not so that doesn't always
necessarily mean that the entire country
is part of um one of these particular
characteristics let's flip our
perspective to periphery countries
periphery countries lack a strong
central government and periphery
countries may be controlled by another
state may have be a colony May simply
have have an enormous dependence upon
another country so they're economically
controlled by another state um for the
vast majority of their economy is based
upon exporting raw materials to core
countries they may even depend upon the
core countries for Capital another
connection back to agriculture consider
Green Revolution that we're depending
upon mdc's for the capital or the core
countries for the capital to start Green
Revolution techniques but just generally
speaking um Agra business or commercial
agriculture on the whole usually there's
underdeveloped econ eom so excuse me
underdeveloped industry and on the whole
the economy is defined by low skill
labor intensive production so cheap
labor really is what that means the
labor that people are not necessarily
paid well and they're not necessar
necessarily doing High skilled
labor uh the Pere countries the initial
examples that were provided in this so
the historic examples were Eastern
Europe and Latin America now that we
cannot go further without saying that
that has now changed a lot of Eastern
Europe are now developing um countries
for sure particularly after the fall of
the Soviet Union when countries could
now go to capitalist States they can
rather than being communists and having
the government dictate their prices for
everything and control all parts of
their their country now these countries
are becoming um developing States
similarly ltin well similarly in that
Latin America is now almost entirely
developing countries of the world very
few part very few regions of Latin
America are considered now ldcs or
periphery countries now the most modern
ldcs um at it applies to Africa then
sadly the entirety of Africa but the uh
subsaharan Africa in particular Northern
Africa is more developed than um
subsaharian Africa uh South Africa is
not so regionally yes but in particular
the country of South Africa um is
particularly developed much of Central
Asia is considered to be less a
periphery country periphery countries
and the Pacific Rim Pacific Rim
referring to the nations in the Pacific
the um many of island nations there so
let's then what about semi- periphery
countries okay so semi- periphery
countries are often referred to as newly
industrialized countries nic's you've
seen that that I actually remember the I
think the AP exam had referred to them
that way last year maybe it was the year
before but newly industrialized
countries um these are they have a
median standard of living meaning
they're moderate the conditions of
living are um better than a periphery
but maybe not necessarily as developed
as a most developed country of the world
a core country
the citizens of the semi periphery
countries often have access to different
economic activities so uh let's think
about that like the citizens may have
the opportunity to go into a
manufacturing job they may have access
to some higher education but typically
there's a significant gap between the
rich and the poor there's certain groups
of people who are taking advantage of
these opportunities but the vast but the
society itself is still shifting
consider if we went all the way back for
a semi- periphery country we went back
to the discussion here about um
um there I'm going all the way back to
the sectors of the job you would see if
there's a country a shift in between
these two that there'd be um for for a
developing Nation for a semi- periphery
country you'd have fewer people in The
primary sector more in the secondary
sector and an increasing number in the
tertiary sector so that's sort of the
just logically the shift towards the
tertiary
Society sorry now I got go all the way
back here okay uh oh too far too far
okay um semi- periphery charact
countries again they experience the
characteristics of both um it could be
either a core region now I'm going to
say this I'm going to speak within a
country for a moment it could be a core
region that's in Decline so let's think
rustv for example or periphery region
that's undergoing development a per
semi- periphery country for the most
part would be one that's moving that's
progressing forward that the for the
most part that a semi- periphery country
be one that's developing if we were
going to apply the core periphery model
to country then we could consider an
area that's de-industrializing perhaps
as a semi- periphery country semi-
periphery region because it has
manufacturing but is decreasing okay key
examples of semi- periphery countries
these are ones that um probably
surprised you at the beginning of the
year but no longer will are India China
and Brazil just key key examples of
developing nations China may be what's
in your mind sticking out as a
particularly unique example but we're
going to and we'll dive much more deeply
in that in class but you can see I mean
China's GD p is certainly expanded as as
shown on those graphs there um and then
there's experiencing tremendous growth
but it cannot be you can't forget that
consider again this concept of regions
there there might be core regions of
China but that certainly doesn't mean
that every single person is experiencing
develop wealth and it certainly doesn't
mean that the entire country has shifted
out of I mean it's a com Still Remains a
communist country I mean whether that's
that's changing a lot of the regulations
are changing but that that that can't we
can't consider just because hear in the
news that China's economy is expanding
that doesn't necessarily mean it's
touching lives of all the people um
Brazil key as this is just a um article
probably give this one you in class
about a mo is should Brazil be the RO
role model for development how we can
see how Brazil has continued to to
Really Skyrocket and Lead the Way in
development in Latin
America um another example is just India
think about that Outsourcing video
that's India is still largely dependent
upon core countries for Capital so still
largely dependent upon that Outsourcing
of Industry from core countries but
that's also as we saw it's also has its
own emerging consumer market and growing
technology sector just like that
multiplier effect shows us as soon as
development came the development
continued so that's uh semi- periphery
region now there's an important other
characteristic which something that's
called the external areas and external
areas are regions that maintain their
own economic system so there external
areas are are places that wallerstein
said are outside of this World Systems
analysis and this world syst systems
theory that they're not participating in
this world economy places these places
would have their own labor market they
would have oh they' have their own
market for the goods I'm sorry if this
is typo here they have their own labor
source um so the people themselves are
not necessarily coming from other places
or nor are people from other places
producing goods for this country they
own their own uh they have their own
Market where they're selling their goods
and they create crops and goods for
their own people their own Market
redundant but the idea is that they the
this this um country essentially is
self-sufficient it operates on its own
and the historic example of that is
Russia um that historically Russia had a
power had a very has had a very powerful
government and the inter internal trade
the trade within the country has
superseded external trade they don't
have large scale um International
Development in Russia and the the goods
and the manufa that are being produced
in Russia for the most part were going
towards the Russian citizens now I have
to say that this is changed I mean this
is really changing there's an article um
back in was it I guess 2009 that was
really breaking down all of the
different the uh the introduction of
special economic zones in Russia so
Russia is now starting to introduce and
encourage foreign investment recognizing
that that's the only way that Russia
will ever move past a uh a secondary a
semi- periphery I guess you could well
it's not semi periphery a developing
Nation the only way it will become a
most developed nation is through opening
its borders and its economic system to
greater foreign investment so you can
see um on the top map there it shows you
some of the it says free economic zones
those are the special economic zones
where they're encourage they have
favorable tax rates and they're
encouraging for foreign development um
in order to drive their economy so
historically Russia was an example of an
external area not a participant in the
global economy and that's still on the
whole true but it's not necessarily as
true as it was 25 years
ago last concept here is that the core
periphery model and the wallerstein
model just generally speaking this
applies at many scales remember think of
think of zooming in on a City versus
zooming all the way out and taking a
look at the world if you forgot what
scale of analysis means which you should
not but if you did from the first unit
um you're familiar with this because
we've done it all year we're looking at
issues from various levels is this a
national problem is this a local problem
is this an international problem or is
international term so consider that
there can be cores at many scales here's
an example La is the core of Southern
California that in that way we're
looking regionally to see where's the
core Japan is the core of Southeast Asia
and then I included a map here but even
within Japan there is a core region so
the Tokyo Yak Yokohama District in Japan
is the industrial core of Japan um yo
Johannesburg is a core region of South
Africa so if we're looking at it on the
national scale if you're talking about
the United States that's one of your
analysis questions we looked at this of
the industrial core regions and which
areas would be semi- periphery and which
areas would be periphery regions of the
United States so this core periphery
model applies to countries but it also
applies within the borders of a given
country okay there it is so three
relatively simple analysis questions for
the first three number four um is it I
want some I want some real analysis here
which regions of the United States would
you argue are industrial cores oh that's
not
complete and which areas are our
periphery okay so that's what I need to
see from you
go ahead and pause these and you will be
using this to complete your industrial
um economic analysis of your geopolitics
Team all right that's
it
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