Antigua Atenas explicada
Summary
TLDREl texto describe la importancia de la procesión Panathenaica en la vida cívica de Atenas durante el periodo clásico de Grecia antigua. Detalla la ruta, conocida como el Panathenaic Way, que conectaba el Dipilón con la Acrópolis, y cómo la ciudad de Atenas se construyó en torno a esta vía. Explica la evolución de la Agora como el centro de comercio, gobierno y cultura, y la transformación de la ciudad a través de los tiempos, desde la construcción de la biblioteca de Adriano hasta la creación del Roman Agora. Además, destaca la arquitectura del Partenón y su simbolismo histórico, invitando a los espectadores a reflexionar sobre la rica herencia de Atenas.
Takeaways
- 🏛️ El periodo clásico de Grecia antigua vio la celebración anual del evento significativo Panathenaico en Atenas.
- 🛣️ La procesión Panathenaica se llevaba a cabo a lo largo de la Panathenaic Way, que conectaba la Puerta Dipylon con el Erechtheion y, cada cuatro años, con el Partenón.
- 👗 Los participantes usaban un túnica llamada peplum y ofrecían un peplos más elaborado a la estatua de Atena Parthenos.
- 🏙️ Atenas estaba diseñada en torno a la Panathenaic Way, que también servía como la principal arteria comercial y política de la ciudad.
- 🏰 La ciudad estaba rodeada por un muro de 10 metros de altura y contaba con 13 puertas, incluyendo la Puerta de Piraeus que daba acceso al puerto.
- ⚓️ En el siglo 5 a.C., Pericles construyó la 'Larga Muralla' para conectar Atenas con su base naval en Piraeus, a medida que Atenas se convertía en una potencia naval.
- 🛍️ El Ágora, un espacio abierto en el corazón de Atenas, era el epicentro del comercio, el gobierno y la cultura, rodeado por estrechas como la Stoa de Atalos.
- 🏛️ El Templo de Hefestos, dedicado a Hefestos y Atena, es uno de los templos griegos mejor conservados y un ejemplo perfecto del estilo dórico hexástilo.
- 🏟️ El Odeón y el Templo de Ares marcan un cambio en la arquitectura del Ágora, reflejando la influencia romana y la transición hacia espacios más centrados en la arquitectura.
- 📚 El emperador Adriano favoreció a Atenas con la construcción de una biblioteca y completó el Templo de Zeus Olimpico, uno de los templos griegos más grandes.
- 🏟️ El Estadio de Atenas, originalmente construido para los Juegos Panathenaicos, fue reconstruido en 1896 para los primeros Juegos Olímpicos modernos.
Q & A
¿Cuál era el evento significativo que celebraban los griegos antiguos en Atenas durante el Periodo Clásico?
-Los griegos antiguos celebraban anualmente el proceso de la Panatenea, un evento importante en la vida cívica de Atenas.
¿Cómo se llamaba la ruta que seguían durante el proceso de la Panatenea?
-La ruta que seguían se llamaba el Camino Panateneo.
¿En qué lugar se llevaba a cabo el clímax del proceso de la Panatenea?
-El clímax del proceso se llevaba a cabo en el Erechtheion, donde se ofrecía un túnica llamada peplo a la estatua de la diosa Atena.
¿Cuál es la diferencia entre el peplo ofrecido cada año y el ofrecido cada cuatro años?
-Cada año se ofrecía un peplo más pequeño, mientras que cada cuatro años se ofrecía un peplo más grande y elaborado en el Partenón para vestir la estatua de Atena Parthenos.
¿Cómo se relacionaba el Camino Panateneo con la vida diaria de los ciudadanos de Atenas?
-El Camino Panateneo era utilizado diariamente por los ciudadanos de Atenas para diversos propósitos, y siempre estuvo asociado con el brillante y hermoso proceso que todos habían presenciado desde la infancia.
¿Cuál era la importancia de la Puerta Piraica en Atenas?
-La Puerta Piraica era de gran relevancia porque llevaba a la ciudad portuaria de Pireo, y fue clave para conectar a Atenas con su puerto, especialmente después de que Pericles construyera el 'Muro Largo'.
¿En qué se centraba la vida comercial, gubernamental y cultural de Atenas en el corazón de la ciudad?
-La vida comercial, gubernamental y cultural de Atenas se centraba en el Ágora, un gran espacio abierto rodeado de edificios públicos.
¿Qué era una stoa y cómo se relacionaban con el Ágora?
-Una stoa era un edificio lineal de larga duración abierto al público, y en el Ágora, estas estaban compuestas por edificaciones como la Stoa Central, la Stoa de Atalos, la Stoa de Zeus y la Poikile Stoa, donde los comerciantes podían vender sus productos y los artistas exhibir sus obras.
¿Cómo se preservó la Templo de Hefestos y qué importancia tiene?
-El Templo de Hefestos es considerado el mejor conservado de los templos griegos antiguos, y es un ejemplo perfecto de la forma dórica hexástyle, con detalles como triglyphos, metopes y un friso esculpido en la parte superior de las paredes internas.
¿Cómo cambió el Ágora a lo largo de los siglos y cómo影响了 la conquista romana?
-Con el tiempo, se agregaron nuevas stoas, y luego, tras la conquista romana, se construyeron nuevos edificios en medio del espacio del Ágora, lo que llevó a una pérdida de la calidad ordenada y abierta del espacio que caracterizaba a los periodos anteriores.
¿Qué nuevas construcciones se desarrollaron en Atenas durante el periodo de la Pax Romana?
-Durante la Pax Romana, se creó un nuevo espacio conocido como el Ágora Romana al este para alojar actividades comerciales, y se construyó la Biblioteca de Adriano y se completó el Templo de Zeus Olimpico.
¿Cómo se diseñó el espacio urbano en la Acrópolis y qué importancia tenía la percepción humana?
-El espacio urbano en la Acrópolis se diseñó basándose en la percepción humana, con la disposición de los edificios calculada para que se vieran en su totalidad desde el punto de vista del visitante, utilizando ángulos y proporciones geométricas específicas para lograr una composición armoniosa.
Outlines
🏛️ El Camino Panatenico y la Vida Cívica en Atenas
El primer párrafo aborda el evento anual Panathenaico, que era una procesión significativa en la vida cívica de Atenas durante el Periodo Clásico de Grecia Antigua. La ruta, conocida como el Camino Panatenico, comenzaba en la puerta principal de la ciudad, el Dipylon, y se extendía hasta el Erechtheion en la Acrópolis. Los ciudadanos llevaban un túnico llamado peplo y lo ofrecían a la estatua de la diosa Atena. Cada cuatro años, la procesión culminaba en el Partenón con la ofrenda de un peplo más elaborado para la estatua de Atena Parthenos. El Camino Panatenico era también la principal vía comercial y de actividades políticas, y la ciudad de Atenas estaba diseñada en torno a él. Además, se menciona la construcción del Muro Largo por Pericles para conectar Atenas con su puerto, Piraeus, y la importancia del Kerameikos como cementerio y el Agora como el centro de comercio y cultura.
🏟️ La Evolución del Espacio Público en el Agora de Atenas
El segundo párrafo explora la transformación del espacio público en el Agora a lo largo de los siglos. Se describe cómo la construcción de nuevos edificios y la conquista romana alteraron la disposición del espacio. Se destaca la influencia de la arquitectura romana en la creación del Foro Romano y cómo la función del Agora cambió con la construcción de nuevos edificios como el Odeón y el Templo de Ares. También se menciona la construcción de la Torre de los Vientos y la biblioteca de Adriano, así como la finalización del Templo de Zeus Olimpico. Se contrasta el enfoque del espacio en la arquitectura griega con el enfoque romano, destacando la importancia de la percepción humana en la disposición de los edificios.
🏟️ El Estadio y la Arquitectura de la Acrópolis
El tercer párrafo se centra en la arquitectura y la función del Estadio de Atenas, que originalmente fue construido para los Juegos Panatenicos y más tarde fue reconstruido para los Juegos Olímpicos Modernos. Se describe la forma y la disposición del estadio, que permitía a cada espectador tener la mejor vista de la pista. Además, se aborda la importancia de la Acrópolis de Atenas y su diseño basado en la percepción humana, con la disposición de sus edificios para que sean vistos completamente desde el punto de vista establecido. Se mencionan otras colinas importantes dentro de las murallas de la ciudad, como el Areopagus y el Pnyx, donde se celebraban las asambleas populares y se destaca la importancia de la Acrópolis en la creación de la democracia.
🏰 La Herencia Histórica de Atenas y su Impacto en la Civilización
El cuarto y último párrafo reflexiona sobre la riqueza histórica de Atenas, que ha presenciado el surgimiento y declive de imperios, cambios de religiones y cambios de ideologías. El Partenón, como símbolo de la maestría arquitectónica griega y del legado eterno de Atenas, ha sobrevivido a través del tiempo. Se invita al espectador a recordar que al visitar Atenas, están entrando en un museo auténtico de la historia humana, donde caminan los pasos de filósofos, poetas, guerreros y visionarios que han modelado el curso de la civilización. Se sugiere que para comprender mejor la arquitectura del Partenón y de los demás edificios de la Acrópolis, el espectador debería ver un video específico sobre el tema.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Panatenaico
💡Ágora
💡Stoa
💡Parthenón
💡Dorico
💡Piraeus
💡Acrópolis
💡Peplo
💡Estadio
💡Hadeano
Highlights
El periodo clásico de Grecia antigua vio la celebración anual del evento significativo Panathenaic en Atenas.
El proceso Panathenaic se llevaba a cabo a lo largo de la Panathenaic Way, que conectaba el Dipylon con el Acrópolis.
Cada cuatro años, la procesión culminaba en el Partenón ofreciendo un peplo más elaborado para la estatua de Atena Parthenos.
La ciudad de Atenas estaba construida en torno a la Panathenaic Way, que también servía como la principal calle comercial y política.
Atenas estaba rodeada de un muro de 10 metros de altura, con trece puertas, incluyendo la Piraeus Gate que llevaba al puerto.
Pericles construyó la 'Larga Muralla' para conectar Atenas con su puerto en 456 a.C.
El Kerameikos, el cementerio antiguo de la ciudad, se encontraba fuera de la Puerta Dipylon.
El Ágora, el centro del comercio, gobierno y cultura, estaba en el corazón de Atenas a lo largo de la Panathenaic Way.
El Ágora incluía varias stoas, como la Stoa de Atalos, que eran edificios线性建筑开放给公众。
La Stoa de Atalos fue reconstruida en el siglo XX, permitiendo experimentar la escala y la calidad del espacio.
El Templo de Hefestos es el templo griego mejor conservado y un ejemplo perfecto del estilo dórico hexástilo.
El Templo de Hefestos, junto con otros edificios, establecía un eje vertical en el Ágora.
El estatus del Ágora cambió con el tiempo, con la construcción de nuevas stoas y la invasión romana.
Durante la Pax Romana, se creó el Ágora Romana para acomodar actividades comerciales fuera del espacio central del Ágora antiguo.
La Torre de los Vientos, del siglo II a.C., servía como un reloj de agua y un vano meteorológico.
El emperador Adriano favoreció a Atenas con la construcción de una biblioteca extensa y completó el Templo de Zeus Olímpico.
El Odeón de Herodes Atico, un teatro cubierto para espectáculos musicales, se construyó en el siglo II d.C.
El Estadio de Atenas, construido originalmente en el siglo IV a.C., fue reconstruido en 1896 para los Juegos Olímpicos modernos.
La Acrópolis de Atenas es notable por la armoniosa disposición de sus edificios basada en la percepción humana.
La ciudad de Atenas muestra capas de historia, incluyendo la época clásica, la romana, la bizantina y la ocupación turca.
La Parthenón simboliza no solo la maestría arquitectónica de los griegos sino también el legado eterno de Atenas.
Transcripts
During the Classical Period of Ancient Greece, the ancient Greeks celebrated
each year a significant event in the civic life of Athens: the Panathenaic procession.
It was carried out along a clearly marked route that extended from
the Dipylon, the main gate in the city wall, through Athens and up
the slopes of the Acropolis until reaching its climax, the Erechtheion,
where they would wear a tunic called a peplum, and offer it to the statue of the goddess Athena.
Every four years, the procession culminated inside the Parthenon, offering a
larger and much more elaborate peplos , woven to dress the colossal statue of Athena Parthenos.
This route was called the Panathenaic Way, and the citizens of
Athens used it every day for various purposes, its use must have always been
associated with the bright and beautiful procession that everyone had witnessed since childhood.
The entire city of Athens was built around the Panathenaic Way, and much of the
architectural effort went into providing key points in the experience of this tour.
Therefore, it served as a sacred path, but also as the main street,
along which the main commercial,
industrial and political activities that made up the life of the city took place.
Athens was surrounded by a 10-meter-high wall
built with material taken from ancient ruins.
This wall had 13 gates.
One of great relevance was the Piraeus Gate, which led to the port city of Piraeus.
In 493 BC, when Athens was becoming a major naval power, with
a fleet of 200 ships, the Piraeus peninsula was chosen as a new fortified naval base.
To solve the problem of ensuring access between Athens and its port in times of war,
Pericles built around 456 BC the 'Long Wall' that connected both cities.
This wall enclosed a protected corridor approximately 6 km long.
All roads that connected Athens with the
rest of Greece began at the Dipylon Gate.
Outside was the Kerameikos,
the city's old cemetery, which can still be visited.
As you walked along the Panathenaic Way, right in the heart of Athens, you came across the
center of commerce, government and culture of Greek social life: the Agora.
A large open space surrounded by public buildings.
The south and east sides were composed of the central Stoa and the Stoa of Attalus,
and to the northwest were also the Stoa of Zeus and the Poikile Stoa, or painted stoa.
A stoa was a long, linear building open to the public.
And all of these spaces were shops where merchants could sell
their products and artists could display their work.
This entire colonnade became a place where people could meet,
talk and exchange ideas; Some important thinkers of antiquity such as Socrates or
Plato philosophized and debated in the stoa, and this is where the word "stoicism" comes from.
This is the Stoa of Attalus, a two-story building with a staircase at each end.
The walls were built with limestone and the front façade with Pentelic marble.
This building was not preserved from ancient times, it was rebuilt in the 20th century, which is not
a very good idea for archaeologists because you damage the archaeological evidence underneath,
but for us architects it is great because you can experience the
scale of the building , you can experience the light you had inside the building,
the quality of the space; and also on an urban level, you can experience
the scale, you can experience the edge of the building, so, I don't know, I like it.
On the western side of the Agora,
there is a small hill on the top of which stands the Temple of Hephaestus.
This 5th century BC temple is considered the best preserved of the ancient Greek temples.
It was dedicated to Hephaestus, the god of fire and metallurgy,
and Athena, the protective goddess of the city.
This temple is the best example of the perfected hexastyle Doric form.
Although smaller in scale, it reflects the sculpture of the Parthenon and much of
of its architectural style, since both were built at the same time.
So, like the Parthenon, this temple has a set of triglyphs and metopes,
and a sculpted frieze at the top of the internal walls.
It has columns on all its sides because it is seen from all around,
and it has six columns on the front and rear facades, and thirteen on the sides.
This imposing Doric temple on the top of the hill begins
to act as an element that organizes the space of the Agora.
At the base of the hill was a circular committee temple called Tholos,
the Bouleuterion (a place for assemblies) and the Metroon,
a temple that housed the city's official archives.
These buildings, together with the Stoa of Zeus, established a vertical axis that
counteracted the horizontal axis created by the Temple of Hephaestus.
A wide staircase provided a visual base for the temple, which also served
as stands for spectators during activities in the agora.
This circle represents the orchestra for the
theatrical performances that took place in the area.
The status of the Agora changed over the centuries.
As time went by, new stoas were added to delimit the space,
then the Romans conquered Greece and new buildings were built in the middle of the
Agora space, something that was not allowed in the periods before the Romans.
So that clean, open quality of orderly space of
earlier periods disappeared, and in its place arose confusion.
The enormous, heavy structure of the Odeon—a covered meeting room—breaks with
the scale of the sensitive and delicate buildings of previous periods.
A second building in the middle of the agora, the Temple of Ares, was also permitted to be built
, and the area increasingly became filled with statues, fountains and shrines.
There was a kind of change from the Greek space, where the building is the protagonist of the space,
to a Roman space, where the space itself is the protagonist.
As an example of this: here you can see the Greek figurative space in the Acropolis,
and here you can see the Roman space enclosed in the Forum of Pompeii.
In the 1st century BC, during the Pax Romana, a period of Roman history highlighted by
peace, prosperous stability within Roman borders, and territorial expansion,
Athens continued to grow, and with the funding of Roman emperors
such as Augustus, A new space to the east known as the Roman Agora was created to
house commercial activities, as the central space of the ancient Agora had
been occupied by large buildings and there was not enough space for trade.
The Roman agora was a rectangular building with an open courtyard surrounded by a portico
of Ionic columns with shops, warehouses and offices, basically a rectangular stoa.
It had two propylaea that acted as entrances,
one Doric of Pentelic marble to the west and another Ionic of Hymettus marble to the east.
At the eastern end of the Agora, you can see the Tower of the Winds,
built in the 2nd century BC. It is also known as the Horologion of Andronicus of Cirrus,
a Greek architect and astronomer who built it to measure time using a
water clock. inside and a sundial outside; and also, it worked as a weather vane.
The building rests on a three-step stylobate and has an octagonal plan,
with each of its eight sides oriented towards the most important cardinal points.
It is built entirely of Pentelic marble, and its perfectly preserved roof is made up
of twenty-four marble slabs of the same size and a circular key piece on which
rests a Corinthian capital that served as the base for a bronze vane in the shape of a triton.
The sculpted figures represent the eight main winds.
It is admirable how well this building has been preserved,
considering that it is much older than the ruins that surround it.
A century later, Emperor Hadrian favored Athens by building an
extensive library in AD 132, north of the Roman Agora.
Here you can notice that the architecture is much more Roman, with Corinthian columns
non-structural and a front façade that gives access to a closed space.
The Emperor Hadrian also completed the enormous Temple of Olympian Zeus,
whose construction had begun in the 6th century BC.
This was one of the largest Greek temples in ancient times,
occupying an area of 110 meters by 44 meters.
It was located in the center of a magnificent enclosure
and had 104 Corinthian columns, each one with a height of 17 meters.
Today, only 16 columns survive.
Later Roman buildings include the Odeon of Herod Atticus,
originally a roofed theater for musical performances seating 5,000 spectators,
built in 161 AD on the southwest side of the Acropolis,
thus completing the cultural complex that the Greeks had built over the centuries. previous.
This cultural complex included more stoas at the bottom of the slope,
as well as the Theater of Dionysus, one of the largest and oldest theaters in Greece,
and the prototype of all Greek theaters.
Works by great Athenian playwrights such as Euripides and Sophocles were performed here.
Outside the city walls, southeast of Athens, is the Stadium,
originally built in the 4th century BC for the Panathenaic Games,
a series of spectacles that took place after the procession.
This structure was rebuilt by Herod Atticus
in 144 AD to provide some 50,000 white marble seats.
The Stadium was used for foot races and,
over time, began to be used for other athletic events.
It was straight at one end and semicircular at the other,
where runners had to turn, and was 600 Greek feet long.
The sides appear to follow a straight line, giving the impression of a simple construction,
but in reality they have a subtle curve formed by the very slight curvature of each block.
The goal was to give each spectator the best possible view of the “dromos,” the track.
The seats were dismantled during
the Middle Ages to reuse the material in other buildings,
but the Stadium was rebuilt in 1896 for the first modern Olympic Games.
Many ancient Greek cities were built under a hill known as
the "Acropolis" derived from the Greek "akros" (highest point) and "polis" (city), and formed a
citadel on which the main temples or treasures for greater security.
However, what makes the Acropolis of Athens the most monumental, the most harmonious
and the most beautiful, is the arrangement of its buildings based on human perception.
The determining factor was the point of view.
This point was established as the most important position from which the entire
site could be observed: the main entrance, emphasized by some propylaea.
Radii were projected from the point that determined the position of three corners
of each important building, so that three quarters of each building could be seen.
Thus, all important buildings could be seen in their entirety from the point, and if this was not
possible, one building could be completely obscured by another; it was never partially hidden.
These radii that determined the corners of important buildings
formed specific angles from the point of view, and these had the same opening.
Angles of 30° and 36° corresponded to a division of the total field of 360° into twelve parts.
The position of the buildings was not only determined by
the viewing angle but also by their distance from the point.
These distances were based on simple
geometric proportions derived from viewing angles.
The central angle of the field of view was
left free of buildings and opened directly to the surrounding landscape.
This represented the direction that
the person approaching the site should follow : it was the "sacred path."
Buildings were often arranged so as to incorporate or accentuate
features of the existing landscape, thus creating a unified composition.
This point was located on the last step before entering the sanctuary,
at a height of approximately 1.7 meters, the eye level of a man of average height.
This system is not only present in the final state of construction of the Acropolis,
but is a system that developed over the centuries as
buildings were destroyed and new structures were raised.
In this way, the Greeks developed their urban space,
since for them, man is the measure of all things.
In addition to the Acropolis, there were other important hills within the city walls,
such as the Areopagus, the hill of Ares, seat of the governing council,
and from which a panoramic view of the Ancient Agora was obtained,
as well as the slopes. western and northern parts of the Acropolis.
And the Pnyx, the hill from where you get the famous view of the
Acropolis depicted in numerous paintings.
The Athenians gathered at the Pnyx to hold their popular assemblies, thus turning
the hill into one of the oldest and most important places in the creation of democracy.
Athens is a city with many layers.
The antiquity of Classical Greece and Roman antiquity are present, but Greece was also
part of the Byzantine Empire and, therefore, was conquered by the Turks, giving rise to the
Islamic period that lived for centuries, in which the Parthenon went from from an Orthodox church
to a mosque, until Greece became an independent state from the Ottomans.
As you walk through the busy streets of modern Athens, it is inevitable
to perceive echoes of the past; The Parthenon, standing proudly atop the Acropolis,
symbolizes not only the architectural mastery of the Greeks,
but also the timeless legacy of Athens, which has seen the rise and fall
of empires, changes of religions and shifts of ideologies,
and yet it endures as an eternal guardian of history and the achievements of humanity.
So, when you visit Athens, remember that you are not just entering a city;
You are entering an authentic museum of human history,
you are walking in the footsteps of philosophers, poets,
warriors and visionaries, individuals who shaped the course of civilization.
The ancient Greeks built great cities and great buildings,
but the most important building in Greek architecture was the Parthenon,
and to understand its architecture and the architecture of the rest of the buildings on the Acropolis,
I recommend that you watch my video explaining the Acropolis of Athens.
I hope you liked this video that you learned, please like it because it
helps me a lot, subscribe to my channel and see you very soon in the next episode.
Bye bye!
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