Grade 10 SCIENCE | Quarter 3 Module 5 | Evidences of Evolution
Summary
TLDRThis educational video explores the evidence for evolution in grade 10 science, focusing on four key areas: fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information. It explains how fossils document extinct species and their relation to modern ones, the significance of homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures in comparative anatomy, the implications of similar early embryonic stages across species, and the role of genetic mutations in species evolution. The video uses examples like horse and whale evolution, and human-chimpanzee DNA comparison to illustrate these points.
Takeaways
- đ± **Evolution Defined**: Evolution is the change in inherited traits over generations, allowing organisms to adapt and survive.
- đ **Learning Competency**: The goal is to explain how fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetic information provide evidence for evolution.
- 𩮠**Fossil Records**: These are traces of past life preserved in rocks, documenting extinct species and their relation to present-day organisms.
- đ **Types of Fossils**: Focus is on imprints (external molds) and compressions (preserved tissues with organic material).
- âł **Dating Fossils**: Relative dating using methods like carbon-14 helps determine the age of fossils.
- đ **Evolution Example**: Fossils show the evolution of horses and whales, with changes in anatomy over time.
- đŹ **Comparative Anatomy**: Studies similarities and differences in structures across species, indicating common ancestry.
- đ **Homologous Structures**: Similar body parts across species that evolved from a common ancestor, like the limbs of cats, whales, and bats.
- đ **Analogous Structures**: Body parts that perform the same function but evolved from different ancestors, like wings of birds, insects, and bats.
- đ **Vestigial Structures**: Body parts no longer useful in current species but were functional in ancestors, like the whale's pelvic bones.
- đ¶ **Embryonic Development**: Similarities in early embryos of different species suggest a common ancestry.
- 𧏠**Genetic Information**: Small mutations in DNA over time can lead to significant evolutionary changes, as seen in the close genetic similarity between humans and chimpanzees.
Q & A
What is the definition of evolution as mentioned in the script?
-Evolution is defined as the change in inherited traits over successive generations in populations of organisms, allowing them to adapt and survive in their environment.
What are the four main evidences of evolution discussed in the script?
-The four main evidences of evolution discussed are fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information.
What are the two main types of fossils that the script focuses on?
-The script focuses on imprints and compressions as the two main types of fossils.
How are the ages of fossils determined according to the script?
-The ages of fossils are determined using relative dating and radioactive isotopes, with carbon-14 being one of the best-known methods.
What is an example of fossil records provided in the script for horse evolution?
-The script provides an example of horse evolution where the fossil records show differences in the hooves or forefoot of horses, with modern horses having a single bone and older fossils showing extra parts.
How do homologous structures serve as evidence for evolution?
-Homologous structures, which are body parts of organisms that may perform different functions but are of the same origin, serve as evidence for evolution by indicating that organisms evolved from common ancestors.
What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?
-Homologous structures are body parts that share a common origin and may have different functions, while analogous structures are body parts that perform the same function but have different origins.
What are vestigial structures and how do they relate to evolution?
-Vestigial structures are body parts that are no longer useful or are remnants from a previous ancestor where they were functional. They relate to evolution as they represent traits that have been retained over time despite no longer serving their original purpose.
How does embryonic development provide evidence for evolution?
-Embryonic development provides evidence for evolution by showing that many organisms have similar embryos at early stages, suggesting a common ancestry, even though they may diverge significantly in later stages.
What is the significance of genetic information in understanding evolution?
-Genetic information is significant in understanding evolution because small mutations in DNA can lead to the evolution of new species. The script mentions that even a single insertion, deletion, or substitution can lead to major changes, and over time, these changes can accumulate to result in evolution.
How similar are human and chimpanzee DNA according to the script?
-The script states that humans and chimpanzees have 98.8 percent similar DNA, making them very closely related genetically.
Outlines
đ± Introduction to Evolution Evidence
The paragraph introduces the topic of evolution evidence within a grade 10 science module. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetic information substantiate evolution. Evolution is defined as the change in inherited traits over generations, allowing organisms to adapt. The paragraph outlines four key evidences of evolution: fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information. Fossil records are described as traces of past life preserved in sedimentary rocks, with a focus on imprints and compressions. The method of relative dating using isotopes like carbon-14 is mentioned for determining the age of fossils. Examples of fossil records, such as horse and whale evolution, are provided to illustrate the concept.
đŸ Fossil Records and Comparative Anatomy
This section delves into the evidence of evolution through fossil records and comparative anatomy. Fossil records are highlighted as strong evidence, showing the evolution of species like horses and whales over millions of years. The paragraph then transitions to comparative anatomy, which examines structural similarities and differences among species. It introduces homologous structuresâbody parts from a common ancestor that may have different functionsâas evidence of shared evolutionary history. Examples such as the forelimbs of cats, whales, and bats are used to illustrate this point. The concept of divergent evolution is related to homologous structures, showing how species can evolve different traits from a common ancestor.
đ Analogous and Vestigial Structures
The paragraph discusses analogous structures, which are body parts that perform the same function but have different origins, exemplified by the wings of birds, insects, and bats. This leads to the concept of convergent evolution, where different species develop similar traits despite distinct ancestors. Vestigial structures are also covered; these are body parts no longer useful in their current form, such as the pelvic bones in whales, wings of ostriches, and the human appendix. Each example illustrates how vestigial structures are remnants of ancestral traits that were once functional.
đ¶ Embryonic Development and Genetic Evidence
The paragraph explores embryonic development as evidence for evolution, noting that many organisms share similar early embryonic stages, suggesting common ancestry. It contrasts the early similarities with the divergence in later stages of development. The final part of the paragraph focuses on genetic information as evidence for evolution, discussing how mutations in DNA can lead to significant changes and new species over time. The close genetic relationship between humans and chimpanzees is highlighted, with a comparison of their chromosomes and a mention of the small genetic differences that exist between them.
𧏠Recap and Conclusion
The final paragraph summarizes the key points discussed in the video script, which include the four evidences of evolution: fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information. It reiterates the importance of these evidences in understanding the evolutionary process and how they collectively support the theory of evolution. The paragraph concludes with a call to action for viewers to like and subscribe for more educational content, indicating the end of the lesson.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄEvolution
đĄFossil Records
đĄComparative Anatomy
đĄHomologous Structures
đĄAnalogous Structures
đĄVestigial Structures
đĄEmbryonic Development
đĄGenetic Information
đĄDivergent Evolution
đĄConvergent Evolution
Highlights
Evolution is defined as the change in inherited traits over generations, allowing organisms to adapt and survive.
Fossil records provide evidence of extinct species related to present-day organisms.
Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks and come in six main types, with imprints and compressions being the focus.
Relative dating using radioactive isotopes, like carbon-14, helps determine the age of fossils.
Fossil evidence shows the evolution of horses and whales, with changes in hooves and blowholes over time.
Comparative anatomy examines similarities and differences in structures across species.
Homologous structures indicate common ancestry despite different functions, like the limbs of cats, whales, and bats.
Analogous structures perform the same function but have different origins, such as wings in birds, insects, and bats.
Vestigial structures are remnants from ancestors, like the pelvic bones in whales and the appendix in humans.
Embryonic development shows similarities in early stages across species, suggesting common ancestors.
Genetic information and mutations, such as DNA changes, contribute to the evolution of new species.
Humans and chimpanzees share 98.8% similar DNA, highlighting their close evolutionary relationship.
Amino acid sequences in hemoglobin are identical in humans and chimpanzees, but differ in other species.
The lesson concludes with a recap of the four evidences of evolution: fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryonic development, and genetic information.
Transcripts
hi students welcome back to my channel
for today our lesson is all about the
evidences of evolution
[Music]
this is module 5 of grade 10 science and
our most essential learning competency
is to explain how fossil records
comparative anatomy and genetic
information provide evidence for
evolution
what is evolution in the first place
evolution is the change in inherited
traits over successive generations
in populations of organisms
this change allowed organisms to adapt
and survive in their environment
mutations
we will be discussing four evidences of
evolution
first we have fossil records
second comparative anatomy
third embryonic development and fourth
genetic information
let's start with fossil records
what are fossils or fossil records
fossil records are traces of organisms
that lived in the past and were
preserved by natural process or
catastrophic events
fossils document the existence of now
extinct
past species that are related to present
day species
fossils are usually found in sedimentary
rocks just like what is shown in the
picture on the screen
there are six main types of fossils
however we will be focusing on two
those are
imprints
and
compressions
what is the difference between the two
imprints are shallow external molds left
by animal or plant tissues with little
or no organic materials present komo
papansina tends at the example
outline
organism
sedimentary rock or any type of frag
where the fossil is found that's why
it's called imprint
on the other hand
compressions are animal or plant tissues
preserved in sedimentary rocks and is
formed with more
organic material
so possible you miss smoke plot or
animal
sediment
organic materials
the next question is how are the ages of
fossils determined
scientists have two methods
first is
relative dating
when we say relative dating
the age of rock is compared to the other
rock players relative we relate
the age of rocks so usually
isotopes radioactive isotopes and one of
them is carbon-14
that's why this method is one of the
best-known methods of dating fossils
now what is an example of
fossil records that we can use
in
this discussion
the picture shown on your screen is the
evolution of a horse
aside from that
if we examine the hooves or the forefoot
of these horses we can see differences
in the modern horse we can see that the
bone is like a single bone
whereas i should go back in time
extra parts
and that is found in fossils of these
horses
another thing
is
fossil record of whale evolution
the one on the uppermost left is a
pakistatus which lived about 56 to 41
million years ago
it was believed to be the ancestor of
the whale
and this lived 47 million years ago
[Music]
the third picture shows the
fossil remains of edordon
which lived
around 40 to 33 million years ago and
this is a fully aquatic animal already
my limbs
yeah
and then we have the ballena
parang
baliena it is the most recent whale
ancestor and we can see that it is quite
similar to
the dorado except
only to support nato compared to support
nato
so you see that
these four species are believed to be
the ancestors of the
whale
and
we can see that
up to present meron paring pelvis
also if we look at the head of the whale
based on fossil records we can see that
the nose trails
seem to be
located near the end of the nose
okay
as
years went by
blowholes
so therefore we can say that fossil
records
serve as strong evidences for evolution
because we can actually
compare
or visualize what is the appearance of a
species millions of years ago or for
different eras
next the next evidence is comparative
anatomy comparative anatomy is the study
of the similarities and differences in
the structures of different species and
here we will be discussing three types
of structures we have homologous
structures analogous structures and
vestigial structures what is the
difference among the three let's start
with homologous structures
homologous structures
are body parts of organisms that may
perform different functions but are of
the same origin so bhaga natina sabina
marantine lower are merentating wrist
marantine palm maritime fingers
cats whales and bats have similar
features
although
the limbs of cats
whales and bats have different functions
the presence of homologous structures is
a strong indicator that the organisms
evolved from common ancestors
so these similar parts are colored the
same for example
same with the regions the ulna pulse
metacarpals and the phalanges
homologous structures is related to a
concept we call divergent evolution
divergent evolution simply tells us that
although specific species
have common ancestors
they adapt different traits for example
on the left side of the screen
we can say that
all dog species came from wolves
but then we have different dog breeds we
have different dog species similarly
zebras
donkeys and horses are related but they
come from only one ancestor
up next is
analogous structures so how is this
different from
homologous structures
analogous structures are body parts of
organisms that may perform the same
function but are of different origins
for example we can compare bird wings
insect wings and bat wings
all these three organisms come from
kingdom
animalia however they are from different
classes birds came from
class aves
butterflies come from
class insecta and
bats are of course
class mammalia
so although they have different classes
they are all able to fly
so all of these structures are used for
the same function for flying however
each organism has a distinct ancestor
homologous structure
and if homologous structures are related
to divergent evolution
analogous structures are
related to convergent evolution this
means that
two or different species evolve similar
traits in spite of having
distinct ancestors just like bats and
whales they both are capable of what we
call echolocation or
they can find something by just
releasing sound and that sound helps
them find food or helps them in their
hunting
the next type of structures is vestigial
structures
vestigial structures are body parts that
are useless or left over from a previous
ancestor
in which they were useful
if you remember we have discussed about
the fossil records of whales
modern whales are found to still have
pelvic bones and obitum pelvic bones
nato pelvic bones are like hip bones
hip bones
and this is related to the ancient
whales
we regard this pelvic bones as vestigial
structures
the wings of ostriches are also regarded
as vestigial structures buckets
the wings of an ostrich are too small to
allow them to fly
also
we have cave fish if you compare a cave
fish with the surface fish
cave fish
cave fish
this means that these eyes are
considered as vestigial structures
for humans we have a few vestigial
structures first of them is the appendix
maybe you have heard of some people who
were treated
with appendicitis
so the basa
it's a possible cause of appendicitis
however the appendix itself is a
vestigial structure
the next one is the wisdom tooth
that's why it is considered as a
vestigial structure
ancestor
another vestigial structure of humans
are the bones found in the external ear
according to scientists
there are bones in the external ear
that allow our ancestors to move the
ears salimbawa
that is a previous function of our
ancestors but now we do not need it
finally we also have tail bones if we
examine our skeletal system we will
notice that at the end of the vertebrae
we have a bone there which
is like a tail
so possible
millions of years ago humans
have tails sabine latiba
tayo dao i evolved from
chimpanzees
separate discussion about chimpanzees
let's go now to the third evidence of
evolution and that is embryonic
development
embryonic development is the portion of
the life cycle that begins just after
fertilization
many organisms have similar embryos
supporting the idea of common ancestors
embryonic
on the first column we have the embryo
of a lizard
second column the embryo of a tortoise
or the turtle
third
column the embryo of a pig and then
finally the embryo of
a human so early stages
therefore we can say that
these organisms are somehow related also
maikita dinata in the early stages of
the embryos have gill slits even the
humans and gills
is
here we can say that the appearance of
the early stage embryos of different
organisms look alike but then the
differences come when they reach the
middle stage and
of course the mature stage
finally let's go to the last
evidence of evolution we have genetic
information
this is related to our previous lesson
about
mutations in module 4.
here we can say that small mutations are
changes in the dna eventually lead to
the evolution of new species
if in our previous discussion we said
that
a single insertion or a single deletion
or a single substitution could lead to a
major change in appearance
syndrome
young klein filter syndrome
young sickle cell anemia
cystic fibrosis
is
these small changes
over time can lead to evolution
here at the bottom part of the slide we
can see different organisms
we have the human
we have the macaque which is an old
world monkey and then we have the dog
the bird then the frog and then the
lamprey which is an aquatic vertebrae
amino acid differences so
young closest relative nothing
if your answer is the monkey your answer
is correct
however there is a specific breed or
specie of a monkey that is the closest
to us and that is the chimpanzee
here i am showing you the chromosomes of
humans and chimpanzees placed side by
side if you remember i have told you in
my previous videos that humans have 46
chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes
on the other hand
chimpanzees have
48 chromosomes
chromosome number two kunsan instead of
statistically humans and chimpanzees
have 98.8
percent
similar dna so in one point two percent
difference young lawyer
between the human and the chimpanzee and
here i have an example of amino acid
sequences
of different animals this is only for
hemoglobin because we have different
types of molecules we can see here that
the human and chimpanzee have
exactly the same sequence of amino acids
but the horse the gorilla and then the
zebra they are
different sigouri
there's a specific specie of monkey that
is closest to us and that is the
chimpanzee so again quick recap of what
we have discussed today today we have
discussed the four
evidences of evolution we have fossil
records
we have comparative anatomy
and then we discussed the embryonic
development and finally we discussed
genetic information
that's all for today's discussion i hope
you learned something from me in this
lesson if you learned something please
don't forget to like this video and if
you are new to this channel don't forget
to subscribe see you next video lesson
bye
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